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Cambridge University Press 0521617944 - U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis Richard Breitman, Norman J. W. Goda, Timothy Naftali and Robert Wolfe Index More information

Index 1939 Neutrality Act. See Neutrality Act of American Jewish Committee, 45 1939 American Jewish Congress, 26, 45 1948 Displaced Persons Act. See Displaced American War Refugee Board, 55 Persons Act Angleton, James, 152, 327, 339 Arajs, Viktor, 95 Abramson, Alexander, 296 Ardeatine Caves massacre, 319, 328-29, 448 Abwehr, 7, 93-103, 107, 123, 138, 378, “Ardent,” code name of Herbert Katzki, 63 387, 446-47 Argentina, 457 opposition to Nazis in, 94, 99-101 Adolf Eichmann in; Josef Mengele in; Martin Acheson, Dean, 427 Bormann allegedly in. See under South America Adenauer, Konrad, 394, 395-98, 405, 455 Army Counterintelligence Corps, United See AFHQ (Allied Forces Headquarters) 326, 328 States. CIC “Artist,” code name, 125 Agh, László, 228, 231-37, 258n43, 453, 455 Artuković, Andrija, 207, 210, 228, 230-31, Agudas Israel, 6 257n17 Aktion Reinhard, 451 Aschner, Leopold, 130 al-Assad, Hafez, 457 ATIS (Allied Translator and Interpreter Albert, Ludwig, 401-2, 405 Section), 448 Alden, S. S., 45 Augsburg, Emil, 382-84, 389, 401, 449, 453 Aldrich, Winthrop W., 188 alias Dr. Alberti, 389, 401 Alexander, Harold, 326-27 Auner, Kurt, 382, 394 Alexander, Robert, 45-47 Auschwitz, 456 Alexander, Stella, 206 bombing of, 444 Allied Declaration of December 17, 1942, Austrian Resistance Movement. See O-5 41n52, 43n86, 45 Avdzej, John, 228-30, 256n11 Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ), 326, 328 Allied Translator and Interpreter Section Badoglio, Pietro, 77, 318 (ATIS), 466 Baer, Th omas, 4 Almansi, Dante, 79, 83 Baldiveso, Angel, 428 “Alperg,” code name of Wilhelm Höttl, 269 Balkans Alpine Redoubt, 267-68, 272, 448 intelligence network, “Dogwood,” al-Qaeda, 444 49; “General Agency 13” and Gehlen Altemeyer, Werner, 96-97 Organization, 382 Altmann, Klaus, alias. See Barbie, Klaus Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) Alvarez del Castillo, J. M., 14 and Nazi executions, 24

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482 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

bank accounts, of Jews, blocked, 174, 194n6 German Secret Service), 5, 7, 376, 377, 384, banks, and Rückwanderer Mark Scheme 402, 405-6 Chase National Bank, 173, 176-93; Boehrsch, Herbert, 382 Chemical Bank and Trust, 177; J. Henry Boker, John R., Jr., 379-80 Schroder Banking Corporation, 175-76, Bolivia, 457 181; New York Overseas Corporation, Klaus Barbie in. See under South America 174-78, 181, 184; Robert C. Mayer & Bolschwing, Otto Albrecht von, 341, 343-54, Co., 175, 183, 186 344ﬁ g, 365, 382, 384, 394, 399, 452, 454-55 Banzer Suárez, Hugo, 427 Borchers, Hans, 183 Barbie, Klaus, 3, 211, 426-32, 436-37, 449, 457 Bormann, Martin, 419-26, 432, 436 alias Klaus Altmann, 427-28; in Bolivia, Borodajkewycz, Tarias von, 277 426-30; Klaus Barbie and the United States Bossard, Samuel, 386, 387-89, 391 Government (1983), 430 Bradley, Omar, 392 Barcza, Marguerite, 297, 307 Brand-Grosz Mission. See Brand Mission Basett, F. (Captain), 101 Brand, Haynal, 54, 62 Th e Battle for Rome, 77, 79 Brand, Joel, 54, 55, 446 Bauer, Yehuda, 54 Brand mission, 54-57, 447-48 Baun, Hermann, 380-81, 383, 387, 389 Brazil, 458 BDC (Berlin Documents Center), 339, 350 Josef Mengele in. See under South America Becher, Kurt, 57, 130, 448 Britain Beetz, Hildegard, 272 extermination reports and, 445; Kopkow Belzec extermination camp, 450-51 and, 449 “Bendall and Verschoyle” aliases, 215-16 British intelligence, 114, 132, 298, 423 Ben-Veniste, Richard, 4 Anthony Blunt as Soviet spy, 13; “Bendall Berg, Willi, 306 Berle, Adolf, 20 and Verschoyle” aliases, and Pavelić Berlin Document Center (BDC), 339, 350, (Ustaša), 215-16; H. Montgomery Hyde, 452 13; Horst Kopkow, 145-46; MI-5, 13, Bermuda Conference, 45-47 100, 101, 294-95, 299, 303, 423; MI-6, “unconditional surrender” appeal, 47 13, 34-36, 423; MI-14, 36; reports on Bernadotte, Folke, 111-13, 448 concentration camps, 32, 33-34, 36-37; Berry, James, 274 Ultra (German Enigma cipher machine), Best, Werner, 140-41 378-79 BfV (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz, Bruce, David, 19, 20 Federal Oﬃ ce for the Protection of the Brunner, Alois, 138, 159-64, 456-57 Constitution), 303, 308, 395 Brunner, Kurt Heinrich, 132 Biddle, Francis, 189, 192 Bruns, Walter, 95, 96-100 Bismarck, Otto von, 397 Bucharest pogrom, 453 BKA (Federal Criminal Police Service), 356-57 Budak, Mile, 208, 210 Blaschke, Rudolf, 123 Bügelsack, George, 75-76 Bloom, Sol, 46-47 Bund, the, 5 Blowback, 328 Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz. See BfV Blunda, George F., 215 Bundesnachrichtensdienst. See BND Blunt, Anthony, 13 Burger, Adolf, 122 BND (Bundesnachrichtensdienst; West Cahill, John D., 192

