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Democracy and Religious Pluralism in Southeast Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia Compared
Key Issues in Religion and World Affairs Democracy and Religious Pluralism in Southeast Asia: Indonesia and Malaysia Compared Kikue Hamayotsu Department of Political Science, Northern Illinois University September, 2015 Introduction Dr. Hamayotsu is Associate Professor of Political It is an intuitive expectation that democracy will accompany – and Science. Dr. Hamayotsu reinforce – pluralistic attitudes and mutual respect for all members has conducted research on of a society, regardless of their sub-national, ethnic, and religious state-society relations in identity and affiliation. The noted political scientist Alfred Stepan, for both Malaysia and example, propounds the concept of “twin tolerations” – that is, Indonesia and her current mutual respect between and within state and religious institutions – research projects include in fostering a modern liberal democracy. According to this thesis, religious movements and two specific conditions have to be met in order to guarantee open parties, shariʽa politics, competition over values, views, and goals that citizens want to religious conflict, and the advance. One is toleration of religious citizens and communities quality of democracy. Her towards the state, and the other is toleration of the state authorities research and teaching towards religious citizens and communities (Stepan 2007). interest include: However, such conditions are not readily fulfilled in deeply divided societies. Southeast Asian nations are well known for being “plural Comparative Politics, societies” with a high degree of ethnic and religious heterogeneity Religion and Politics, (Furnivall 1944). For various regimes and ruling elites in those Political Islam, nations, the accommodation of various collective identities to build Democratization, Social a common national identity, modern nationhood, and citizenry has Movements, and Ethnic not always been easy or peaceful. -
Concise Ancient History of Indonesia.Pdf
CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDONESIA CONCISE ANCIENT HISTORY O F INDONESIA BY SATYAWATI SULEIMAN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION JAKARTA Copyright by The Archaeological Foundation ]or The National Archaeological Institute 1974 Sponsored by The Ford Foundation Printed by Djambatan — Jakarta Percetakan Endang CONTENTS Preface • • VI I. The Prehistory of Indonesia 1 Early man ; The Foodgathering Stage or Palaeolithic ; The Developed Stage of Foodgathering or Epi-Palaeo- lithic ; The Foodproducing Stage or Neolithic ; The Stage of Craftsmanship or The Early Metal Stage. II. The first contacts with Hinduism and Buddhism 10 III. The first inscriptions 14 IV. Sumatra — The rise of Srivijaya 16 V. Sanjayas and Shailendras 19 VI. Shailendras in Sumatra • •.. 23 VII. Java from 860 A.D. to the 12th century • • 27 VIII. Singhasari • • 30 IX. Majapahit 33 X. The Nusantara : The other islands 38 West Java ; Bali ; Sumatra ; Kalimantan. Bibliography 52 V PREFACE This book is intended to serve as a framework for the ancient history of Indonesia in a concise form. Published for the first time more than a decade ago as a booklet in a modest cyclostyled shape by the Cultural Department of the Indonesian Embassy in India, it has been revised several times in Jakarta in the same form to keep up to date with new discoveries and current theories. Since it seemed to have filled a need felt by foreigners as well as Indonesians to obtain an elementary knowledge of Indonesia's past, it has been thought wise to publish it now in a printed form with the aim to reach a larger public than before. -
Teaching Islam in Southeast Asia
