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Ethnography of Communication in Sundanese-Javanese Bicultural

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Ethnography of Communication in Sundanese-Javanese Bicultural International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 11885-11898 Ethnography of Communication in Sundanese-Javanese Bicultural Society (A Study on the Adaptation of Javanese Migrant Society in Ciamis Regency, West Java Province-Indonesia) Duddy Zein1, Wagiati2, *Nani Darmayanti3 1Faculty of Communication Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran 2Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran 3Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Ethnography of communication in Ciamis Regency shows the interesting symptoms both seen from the communication aspects or the others. This is caused by the condition of the society in Ciamis Regency, that is bicultural, namely Sundanese and Javanese. This condition caused the language used by the society becomes multilingual. This study examines the ethnography of communication in Sundanese-Javanese Bicultural Society in Ciamis Regency, West Java Province-Indonesia. This method used in this study is the descriptive-qualitative method. This study was conducted in three stages which are the data collection stage, the data analysis stage, and the data analysis results presentation stage. The analysis method used in this study is the qualitative method. This study was carried out in Ciamis Regency by choosing five districts as the observation sites which with the sites are determined by the wind direction. The sites are Sindangkasih District, Sukamantri District, Lakbok District, Banjarsari District, and Pamarican District. 30 people from various backgrounds scattered in those districts in Ciamis Regency were chosen as the informant. The research results show that (1) the interaction between Sundanese ethnic societies as the indigenous society, with Javanese ethnic society as the immigrant society occurred peacefully without horizontal conflict; (2) The mutual respect attitude between Sundanese ethnic societies and Javanese ethnic society is influenced by the cultural factors of the Sundanese ethnic society which put forward the attitude somѐah hadѐ ka sѐmah; (3) the interaction and communication between Sundanese and Javanese culture in Ciamis Regency is shown from several aspects, such as aspects of religion, aspects of marriage, aspects of language, and interethnic attitudes and behaviors. Keywords — ethnography of communication, bicultural, Sundanese, Javanese, Ciamis Regency 1. Introduction Human being is a social being that is inseparable from his origin socio-cultural environment. Furthermore, a socio-cultural environment in which human beings are socialized influences the way they communicate and or the ways they interact with individuals, be it from the same environment or from different cultural environment. This humans’ behaviour then is called by the cultural behaviour. Cultural behaviour motivated by a cultural identity which later will determine the language and communication behaviour used by a person who joined in a particular cultural society. In addition, this cultural behaviour has functions, such as the cultural differentiator of communication actors between the others which comes from the different cultures. On the other words, people will behave according to their socio-cultural background which then becomes their special characteristic that distinguishes them from people who come from different socio- ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 11885 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 11885-11898 cultural environments. Social identity itself can be defined as a person’s individual knowledge that makes him become a part of group members who have similar emotions and values (Hogg & Dominic, 1988). Condition that is slightly different from the condition that it should be, often take place in regions that are geographically close, but are culturally different. In such regional conditions, intercultural communication is very possible occur. Intercultural communication can be understood as a process of exchanging thoughts and meanings between people from different cultures (Mulyana & Rakhmat, 2005). In several administrative province-border areas in which the intercultural communication is possible occurs, the characteristic of society often show a variety cultural condition. This condition is called multicultural society. This kind of society can be found in the border area between West Java Province and Central Java Province, such as Cilacap Regency (Central Java Province) which directly borders Ciamis Regency (West Java Province); Brebes Regency (Central Java Province) which is bordered by Kuningan Regency (West Java Province). Indonesia is a country with pluralistic society because it consists of diverse ethnicities, languages, and cultures. The results of the collaboration betwwn BPS and ISEAS (Institute of South Asian Studies) formulated that there are around 633 tribes obtained from ethnic and sub-tribes grroupings in Indonesia (Pitoyo & Triwahyudi, 2017). Thousands of islands that lie in the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia prove that Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that have diverse ethnics and cultural backgrounds. Language is an integral part of a society’s culture (Fauziah, 2015). Hereafter, cultural factors such as rules, habits, and way of life of a speech community can be represented and expressed through the medium of language. The cultural system owned by a society is reflected in their language. Then it creates a variety of language styles that characterize the speech commutity. The language diversity can affect the communication, especially interpersonal communication which takes place between people from the different culture and language. Practically, this phenomenon will cause the difficulties and obstacles in the communication process in general. In the communication process, in addition to linguistic factors, there are also non- linguistic factors which determine the use of language as a medium of communication in any particular speech community. The abovementioned non-linguistic factors are social factors and situational factors (Sari & Medaswari, 2014). The phenomenon of language variation is caused by many factors, such as the social factors, the cultural factors, the situational and the condition of speech. This is caused by the situation and condition that language is inseparable from the social and cultural factors of the native speakers (speech community). Interethnic communication or also called intercultural communication can be understood as a relationship and relations between individuals of different cultures, for example between ethnicities, ethnicities, races, languages, and social (Regar, Kawung, & Tangkudung, 2014). Communication that takes place is basically verbal, so the ideas conveyed are more direct and real (have more sense of communication). In this type of communication, cooperation between parties is more tangible, interactive, reciprocal, and the communication process that takes place is more varied, especially those relating to the principles of cooperation, politeness, solidarity, and negotiation of meaning (semantics). Practically, in an interethnic communication there are norms and rules that must be obeyed together by the partisans of speech (Yohana, 2015). These norms and rules are something that is respected together. Hence, each speech member of the community feels bound by these norms and rules. The communication process carried out by each member of the speech community will always be bound by the intended norms and rules. That is why, in the communication process, partisans will always maintain and respect the norms and rules intended. This condition sometimes also influences the success and failure of the communication process. ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST 11886 Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 11885-11898 This reality has confirmed that society and language are two inseparable things. Between society and language have relations and reciprocal relationships (reciprocal) (Helmanita, 2013). Under certain conditions, language can influence and shape people's behavior and attitudes, especially in aspects of thought patterns, perceptions, perspectives, and ways of getting along. This view is often known as deterministic theory of language. In contrast, in certain condition of situation, society (in this case are the mindset, perception, and interaction manner) can affect the aspects of language. This viewpoint is often called the instrumentalism theory of language (Chaer, 2009). A language reflects a society and a society can be reflected in the practice of language (N. S. Hidayat, 2014), that’s the hypothesis which has been adopted. The norms, rules, and values which exist in a speech community are realized and manifested in a language, such as through the words choices (diction), expressions, utterances, system of meaning, system of naming, pragmatic aspects, and semantic aspects. The issue of ethnicity is one of the most interesting issues to continue to study because most of countries in the world are multi-ethnics. Of all the member states of the United Nations (UN), there are only about 12 countries with which the population is categorized as homogeneous. Thus, ethnicity issues is an interesting global issues which is interesting to be continuously studied (Koentjaraningrat, 1993). Intercultural communication will occur if only there is
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