Index 483

“Camelia,” code name of Helmuth James von Corps), 7, 61, 102, 153, 211-12, 228, 251-52, Moltke, 52 378, 381, 390, 426 Canaris, Constantin, 94-95 Augsburg and, 449; Adolf Eichmann, 338, Canaris, Wilhelm, 94-96, 99-100, 107 346, 348-49, 352, 360, 363; Károly Ney, Carstenn, Friedrich, 400 275; Klaus Barbie, 426-27, 457; Ludwig Casey, William J., 429-30, 433-34 Albert, 401-2; Hass and, 454; Höﬂ e and, memoir, 11-12 450-52; misjudgments of, 449-52, 454-55; “Cassia,” code name, Franz Messner, 52 Red Orchestra, 293, 299-303; Wilhelm Catholic Church Höttl, 265, 271-83, 285; Roeder and, 449; “Th e Catholic Episcopate in Croatia,” 207- Vatican and, 456 8; in Croatia, 204-10, 213-20 CIG (Central Intelligence Group), 296, 326, Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA 328-29, 347, 385, 386-88, 453 Central Intelligence Group. See CIG Hoyt S. Vandenberg, director, 385-86, 388 “Cereus,” code name of Archibald Coleman, Cimperman, J. A., 423 50, 53 cipher machine, Enigma. See Ultra Chase National Bank, 173, 176-93, 446 Claire, Daniel, 434-35 Ernest H. Kuhlman, 176; FBI Clark, Th omas C., 425 investigation of, 183-93; Joseph C. Clemens, Hans, 405 Rovensky, 176, 179 code names Chemical Bank and Trust, 177 “Alperg” (Wilhelm Höttl), 269 Chile, 457 “Ardent” (Herbert Katzki), 63 Walter Rauﬀ in. See under South America “Artist” (British informant), 125 Churchill, Winston, 83-84, 468 “Dogwood” (Alfred Schwarz), 49-53 CI (CIA Counter-Intelligence), 152, 338 “Camelia” (Helmuth James von Moltke), 52 “Th e Hunt for ‘Gestapo Mueller,’” 152 “Cassia” (Franz Messner), 52 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 5, 7, 228- “Cereus” (Archibald Coleman), 50, 53 30, 127, 340-41, 364-65 “Culprit” (ex-Abwehr informant), 102 Klaus Barbie and, 457; Adolf Eichmann, “Dora” (Alexander Rado), 295 337-40; Aleksandras Lileikis, 363-64; “Dottore Fabiano” (Krunoslav Erich Rajakowitsch, 359-63; Eugen Draganović), 217 Dollmann, 317-18, 326-28, 330; Gehlen “Dynamo” (Krunoslav Draganović), 217 Organization, 155, 265, 274, 276, 278-85, “Fidelio” (Walter Huppenkothen), 299-302 375-77, 382-83, 385, 388-402, 404-6, “Fire Tongs” (Gehlen’s Red Orchestra 453; and the Gestapo, 138, 146, 148-49, investigation), 303 151-52, 155-56, 160-61; Leopold von “Flush” (Friedrich Schwend), 126 Mildenstein, 342; misjudgments of, “Franco” (Bruno Francazi), 217 452-57; and Nazi collaborators, 231, 238, “General Agency 13” (SD Balkan 240-41, 246, 249, 252-55; Otto Albrecht network), 382 von Bolschwing, 341, 343, 347-54, “Gerbera” (Teddy Kollek), 58 382, 452; Pullach Operations Base and, 452; “Iris” (Fritz Laufer), 53, 55 Red Orchestra, 296-97, 299, 306-9; Th eodor “Java” (ex-Abwehr informant), 102 Saevecke, 354-59; Skorzeny and, 449; “Kantar” (Jewish Agency), 63 Ustaša, 211-16, 218-20; Wilhelm Höttl, “Lucy” (Rudolf Roessler), 295 265, 274, 276, 278-85 “Montgomery” (Austrian net), 274-78 CIC (United States Army Counterintelligence “Mount Vernon,” (Austrian net), 274-78

484 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

code names (continued ) anti-Communists in U.S., 227-28, 243; “Operation Bernhard,” 121, 125-26, 132, 285 Communistic Attempts to Gain Control over “Operation Reinhard,” 86 American Church Organizations (1952), “Operation Sunrise,” 85 241; Communist Party of Germany “Operation Wool,” 109 (KPD), 301, 390 “Ossie” (Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing), 346 Communists, 453, 455 “Othello” (Manfred Roeder), 298-302 concentration camps, 31-34, 36-37, 64-65, 81, “Rusty” (Gehlen Organization), 381-86, 390 113, 451, 467 “Sascha” (Alexander Abramson), 296 Allies’ knowledge of, 445; of Jasenovać “Sissy” (Rachel Duebendorfer), 295-96 and the Ustaša, 204, 206, 211, 230; “Stock” (Josef W. Rüdiger), 51-52 labor for counterfeit currency, 121-23, “T-4” (“euthanasia” program) 75-76 125-26; Operation Bernhard and, 447; “Taylor” (Christian Schneider), 295 Schellenberg and, 447; Swiss-made “Trillium” Andre Gyorgi (aka Bandi barracks deal, 127-32 Grosz), 53 Conroy, E. E., 192 See “Usage” (Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing), Coordinator of Information. COI Copeland, Miles, 404 352 Correa, Mathias, 189 “Utility” (Reinhard Gehlen), 395 Coughlin, Charles, 183, 186 “Wanda,” 31, 37 counterfeit currency (British and U.S.) “Wendig” (Friedrich Schwend), 125 concentration camp labor, 121-23, 125-36, “West-Wind” (Harster operation), 108 447; RHSA forgery operation, 125. See “Wolf’s Lair” aka Wolfsschanze (Hitler’s fi eld also Operation Bernhard headquarters), 320-23 Counterintelligence Corps. See CIC “Zigzag,” 102 Counter-Intelligence War Room, 94,113, 148-49 “Zipper” (Gehlen Organization), 282, 284, Critchfi eld, James, 349-50, 376, 393, 395-402, 392, 394-401, 405 403fi g, 405, 452 COI (Coordinator of Information), 11, 14, 25 Croatia, 203-20, 455 Oral Intelligence Unit, 21; predecessor to Andrija Artuković, 230-31; mixed marriage OSS, 20-21; Secret intelligence branch, 19 controversy, 209-10. See also Ustaša. Cold War Croatian Liberation Movement. See Ustaša. CIA use of Nazi war criminals, 3, 337-65; Crosby, Francis, 421, 423, 425-26 Reinhard Gehlen, 379 cryptologic agencies. See COMINT; GC&CS; Coleman, Archibald, 50, 53, 58 OP-20-G; SIS College of San Girolamo, 211-16, 450, 456 “Culprit,” code name, 102 Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Czechoslovakia Center (CSDIC), 321, 323 Alfred Schwarz, 49, 51, 53; execution of COMINT (communications intelligence), children, 73-76; execution of Jews, 15- 462-63, 467, 469n1 16; Fritz Laufer, 53; testimony of Joseph Comintern, 449 Goldschmied, 21-22 Committee of Croatian Refugees in the College of San Girolamo. See College of San D-Day, 444 Girolamo Dallin, Alexander, 245, 247-48 communications intelligence. See COMINT Daluege, Kurt, 450 Communism, 227, 230, 238 D’Amato, Alphonse, 432