Teaching Islam in Southeast Asia By Nelly van Doorn-Harder Teaching about Islam in Southeast Asia is simultaneously one of the most delightful and most frus- trating activities in which to engage. The sheer richness of history, culture, literature, and locally- developed expressions and interpretations of Islam allow a teacher to show a side of Islamic faith and culture that seldom reaches a class focused on the Middle East. Architecture, art, fashion, media, education, and folk festivities provide wonderful illustrations for show and tell. he frustrating part is the paucity of material suitable for POINTS OF HISTORIC IMPORTANCE the level of high school and college students. In spite of There is evidence of Islamic influences as early as the eighth centu- T its accessibility, the area used to be among the stepchil- ry, but it was in the thirteenth century that lasting processes of dren of Islamic studies. After 9/11 several publishers Islamization started through the activities of Arab Muslim mer- have started to include Southeast Asia in their textbooks about Islam, chants. The kingdom of Aceh at the northern tip of Sumatra is yet few books or articles are at an introductory level. However, known to be the first Islamic-inspired political structure where the works are being commissioned as we speak. In the meantime, teach- sultan applied Islamic law. With local rulers embracing Islam, the ers can take refuge in articles, book chapters, newspaper articles, and religion spread rapidly and took over political, educational, and legal entries from encyclopedias, many of which have updated their systems. At the same time, Islam developed a cosmopolitan charac- scholarship with more information about Islam in Southeast Asia. -
From Arabic Style Toward Javanese Style: Comparison Between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation
From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style: Comparison between Accents of Javanese Recitation and Arabic Recitation Nur Faizin1 Abstract Moslem scholars have acceptedmaqamat in reciting the Quran otherwise they have not accepted macapat as Javanese style in reciting the Quran such as recitationin the State Palace in commemoration of Isra` Miraj 2015. The paper uses a phonological approach to accents in Arabic and Javanese style in recitingthe first verse of Surah Al-Isra`. Themethod used here is analysis of suprasegmental sound (accent) by usingSpeech Analyzer programand the comparison of these accents is analyzed by descriptive method. By doing so, the author found that:first, there is not any ideological reason to reject Javanese style because both of Arabic and Javanese style have some aspects suitable and unsuitable with Ilm Tajweed; second, the suitability of Arabic style was muchthan Javanese style; third, it is not right to reject recitingthe Quran with Javanese style only based on assumption that it evokedmistakes and errors; fourth, the acceptance of Arabic style as the art in reciting the Quran should risedacceptanceof the Javanese stylealso. So, rejection of reciting the Quranwith Javanese style wasnot due to any reason and it couldnot be proofed by any logical argument. Keywords: Recitation, Arabic Style, Javanese Style, Quran. Introduction There was a controversial event in commemoration of Isra‘ Mi‘raj at the State Palacein Jakarta May 15, 2015 ago. The recitation of the Quran in the commemoration was recitedwithJavanese style (langgam).That was not common performance in relation to such as official event. Muhammad 58 Nur Faizin, From Arabic Style toward Javanese Style Yasser Arafat, a lecture of Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University Yogyakarta has been reciting first verse of Al-Isra` by Javanese style in the front of state officials and delegationsof many countries. -
M. Ricklefs an Inventory of the Javanese Manuscript Collection in the British Museum
M. Ricklefs An inventory of the Javanese manuscript collection in the British Museum In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 125 (1969), no: 2, Leiden, 241-262 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 11:29:04AM via free access AN INVENTORY OF THE JAVANESE MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM* he collection of Javanese manuscripts in the British Museum, London, although small by comparison with collections in THolland and Indonesia, is nevertheless of considerable importance. The Crawfurd collection, forming the bulk of the manuscripts, provides a picture of the types of literature being written in Central Java in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a period which Dr. Pigeaud has described as a Literary Renaissance.1 Because they were acquired by John Crawfurd during his residence as an official of the British administration on Java, 1811-1815, these manuscripts have a convenient terminus ad quem with regard to composition. A large number of the items are dated, a further convenience to the research worker, and the dates are seen to cluster in the four decades between AD 1775 and AD 1815. A number of the texts were originally obtained from Pakualam I, who was installed as an independent Prince by the British admini- stration. Some of the manuscripts are specifically said to have come from him (e.g. Add. 12281 and 12337), and a statement in a Leiden University Bah ad from the Pakualaman suggests many other volumes in Crawfurd's collection also derive from this source: Tuwan Mister [Crawfurd] asked to be instructed in adat law, with examples of the Javanese usage. -