Index 485

Dannecker, Th eodor, 79-80, 84 Duker, Abraham, 12 Davis, Arthur, 432 Duker-Dwork Collection, 12-13 Dear A letters, 444 Dulles, Allen, 109, 207, 253, 403ﬁ g, 444-45 decoding messages, 378-79, 443-50 Adolf Eichmann, 339-40, 357; Eugen Purple (Japan’s cipher machine), 461, Dollmann, 318, 325-28; Operation 465-66; Ultra (Germany’s Enigma cipher Sunrise, 85, 317-26; Reinhard Gehlen, machine), 378-79, 386, 443. See also SD 403-4; Höttl and, 448; Lebed and, 452; decodes; cryptologic agencies reports on Nazi extermination of Jews, Denmark 22-23; in Switzerland, 24-30, 63, 107, Günther Pancke, 140; Nazi occupation 153, 267-70, 295 Dwork, Charles Irving, 12 policy, 139 “Dynamo,” code name of Krunoslav Deportation of Jews Draganović, 217 from Italy, 77, 78-79 Deppner, Erich, 383-84, 399, 453. See also GV-G Eagleburger, Lawrence, 158 Deriabin, Petr, 405 Ecuador, Walter Rauﬀ in. See under South de Silva, Peer, 397 America Deutsche Handels- und Wirtschaftsdienst Eden, Anthony, 45 International Commerce Service, 178, 181, Eggen, Hans Wilhelm, 109, 128-31 186, 189 Egypt, 456-57 Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft, Cairo, (Morale Operations) 55, 56, 58-64; AG (DEHOMAG), 122 Leopold von Mildenstein, 342-43; Nazi Devoe, Carl, 61 training in, 404-5 Dickstein, Samuel, 46 Eichmann, Adolf, 54, 143-44, 148, 150, 267, Die geheime Front, 278 382, 396, 450-52, 457 Dienststelle (substation) capture of, 341, 343-45, 349, 353-54, (62) 383; (150), 401; GV-G (12), 383; 359-64, 419 GV-L (114), 382-83, 389-90, 395, Einsatzgruppen, 141-43, 147, 300, 307, 383, 410n44, 412n81 443, 454 Displaced Persons Act, 227, 252 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 62, 106, 235 Dodds, Harold, 46 Elam, Schraga, 128 “Dogwood” network, 49-53. See also Alfred Eleventh Decree to the Reich Citizenship Law (1941), 16 Schwarz Elling, Georg, 321 Dohnanyi, Hans von, 100, 107 ENIGMA Codes, 444 Dollmann, Eugen, 109, 317-31, 448 Enigma cipher machine, Germany’s. See Ultra Hitler’s “tea party,” 321-23 “ethnic cleansing,” 204-5. See also Ustaša Doloezalek, Alexander, 383 EUCOM (United States European Donovan, William J., 11, 20, 37, 39n9, 52, 268 Command), 329-30 and J. Edgar Hoover, 29 “Euthanasia” plan, 75-76 “Dora,” code name of Alexander Rado, 295 extermination camps. See concentration camps Dorls, Fritz, 302-3 “Dottore Fabiano,” code name of Krunoslav FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 5-6, 8, 449 Draganović, 217 Hoover, 453-54; informants, 189; Draganović, Krunoslav, 203, 211-20, 450, investigation of Chase National Bank, 452-53, 454-56 173-74, 183-93; Montt reports and, 445; College of San Girolamo, 211-16 and Nazi collaborators, 227-55; Nazi racial Duebendorfer, Rachel, 295-96 policies and, 446

486 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

FDP (Free Democratic Party), 341-42 Intelligence, 375-406; “Utility” code name Federal Bureau of Investigation. See FBI (Reinhard Gehlen), 395; “Zipper” code Federal Criminal Police Service (BKA), 356-57 name (from CIA), 282, 284, 392, 394-401, Felfe, Heinz, 308, 359, 377, 399, 402, 405, 455 405 FHO (Fremde Heere Ost, Foreign Armies— Gehlen, Reinhard, 449, 453, 454-57 East), 377-78, 380-81 “General Agency 13,” code name of SD Balkan “Fidelio,” code name of Walter Huppenkothen, network, 382 299-302 Genscher, Hans Dietrich, 457 Fiebig, Konrad, 383-84, 399, 453 “Gerbera,” code name of Teddy Kollek, 58 Final Solution, 17, 26, 57, 131, 340, 444 Th e German Basic Handbook, 34 and Italy, 82, 87; Montt reports and, 445-46; German Communist Party. See KPD Nazi racial policies and, 446-47. See also German counterintelligence, 137-39, 141, 382 Nazi atrocities GV-G (Dienststelle 12), 383; (GV-L “Fire Tongs,” code name of Red Orchestra (Dienststelle 114), 382-83, 389-90, 395 investigation (Gehlen), 303 German High Command, 443 “Flush,” code name of Friedrich Schwend, 126 German Intelligence Service (GIS), 93 Foa, Ugo, 79, 83 German opposition to Nazis. See under Foote, Alexander, 295, 297 Abwehr Ford, Richard, 423 Germany, Federal Republic of, 443-55 Forrestal, James, 392 Gestapo, 137-164, 447 Foxworth, P. E., 186 departments IV A and IV B, 143-44; Francazi, Bruno, 217 Einsatzgruppen, 141-43, 147; freie France, Red Orchestra in, 306-7 Mitarbeiter system and, 456; Hans Merz, “Franco,” code name of Bruno Francazi, 217 144; Harro Andreas Wilhelm Th omsen, Frank, Friedrich, 383 143-44; Himmler Collection, 137-39; Frank, Karl Hermann, 15, 76 Horst Kopkow, 144-46; interrogations Free Democratic Party. See FDP of, 141, 153; Klaus Barbie, 426; Martin freie Mitarbeiter system, 356-57, 365, 456-57 Sandberger, 146-47; offi cers in Gehlen French Communists, 446 Organization, 376-77; Red Orchestra, 294, 309; Stefan Rowecki, 144; Walter Rauff , G-2 (U.S. Army intelligence), 388-89 153-59, 452; U.S. hiring of, 449 Gaevernitz, Gero von Schultze, 101, 109, Geyer, Hans Joachim, 400 325-26 Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 101 Galloway, Donald N., 390 Globke, Hans, 396-98, 455 gas, as extermination method, 122, 154 Globocnik, Odilo, 451 Gausebeck, August T., 183, 186 Goebbels, Joseph, 341-42, 393, 419, 420 GC&CS (Britain’s Government Code and Goeth, Amon, 65 Cypher School), 444-45, 448 Goggin, Ray F., 347 Gehlen Organization, 7, 154, 218, 274, 279, 282 Gold Discount Bank, 176, 177, 181, 188. See BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst), 308, also banks, and Rückwanderer Mark Scheme 376; Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing, 347- Gold Train, Hungarian, 267, 269 49, 352, 359, 361, 365; Red Orchestra, Goldschmied, Joseph, 21, 444 303, 306-7; Reinhard Gehlen, 155, 279, Gorby, Benjamin, 299-301, 432 375, 387, 388fi g, 392, 395-96, 401, 404; Göring, Franz, 110-12 “Rusty” code name, 381-86, 390; and U.S. Göring, Hermann, 138, 298