Kearifan Budaya Sunda Dalam Peralihan Kepemimpinan Kerajaan Sunda Di Kawali Setelah Perang Bubat
KEARIFAN BUDAYA SUNDA DALAM PERALIHAN KEPEMIMPINAN KERAJAAN SUNDA DI KAWALI SETELAH PERANG BUBAT Oleh: Rusya’i Padmawijaya 1 Siti Khodijah 2 ABSTRAK Pemerintahannya, Bunisora Suradipati cenderung sebagai raja yang berkarakteristik religius. Kepiawaian Bunisora Suradipati dalam mengolah kerajaan sangat bagus dan sangat bijaksana. Beliau memegang penuh kestabilan aturan dan norma-norma kenegaraan. Konsep kepemimpinan di Sunda pada waktu pemerintahan Bunisora Suradipati tidak bisa lepas dari dua hal. Pertama, kitab Watang Ageung (satu kitab yang selalu digunakan oleh orang Sunda yang mengadopsi atau meyakini ageman atau kepercayaan Sunda Wiwitan. Yang kedua yaitu dari Siksakandang Karesian. Salah satunya konsep kepemimpinannya ialah dengan menggunakan konsep Tri Tangtu (tiga kunci atau tiga titik pemerintahan). Ketiga kunci tersebut yaitu Resi, Ratu, dan Rama. Tipe kepemimpinan Bunisora Suradipati adalah tipe kepemimpinan demokratis. Pada tahun 1371 Masehi, Bunisora Suradipati menyerahkan tahtanya kepada Niskala Wastu Kancana. Hal itu terjadi karena keluhuran budi Bunisora Suradipati, khususnya kejujurannya, sehingga Bunisora Suradipati menganggap bahwa tahta tersebut merupakan sebuah titipan, sebagai amanat sambil menunggu pewaris tahta yang sebenarnya dewasa, yaitu Niskala Wastu Kancana. Budaya Sunda berdampak besar terhadap kepemimpinan dan tatanan pemerintahan, serta berdampak juga terhadap kehidupan masyarakatnya. Salah satu dampak besar yang terjadi di Kerajaan Sunda setelah terjadinya tragedi Perang Bubat, yaitu “Dilarangnya keluarga -
Political Islam: the Shrinking Trend and the Future Trajectory of Islamic Political Parties in Indonesia
Political Islam: The shrinking trend and the future trajectory of Islamic political parties in Indonesia Politik Islam: Tren menurun dan masa depan partai politik Islam di Indonesia Ahmad Khoirul Umam1 & Akhmad Arif Junaidi 2 1Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia 2 Faculty of Sharia and Law, State Islamic University (UIN) Walisongo, Semarang Jalan Walisongo No. 3-5, Tambakaji, Ngaliyan, Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah Telepon: (024) 7604554 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The trend of religious conservatism in Indonesian public sector is increasing nowadays. But the trend is not followed by the rise of political ,slam‘s popularity. The Islamic political parties are precisely abandoned by their sympathizers because of some reasons. This paper tries to elaborate the reasons causing the erosion of Islamic parties‘ political legitimacy. Some fundamental problems such as inability to transform ideology into political platform, internal-factionalism, as well as the crisis of identity will be explained further. The experience from 2009 election can be used to revitalize their power and capacity for the better electability in the next 2014 election. But they seem to be unable to deal with the previous problems making the electability erosion in 2014 more potential and inevitable. Various strategies must be conducted by the parties such as consolidation, revitalizing their political communication strategy, widening political networks across various ideological and religious streams, and others. Without that, their existence would be subordinated by the secular parties to become the second class political players in this biggest Moslem country in the world. Keywords: democracy, Islam, political parties, election, electability, Indonesia Abstrak Fenomena konservatisme agama di Indonesia di sektor publik terus tumbuh. -
Design of Javanese Text to Speech Application