Index 487

Göttsch, Werner, 278-79 Himmler, Heinrich, 54, 73, 78, 99, 266, 420, Gouzenko, Igor, 294-95 447-48 Government Code and Cypher School deportation of Jews in Rome, 77; Eugen (British). See GC&CS Dollmann, 318; “Himmler Collection,” Th e Great War for the Fatherland, 29 137-39; last speech, 145; Operation Greece, deportation of Jews, 160 Bernhard, 122; Otto Albrecht von Greek resistance, 443 Bolschwing, 344-45, 353; release of Gregor, Helmut, alias. See Mengele, Josef Hungarian Jews, 130; SD Foreign Griﬃ ths, John F., 421-23, 425-26 Intelligence, 103, 104, 107-8, 110, 112 Grimme, Adolf, 298 Hitler, Adolf, 19, 22, 23, 75, 107, 420, 444-45 Gröbel, Willi, 123, 125 Allied appeal to release Jews, 45-46, 111- Grossvogel, Leon, 293, 297 12; Th e Destruction of the Jews speech, Grosz, Bandi, 53, 55, 446 27; Italian Jews, 80; Nazi occupation of GRU (Glavonoye Rasvodyvatelnoye Denmark, 140-41, 142f; “Tea Party,” 320- Upravalenie, Red Army Intelligence), 23; Ustaša, 204; Wilhelm Canaris, 94-95 293-95, 306 Hitler’s Paper Weapon, 285 Guisan, Henry, 128 Hodosy-Strobl, Paul, 389-90 Gurevitch, Anatoli, 297, 301, 306-7 Hoeher, Wolfgang Paul, 400 Guse, Karl, 383 Höﬂ e, Hermann Julius, 450-52 GV-G (Dienststelle 12), 383 Hofmann, Otto, 75, 76 GV-L (Dienststelle 114), 382-83, 389-90, 395, Holland 399-402 persecution of Jews, 360-62 Gyorgi, Andre. See Grosz, Bandi Holocaust, 458 avoidance of, 449; U.S. trials and, 444 Haas, Karl Th eodor, 280, 454 Holtzheimer, Hermann, 457 Hans Utsch & Co. See Utsch & Co., Hans Holtzman, Elizabeth, 4, 431-32 Utsch Holzach-Meier, Paul, 128-30 Harnack, Arvid, 293, 298, 306 Hoover, J. Edgar, 29, 184-85, 188, 192-93, 297, Harrison, Leland, 25, 26 453-54 Harster, Wilhelm, 81, 86, 154, 361, 383 Martin Bormann, 421-23, 425-26; Nazi Operation “West-Wind,” 108 collaborators, 229, 232-33, 236-37, 240- Hautz & Co., 175, 183-85, 188-89 43, 254 Hecke, Helmuth, 277 Horton, S. Herman, 339 Hecksher, Henry, 347 Höttl, Wilhelm, 125-26, 265-85, 448-50, Heinicken, Friedrich, 183, 188 454-56 Heinz, Friedrich Wilhelm, 279-81, 456 Hrynioch (Hirnyj), Ivan, 251 Hier, Marvin, 432 Huie, Byron S., Jr., 20 Helbein, William (Helbros Watch Company), Hungary, 447-48, 453, 455 295-96 Allied intelligence, 446; Hungarian Gold Helms, Richard, 352, 364, 388, 390 Train, 267, 269; Hungarian Warriors Herrnstadt, Rudolf, 306 Comradeship Association (MHBK), 231- Hesse, Fritz, 110-11 35; Jews in, 29-30, 54, 56, 57, 267; Joel Heydrich, Reinhard, 19, 73, 103, 141, 266, 271, Brand and Bandi Grosz, 54, 55; release 443, 454 of Jews, 130; Rudolf Kasztner, 54, 57; Hilberg, Raul, 84, 147 Wilhelm Höttl, 265-67, 285; Wurm, Hillenkoetter, Roscoe, 388, 391 informant, 50

488 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

“Th e Hunt for ‘Gestapo Mueller,’” 152. See Italy also Müller, Heinrich Ardeatine cave massacres, 319, 328- Huppenkothen, Walter, 299-302, 450 29; deportation of Jews, 77, 78-79, 85; Husmann, Max, 325-26 Eugen Dollmann, 318-20, 323, 325-29; Hyde, H. Montgomery, 13 extermination of Jews, 80, 328; German occupation, 77, 80 IBM, 122 IWG (Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Il processo dell’ Arcivescovo di Zagabria, Fiorello Government Records Interagency Working Cavalli, (1947) 205, 210 Group), 4-5, 74, 93, 137-38, 293, 462 Imrédy, Béla, 267 INS (Immigration and Naturalization Jablon, Peter, 254 Service), 454 Jackson, Robert S., 419-23, 426 Th e McCarran Act of 1950, 353; Nazi Jahnke, Kurt, 105 collaborators, 227-30, 232, 235-36, 240, James, Alan, 331 252, 254 Japanese cipher machine, code name “Purple,” intelligence gathering 461, 465-66 al-Qaeda and, 444; CIA misjudgments and, Jasenovać, 445 452-57; CIC misjudgments and, 449-52; “Java,” code name, 102 classifi cation lengths and, 444; Dogwood Jeckeln, Friedrich, 95, 99, 147 chain and, 446; double agents and, 446; Jewish Aff airs Department. See under Dulles report and, 444-45; ENIGMA and, SD (Sicherheitsdienst, SS intelligence 444; German war crimes and, 444; Gestapo organization) and, 447; Hitler’s Final Solution and, 444-45; Jewish Agency for Palestine, 5-6, 33, 53, ignoring of Holocaust and, 449; Jewish 58-66, 446 eradication and, 444; Montt reports and, base in Switzerland, 62-63; code name 445-46; Nazi racial policies and, 446-47; “Kantar,” 63; evidence of Nazi crimes, 58; peace feelers and, 447-48; Pearl Harbor and, War Crime Documentation, 64-66 444; public scrutiny of, 444; spy hiring and, Jewish belongings, seizure of 449; U.S. misjudgments in, 449-58; Karl blocked bank accounts, 174, 194n6; Wolff and, 448 confi scated property, 267, 275, 346, 360, Interagency Working Group. See IWG 383 Interkommerz, 129-30 International Committee of the Red Cross Jewish Labor Committee, 30 (ICRC), 47-49, 126 Jewish-Nazi negotiations, 55-57, 62, 130 International Labor Offi ce (ILO), 295-96 Jewish resistance, 56, 59 “Iris,” code name of Fritz Laufer, 53, 55 Jewish Soviet spies, 293, 295-97 Iron Guard, 237-43, 345-49, 352, 382, 394, Jews 452-53. See also Sima, Horia Dulles report and, 444-45; eradication and, Israel 444; Höfl e and, 451; trading of, 448 Adolf Eichmann, 337-41 J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation, Istanbul, Turkey, 447-48 175-76, 181 anti-Nazi Germans, 50, 52; Brand and Jobke, Karl Otto, 400 Grosz, 55; David Milgrom, 50-51; John, Otto August Walter, 100-101, 395 Lanning “Packy” Macfarland, 52-53; OSS, Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934, 184, 188-89 52-53, 58; Teddy Kollek, 53 Johnson, Hans, 299 Italian Military Intelligence Service (SIM), 327 Joint Distribution Committee, 6