Design of Javanese Text to Speech Application Yulia, Liliana, Rudy Adipranata, Gregorius Satia Budhi Informatics Department, Industrial Technology Faculty, Petra Christian University Surabaya, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract—Javanese is one of the many regional languages used in Indonesia. Javanese language is used by most of the population in Java. But now along with the development of the era, the use of regional languages including Javanese language is to be re- duced especially among the younger generation. One way to help conserve the use of Javanese language is to utilize information technologies, one of them is by developing a text to speech appli- cation that can be used to find out how the pronunciation of Ja- vanese language. In this paper, we discussed the design for Java- nese text to speech applications uses finite state automata. The design result will be used as rules to separate syllables when im- plementing text to speech application. Index Terms—Javanese language; Finite state automata; Text to speech. Figure 1: Basic Javanese characters I. INTRODUCTION In addition to the basic characters, the Javanese character Javanese language is a language widely spoken by the peo- has supplementary characters, consist of symbols for express- ple of Java. It is one of the regional languages of many region- ing vowels as well as a combination of two specific conso- al languages spoken in Indonesia. As one of the assets of na- nants. This supplementary characters is called sandhangan tional culture, Javanese language needs to be preserved. The and can be seen in Figure 2 [5]. younger generation is now more interested in learning a for- Symbol Example Read eign language, rather than the native Indonesian local lan- guage. -
The Mandala Culture of Anarchy: the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian International Society
The Mandala Culture of Anarchy: The Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian International Society Pandu Utama Manggala Australian National University, Australia Abstract Throughout the years, study on pre-colonial Southeast Asian international relations has not garnered major attention because it had long been seen as an integral part of the China- centred tribute system. There is a need to provide greater understanding of the uniqueness of the international system as different regions have different ontologies to comprehend its dynamics and structures. This paper contributes to the pre-colonial Southeast Asian literature by examining the interplay that had existed between pre-colonial Southeast Asian empires and the hierarchical East Asian international society, in particular during the 13th- 16th Century. The paper argues that Southeast Asian international relations in pre-colonial time were characterized by complex political structures with the influence of Mandala values. In that structural context, the Majapahit Empire, one of the biggest empires at that time had its own constitutional structures of an international society, albeit still sought close relations with China. Keywords: Pre-Colonial History, Southeast Asia, Mandala, Tributary System Introduction Southeast Asian countries were far from peaceful and stable under the tribute Throughout the years, study on pre- system. Fierce competition for survival and colonial Southeast Asian international domination had characterized the balance relations has not garnered major attention of power politics throughout the pre- because it had long been seen as an integral colonial era (Shu 2012b, p. 46). part of the China-centred tribute system. For that reason, there is a need to Moreover, Southeast Asia has often been provide greater understanding of the regarded as a political backwater uniqueness of the international system as compared to East Asia because Southeast different regions have different ontologies Asia as a region is seen as relatively to comprehend its dynamics and structures. -
Culture, Religion and Conflict in Muslim Southeast Asia: Negotiating Tense Pluralisms
Contemporary Southeast Asia Vol. 36, No. 3 (2014), pp. 477–79 DOI: 10.1355/cs36-3i © 2014 ISEAS ISSN 0129-797X print / ISSN 1793-284X electronic Culture, Religion and Conflict in Muslim Southeast Asia: Negotiating Tense Pluralisms. Edited by Joseph Camilleri and Sven Schottmann. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. Hardcover: 196pp. This is a welcome addition to the academic debate on the political effects of ethnicity, religion and culture. Edited by Joseph Camilleri and Sven Schottmann, with contributions by eight scholars, it focuses on Southeast Asian countries that have either Muslim majorities or significant Muslim minorities. In their introductory chapter, Camilleri and Schottmann argue that while ethnicity, religion and culture may be politicized to serve the interests of political actors, they may also serve as instruments facilitating dialogue and building harmony. The book consists of two parts. Part I covers “states, discourses and grandes idées”. Comprised of four chapters, it looks at Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines and investigates cases of conflict and reconciliation. Taking a regional perspective, Camilleri in Chapter Two explores the challenges and opportunities in applying principles of dialogue and conflict-resolution strategies in multi- ethnic and multi-religious societies in Southeast Asia. Appraising the structural limitations of regional institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the ASEAN Regional Forum, Camilleri advocates the use of track-two (i.e. non-state) consultative processes to assist states in managing and resolving conflicts beyond formal negotiations or the bargaining tools usually employed by states. Chapters Three and Four, on Malaysia’s policies of managing its multicultural society, by Gerhard Hoffestaedter and Sven Schottmann respectively, come to very different conclusions. -
George Yeo, Minister
National Archives of Release No.: 23/NOV 03B-l/94/11/09 SPEECH BY BG (NS) GEORGE YEO, MINISTER (INFORMATION AND THE ARTS) AND (HEALTH), AT THE OPENING OF THE LEGACY OF MAJAPAHIT AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM ON WEDNESDAY, 9 NOVEMBER 1994 AT 6.00 PM To many Singaporeans, Majapahit is an ancient empire we read of only in the pages of a history textbook. The Kingdom of Majapahit ruled by Hindu Kings was the largest empire ever established in Southeast Asia from the 13th century to the 16th century. It was founded in East Java in 1294, exactly 700 years at the end of Kublai Khan's invasion. In the 14th century, Majapahit became a great centre of power in the entire Malay Archipelago. Its sway spread over much Administratively the empire was loosely bound by tribute paid in products and services to the centre by small states in the region including old Singapore, then known as Temasek. In the 15th century it was gradually torn apart by civil war. The trading ports of Java's north coast, where Islam was becoming popular, came into conflict with the traditional centre of power in the rice-growing interior. Majapahit authority in the Malacca Straits was increasingly contested by an emergent Malacca. By the time the Portuguese conquered Malacca in 1511, only a shell was left of Majapahit. Through archaeology and historical writings, we know that Majapahit had a major influence on the politics and culture of old Singapore. Both the 14th Century poem, Nagarakertagama and the 17th century Pararaton (Book of Kings) mentioned Temasek as part of the Majapahit empire. -
Accounting and Accountability Strategies of Gajah Mada's
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 5, Issue 6. Ver. I (Nov.-Dec. 2014), PP 19-24 www.iosrjournals.org Accounting and Accountability Strategies of Gajah Mada’s Government: Analysis of Power – Knowledge Calysta Dessi Rosyinadia1 , EG Sukoharsono2 , A Djamhuri3 1 Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia 2 Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia 3 Faculty of Economic and Business, University of Brawijaya. Malang-Indonesia Abstract: This study is aimed to more deeply analyze the history of accounting in Indonesia, particularly in the Majapahit empire in the reign of Gajah Mada as the mahapatih (Prime Minister). The role of Gajah Mada in the establishment of the unity of archipelago has a significant contribution to the development of the accounting ideas in Indonesia. In addition to the expansion of the territory expressed in the Palapa oath, Gajah Mada committed to his own mission to improve the economy of Majapahit Empire. Gajah Mada’s accounting strategy is one of successful strategy that formed Indonesian archipelago. In the age of Gajah Mada, Majapahit was one of the biggest ports with biggest warehouse in Asia frequently transited by foreigners from various countries. Moreover, Gajah Mada used his power to formulate legislation governing Majapahit taxes and penalties. In the Gajah Mada reign, Majapahit Empire is levied kinds of taxes, namely: (a) trade tax, (b) tax for foreigner, (c) exit-premit tax,(d) land tax, and (e) arts tax. Keywords: Gajah Mada, Accounting History of Indonesia, Foucault Power-Knowledge Framework I.