Index 489

Jost, Heinz, 103, 346 Th e Labyrinth, 103, 113 J. P. Morgan Company, 183 Ladd, D. M., 422-24 Juretić, Augustin, 206, 209-10 Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 420 “Th e Catholic Episcopate in Croatia,” 207-8 Landsberg prison, 443 Langer, Alfred, 121 Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 10ﬁ g, 77, 79, 84, 121, Latvia 149, 266-69, 271, 273-75, 447-48, 456 extermination of Jews, 95, 96 “Kantar,” code name of the Jewish Agency for Lauber, Walter, 282 Palestine, 63 Laufer, Fritz, 53, 55 Kappler, Herbert, 76-85, 328-29, 456 Lazarus, Izadore, 102 Karski, Jan, 30 Leary, Lewis, 63 Kasztner, Rudolf, 54-55, 57, 62, 111 Lebed, Mikola, 228, 249-55, 452, 454-55 Katyn massacre, 445 Le Foreign Excelente Reincote, 293, 297 Katz, Robert, 77, 79, 83 Lemnitzer, Lyman, 328 Katzki, Herbert, 58, 62-63 Leslie, Edgeworth Murray, 268, 448-49 Katzmann, Friedrich, 64 Lichtheim, Richard, 26 Kayser-Eichberg, Erich Ulich, 384 Liebl, Willard K., 384-85 Keitel, Wilhelm, 268, 322 Lileikis, Aleksandras, 340, 363-64 Kempner, Robert, 298 “List of German Concentration Camps,” 33 Kernmayer, Erich, 276 Long, Breckenridge, 46 Kessel, Albrecht von, 83 Loofborough, Frederick, R., 109 Kesselring, Albert, 268, 326, 328 Lucas, Scott, 46 KGB, 265, 284, 376, 405 Lucid, Th omas A., 273-74, 276-77, 348, 393 Khrushchev, Nikita, 217-18 “Lucy,” code name of Rudolf Roessler, 295 Klages, Otto, 55 Lueders, Walter, 151 Klarsfeld, Beate, 157, 163, 427 Luther, Martin, 106 Klarsfeld, Serge, 161 Klein, Hans Eberhard, 434 Klein, Walter, 307 Maćek, Vlatko, 206, 208, 213 Klement, Richard, alias. See Adolf Eichmann Macfarland, Lanning “Packy,” 52 Koblitz, Donald, 157 Mackenson, Hans von, 329 Kohl, Helmut, 158, 457 Mackey, Argyle, 253 Kohn, Georg, 122 Magruder, John, 326 Kollek, Teddy, 53, 58, 61 Maidanek, 451 Konig, Jules, 63 Malz, Wilhelm Heinrich, 149 Kopkow, Horst, 144-46, 294, 447, 449 Mälzer, Kurt, 329 Korea, 453 Marcus, Karl, 57 Kowarik, Karl, 276 Martin, Nicholas Neamtu, 242 KPD (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, Marwede, (Dr.), 180-81 Communist Party of Germany), 301, 390 Marxism, 445 Krassowski, Werner, 383 Masson, Roger, 129-30 Krichbaum, Wilhelm, 282, 405 Mayer, Saly, 111-112 Krüger, Bernhard, 122 Th e McCarran Act of 1950, 353 Krumey, Hermann, 55 McClelland, Roswell, 111-12 Kuckoﬀ , Greta, 298-99 McNally, George J., Jr., 126 Künzel, Ermin, 75-76 McNulty, George A., 188-89

490 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

memoirs NATO (North American Treaty counterfeit money and laborers, 122; James Organization), 443 Critchfi eld, 376; Th e Labyrinth, Walter Naujocks, Alfred, 122 Schellenberg, 103; OSS offi cials, 11; Otto Nazi atrocities August Walter John, 100; revelations about concealment of, 73; description of, 22-23, Nazi crimes, 11, 30; Reinhard Gehlen, 28, 51, 65, 97, 273, 345; Final Solution, 376, 404; William J. Casey, 11-12 17, 26, 57, 82, 131; lack of recognition by Mengele, Josef, 3, 430-37, 457-58 U.S., 11-14, 66, 328, 340-41, 350. See also In Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, 430-36; Gestapo; Einsatzgruppen In the Matter of Josef Mengele (1992), 431, 433 Nazi collaborators in the U.S., 227-55 Merz, Hans, 144 Nazi-Jewish negotiations, 55-57, 62 Meyer-Schwertenbach, Paul (aka Wolf Nazi manhunts, 419-37 Schwertenbach), 128-30 Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial MHBK (Magyar Harcosok Bajtársi Közössége, Government Records Interagency Working Hungarian Warriors Comradeship Group. See IWG Association). See under Hungary Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act of 1998, 4-5, MI-5. See under British intelligence 13, 22, 73, 203, 206, 317, 320-21, 323, 337, MI-6. See under British intelligence 341, 354, 365, 376, 404, 443 MI-14. See under British intelligence Nazis Milano, J. V., 276-78 double agents and, 446; racial policies of, Mildenstein, Leopold von, 339-43, 353, 364 446-47 Milgrom, David, 50-51 Nazis, German opposition to. See under Abwehr Moldovan, Andrei, 238-43 Neutrality Act of 1939, 184, 188-89 Möllhausen, Eitel Friedrich, 80, 90n35 New York Overseas Corporation, 174-78, 181, Moltke, Helmuth James von, 52, 121 184 “Montgomery,” code name of Austrian net, Ney, Károly, 275-76 274-78, 282-83 Niebelungen Verlag (press), 278 Montt Rivas, Gonzalo, 15-20, 76, 445-46 “Night of Broken Glass” (Reichskristallnacht), 179 reports of Nazi genocide, 16, 20 NKVD (Soviet Secret Police), 246, 251, 306 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 20, 187, 445-46 NSA, 456 Morris, Stanley, 434-35 Mossad, 457 “Mount Vernon,” code name of Austrian net, O-5 (Austrian Resistance Movement), 346 274-78, 282-83 ODESSA, 127 Mudd, Robert Clayton, 212 Off czarek, Emmerich, 279 Mueller, Heinrich. See Müller, Heinrich Offi ce of Special Investigations. See OSI Müller, Heinrich, 8, 79, 137, 139, 300, 447, 457 Offi ce of Strategic Services. See OSS disappearance of, 148-53; Einsatzgruppen, OP-20-G (U.S. Navy cryptologic agency), 141; Sonderkommando Jerzy, 139 462-63, 465, 466 Mussolini, Benito, 77, 78, 203, 266, 318-20, Operation Bernhard, 447 322, 325, 404 concentration camp labor, 121-23, 125-36; Musy, Jean-Marie, 110-12, 448 RHSA forgery operation, 125; Wilhelm Höttl and Hitler’s Paper Weapon, 285 Nasser, Gamel Abdel, 456-57 Operation Reinhard, 86 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), Operation Sunrise, 85-86, 269, 317, 320, 323- 245-49 28, 330, 448

Index 491

Operation Wool, 109. See also Luigi Parrilli Perón, 457 Opitz, Henry Paul, 399 Phayer, Michael, 205-6 OSI (Offi ce of Special Investigations), 4, 430- Philp, W. R., 380 33, 436 Pieracki, Bronislaw, 249, 251-52, 254 OSS (Offi ce of Strategic Services), 444, 446-47 Pinochet, Augusto, 457 anti-Nazi resistance, 95, 378; Cairo, Pius XII, 450, 456 (Morale Operations) 55, 56, 58-64; Pleasants, Henry, 397 counterintelligence (X-2), 102, 126, 379, Pohl, Ritter von, 325 386; immigrants, 21; Istanbul, 53, 58; Poland, 446 and Jewish Agency for Palestine, 58-64; Bronislaw Pieracki, 249, 251-52, 254; knowledge of Holocaust, 5-6, 8, 11-37; intelligence, 138; John Avdzej, 228-30; Martin Bormann, 420; Montt reports Höfl e and, 451-52; resistance, 144; Sipo and, 445; (R & A) Research and Analysis unit “spezialle Aufgaben,” 383; Sword and branch, 12-13, 51; Secret Intelligence and Plough (Miecz i Plug), 144; underground Special Operations, 20-21, 52; Special and, 447 See Services Unit (SSU), 326, 328, 348, 378, Political Warfare Intelligence. PWE Polte, Friedrich, 266 385; Strategic Services Unit, 212; Ustaša, Ponger, Kurt, 281-84. 206; Vatican and, 456; Wilhelm Höttl, Ponger-Verber Aff air, 281-84 265-73, 285, 448; Karl Wolff and, 448 Poste de Commandement Cadix, 465 “Ossie,” code name of Otto Albrecht von Potts, Roy Frazier, 174-78, 184. See also New Bolschwing, 346 York Overseas Corporation Oster, Hans, 100, 107 pragmatism, 449 “Othello,” code name of Manfred Roeder, Prague, 444 298-302 Price, Arnold, 12 OUN and OUN-B (Organization of Priebke, Erich, 328 Ukrainian Nationalists), 249-52, 254 Proskauer, Joseph M., 45 “Purple” code name of Japanese cipher Palestine (prewar) machine, 461, 465-66 Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing, 343-44, Pullach Operations Base, 452 346, 349 PWE (Political Warfare Executive), 33 Pálff y, Dorothy and Fidél, 266, 267 Palivoda, Armand, 296-97. See also RKO Radio Films. R&A. See Research and Analysis Pancke, Günther, 140-41 Rabinowitz, Germina, 295-96 Pancrazio, Padre, 319, 328 Rademacher, Franz, 160-61, 456 Pannwitz, Heinz, 306-9, 443, 454 Rado, Alexander, 295 Panzinger, Friedrich, 294, 307-8, 443, 454-55 Rado, Emmy, 22 Papanace, Constantin, 345, 348 Rajakowitsch, Erich, 340, 359-64 Papler, Jack, 122 Rarig, Frederick, 189, 192-93 Paraguay, 457 Rauff , Walter, 138, 153-59, 354-56, 452, Josef Mengele in. See under South America 456-57 Parrilli, Luigi, 109, 325-26. See also Operation Reagan, Ronald, 157-58 Wool Reams, Robert Borden, 26 Pavelić, Ante, 203-5, 212-15, 450, 456 Red Army, 449, 453 peace feelers, 447-48 Red Army Intelligence. See GRU (Glavonoye Penrose, Stephen, 61, 63 Rasvodyvatelnoye Upravalenie)

492 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

Red Cross, 47-49, 126 RSHA (Reich Security Main Offi ce), 6, 17, 19, Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle) network, 145, 73, 77, 108, 113, 340, 350, 357, 360, 447 293-309, 447, 449, 454 counterfeit money, 121-25; Italian Jews, Red Th ree (Rote Drei), 294-95, 297 79; Wilhelm Höttl, 266, 272-74, 280 Reese, Mary Ellen, 376 Rückwanderer Mark Scheme, 173-93 Reich Ministry of Economics (RWM), 173, Chase National Bank, 173, 176-93; FBI 178-80 investigation, 183-93; J. Henry Schroder Reich Offi ce for Foreign Exchange Control, Banking Corporation, 175-76, 181; New 173, 174-75, 178 York Overseas Corporation, 174-78, 181, Hans Hartenstein, 173, 176 184; Reichsbank, 174, 188; Robert C. Reichsbank, 122, 125, 174, 188 Mayer & Co., 175, 183, 186 Gold Discount Bank, 176, 177, 181, 188; Rüdiger, Josef W., 51-52 Jews blocked accounts, 174, 194n6 Russia, 448 Reich Security Main Offi ce. See RSHA extermination reports and, 445; Gehlen Reinefarth, Heinz, 443, 450, 454 Organization and, 381-82, 455; Reiser, Heinrich, 306-7 GRU (Glavonoye Rasvodyvatelnoye Research and Analysis (branch of OSS), 51 Upravalenie), 293-95, 306; Katyn massacre knowledge of Holocaust, 12-13 and, 445; National Alliance of Russian Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 104-6, 108, 110, Solidarists (NTS), 245-49; NKVD 141, 320-23 (Soviet Secret Police), 246, 251, 306; Red Riegner, Gerhart, 26, 28 Orchestra (Soviet spy network), 293-309; RKO Radio Films, 296-97. See also Palivoda, Vladimir Sokolov (aka Vladimir Samarin), Armand 228, 243, 245-49, 453-54; trials of, 443 Robert C. Mayer & Co., 175, 183, 186, 189 “Rusty,” code name of Gehlen Organization, Robert Hautz & Co. See Hautz & Co. 381-86, 390 Rockefeller, Nelson Ryan, Allan, 211 as Coordinator of Inter-American Aff airs, 20 Rygiol, Henryk Roeder, Manfred, 298-302, 449-50 report from Birkenau, 32-33 Roessler, Rudolf, 295, 303 Rogers, William, 427 Sachsenhausen, 447, 451 Romania, 453 Saevecke, Th eodor, 340, 354-59, 365, 443, Andrei Moldovan, 238-43; Iron Guard, 452, 454, 456 237-43, 345-49, 352; John Trutza, 238-41; Safi r, Howard, 433 Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing, 345-46, Sagalowitz, Benjamin, 25 349-52; Viorel Trifa, 228, 237-44 Sandberger, Martin, 105, 146-47 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 6, 45, 58, 106, 183 “Sascha,” code name of Alexander Abramson, 296 Rote Drei (Red Th ree), 294-95, 297 Scheidler, Iris, 274 Rote Kapelle. See Red Orchestra Schellenberg, Walter, 10fi g, 57, 78, 103-5, Roth, Elmer, 236 106-114, 149, 266, 284, 300, 447-48 Rothenberg, Hugo, 138 counterfeit money, 121, 125; Th e Rothmund, Heinrich, 130-32, 447 Labyrinth, 103, 113; Swiss barracks deal, Rothpletz, Friedrich, 325-26 128-32 Rovensky, Joseph C., 176, 179. See also Chase Schlandt, Ernst, 382, 394 National Bank Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 12 Rowecki, Stefan, 144 Schmidt, Helmut, 431

Index 493

Schneider, Christian, 295 “Sissy,” code name of Rachel Duebendorfer, 295-96 Schörner, Ferdinand, 268 Six, Franz, 384 Schuetz, Karl, 402 Skorzeny, Otto, 10fi g, 268, 275, 404, 449, 456 Schulte, Eduard, 25 Smith, Sherrill, 183 Schultz-Dubois, (Captain), 95 Smith, Walter Bedell, 398 Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 293-94, 298, 300, Smith, William French, 433 302, 306 Sobibor, 451 Schuster, Ildefonso Cardinal, 325-27 Sokolov, Vladimir, (aka Vladimir Samarin) Schutz, Kurt, 328 228, 243, 245-49, 453-54 Schwarz, Alfred, “Dogwood,” 49-53 National Alliance of Russian Solidarists Schwend, Friedrich, 123, 125-27, 447 (NTS), 245-49 Schwertenbach, Wolf. See Paul Meyer- Somann, Otto, 382 Schwertenbach Sonderkommission Rote Kapelle, 294, 306-7 SD (Sicherheitsdienst, SS intelligence South America, 446, 456-57 organization), 6, 53-54, 55, 64, 77, 339-40, Adolf Eichmann in Argentina, 337-38; 342-45, 349-50, 353-55, 359-60, 365, 446-47 Josef Mengele in Argentina, Brazil and counterfeit money, 121, 123, 125-26; Paraguay, 430-36; Klaus Barbie in Bolivia, decodes, 78, 86, 104; Jewish Aff airs 426-30; Martin Bormann allegedly in Department, 339-45, 349, 353; Nazi Argentina, 421-23, 425-26; Rückwanderer espionage, 103-14; offi cers in Gehlen Mark Scheme, 184-85; Ustaša rebels in, Organization, 376-77, 382; Romania 203, 210-12, 216; Walter Rauff in Chile and, 453; Th eodor Saevecke and, 452; in and Ecuador, 155-59 See Switzerland, 109-10; Swiss barracks deal, Soviet Union. Russia Spacil, Josef, 125 128-29, 132; and Wilhelm Höttl, 265-85, Specter, Arlen, 432 448-49 Spitz, Georg, 123, 126-27 Sedlmeier, Hans, 430, 436 Sporkin, Stanley, 429 Selbschutzführer, 450 SRP (Socialist Reich Party), 302-3 Selke, Benno, 301-2 SS Serrino, Juan, 421, 423, 426 freie Mitarbeiter system and, 456; Gehlen Shelah, Menachem, 206 and, 453; hangings of, 443; Höttl and, 448-49; Shepardson, Whitney, 63 Nuremberg trials and, 443; RSHA and, 447; Sher, Neil, 433, 436 Schellenberg and, 447-48; Syrians and, 456; Sherman, Irving, 58 U.S. hiring of, 449; Karl Wolff and, 448 Shertok, Moshe, 58-59 SS Race and Settlement Offi ce, 75, 76, 383 Shultz, George, 428, 433 SSU. See under OSS Sicherheitsdienst. See SD agents Staehle, Peter, 151-52 Silberbaum, Karl, 362 Stahel, Rainer, 80 Siles Suazo, Hernán, 428, 430 Stalin, Josef, 391 Sima, Horia, 345, 348, 382, 394. See also Iron Stampfl i, Walter, 128 Guard Stephenson, William, 14 Simpson, Christopher, 328, 377 Stepinać, Alojzije, 204-11, 214, 230, 445 Singer, Bederich, 297 Th e Case of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac, Siracusa, Ernest, 427 Richard Pattee, (1953), 205, 210; Il SIS (U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service), processo dell’ Arcivescovo di Zagabria, 462-63 Fiorello Cavalli, (1947) 205, 210

494 U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis

Sternbuch, Isaac, 110-11 trials “Stock,” code name of Josef W. Rüdiger, 51-52 Nuremberg, 443, Trial of the Major War Strangl, Raimund, 279 Criminals, 443; standards for, 443-44 Stroessner, Alfredo, 431-32, 434, 435, 457 Trifa, Viorel, 228, 237-44, 453, 455 Suchard, Jean, 48 Iron Guard, 237-43 Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council “Trillium,” code name, Andre Gyorgi (aka (UHVR), 250-51, 253 Bandi Grosz), 53 Sweden, 448 Truman, Harry S., 420-21, 423, 425 Switzerland, 445, 447-48 Trutza, John, 238-41 barracks deal, 127-132; COMINT, 463-64; Heinrich Rothmund, 130-32; Jewish Agency, and base in, 62; OSS, Allen UHVR (Ukrainska Holovna Vyzvolna Rada, Dulles, 24-30, 63, 107, 153, 267-70, Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council), 295; Red Cross, Geneva, 47-49; Soviet 250-51, 253 espionage network, 294-96; Swiss Alien Ukraine, 452, 454 Police, 130-32; Swiss Federal Police, 295, Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council 303; Wilhelm Höttl, 267-72 (UHVR), 250-51, 253; Ukrainian Sword and Plough (Miecz i Plug), 144 Insurgent Army (UPA), 249-51, 254; Syria, 456-57 Ukrainian Nationalist Organization (OUN Alois Brunner, 161-64; William L. and OUN-B), 249-52, 254 Eagleton, Jr., 162 Ultra (Germany’s Enigma cipher machine), Szálasi, Ferenc, 231, 236, 258n29, 267 378-79, 386, 461 Szenes, Hannah, 59 F. W. Winterbotham, Th e Ultra Secret, 461 “T-4.” See “Euthanasia” plan United States “Taylor,” code name of Christian Schneider, 295 intelligence misjudgments of, 449-58; Taylor, Telford, 450 Nuremberg trials and, 443; Pearl Harbor “Tea Party,” Hitler’s, 320-23 and, 444; spy hiring and, 449, 452-53; Th e Last Days of Hitler, 320 Trial of the Major War Criminals and, 443; Tellkamp, Eberhard, 400 Vichy French funds and, 443; war crimes terms and acronyms (list of), 472-73 trial program and, 443; war criminal Th eberge, James D., 157-58 concealment, 449-58 Th eodorovich, John, 239, 260n70 United States Army Counterintelligence Corps. Th omsen, Harro Andreas Wilhelm, 143-44 See CIC Timm, Eric, 126 United States Army Signal Intelligence Service Tisserant, Eugene, 214 (SIS), 462-63 Tito, (Josip Broz), 204-5, 213, 217-20, 348, 455 United States European Command (EUCOM) Toldi, Árpád, 267, 269 329-30 Tomasevich, Jozo, 206 Treblinka, 451 United States Navy cryptologic agency (OP- Trepper, Leopold, 293, 301, 306. See also 20-G) 462-63, 465, 466 Leon Grossvogel; Le Foreign Excelente UPA (Ukrainska povstanska armiia, Ukrainian Reincote Insurgent Army), 249-51, 254 Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald, 320-21, 323 “Usage,” code name of Otto Albrecht von Th e Last Days of Hitler, and Hitler’s “tea Bolschwing, 352 party,” 320-23 USFET (U.S. Forces European Th eater), 380

Index 495

U.S. State Department, 445 “Wanda,” code name, 31, 37 Ustaša, 203-20, 230, 456-57 War Criminal Prison Number 1, 443 Bureau of Colonization, and Krunoslav War Refugee Board, 6, 58, 63 Draganović, 211; College of San Girolamo, Warsaw Treaty Organization, 217 211-16; “ethnic cleansing” of Jews, Serbs, Webster, William, 436 Gypsies, 203-4; Vatican, 203-5, 213-14 Weissenborn, Günther, 299, 301 “Utility,” code name of Reinhard Gehlen, 395 Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 319 Utsch & Co., Hans Utsch, 175, 184-85, 189 Welles, Sumner, 45 “Wendig,” code name of Friedrich Schwend, 125 Vacarescu, Joachim, 382, 394 Wenner, Eugen, 326-27, 329 Werwolf, Nazi guerrilla movement, 268, 272 Vandenberg, Hoyt S., 385-86, 388. See also CIG Westen, Friedrich, 267, 269, 275, 287n36 Van Der Horst, Cornelius, 399 “West-Wind,” code name of Wilhelm Harster Vatican, 81-83, 91n51, 319-19, 325, 443, 456 operation, 108 and Ustaša, 203-5, 211-19 White, Edward, 431 Verber, Walter, 281-84 Wiesenthal, Simon, 157-58, 362 Vichy French funds, 443 Winckelmann, Otto, 275 Vietinghoff -Scheel, Heinrich von, 326 wiretaps, 93 Visser t’Hooft, Willem A., 28, 445 Wise, Stephen, 26-27, 45 Vollmer, Walter, 399 Wisliceny, Dieter, 54 von Bismarck, Otto. See Bismarck, Otto von Wolff , Karl, 78-86, 109-11, 268-69, 323, von Bolschwing, Otto Albrecht. See 325-27, 448 Bolschwing, Otto Albrecht von “Wolf’s Lair” (Wolfsschanze), code name of von Dohnanyi, Hans. See Dohnanyi, Hans von Hitler’s fi eld headquarters, 320-23 von Gaevernitz, Gero. See Gaevernitz, Gero von World Jewish Congress, 6, 26, 47-48, 445 von Kessel, Albrecht. See Kessel, Albrecht von Wurm, informant, 50 von Mildenstein, Leopold. See Mildenstein, Leopold von Yugoslavia. See Ustaša von Pescatore, Hans. See Pescatore, Hans von von Pohl, Ritter. See Pohl, Ritter von Zamora, Adet, 427 von Ribbentrop, Joachim. See Ribbentrop, Zaslani, Reuven, 61, 63 Joachim von Zeidler, Hans Martin, 129, 130-32 von Vietinghoff -Scheel, Heinrich. See Zentrale für Heimatdienst, 279 Vietinghoff -Scheel, Heinrich von ZfH (Zentrale für Heimatdienst), 279 von Weizsäcker, Ernst. See Weizsäcker, Ernst Ziegra, Hans, 174, 176-81, 184. See also New von York Overseas Corporation Vrba-Wetzler Report, 35 “Zigzag,” code name, 102-3 Zimmer, Guido, 105, 108-9, 325-27 Waetjen, Eduard, 101-2, 108 “Zipper,” code name of the Gehlen Waibel, Max, 325-26 Organization, 282, 392, 394-401, 405 Waldman, Eric, 389 Zweig, Ronald, 267