Gottfried Leibniz Abt. 1663
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Effective Altruism's Underspecification Problem
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilPapers Effective Altruism’s Underspecification Problem Travis Timmerman 1. Introduction Whether any given act is supererogatory, obligatory, merely permissible, or impermissible depends upon the alternative acts available to the agent. But what exactly are the relevant alternative acts available to an agent? It turns out that this is a surprisingly difficult question to answer, yet it’s one on which any complete normative ethical theory must take a stance. It’s also one on which any effective altruist must take a stance. This may be unwelcome news for effective altruists since, as I will demonstrate, each of the dominant views in the literature generates verdicts that are (i) implausible in their own right and (ii) seemingly at odds with typical effective altruist commitments. Considering a particular case will help make this issue less abstract: The Gig Brandi has been invited by her friend, Chad, to attend his musical gig. Brandi can easily decide to attend the gig, and then decide at the gig to be supportive of Chad, which would be the best outcome. Unfortunately, Chad is a mediocre musician. Consequently, Brandi would not in fact decide to be supportive of Chad if she decided to attend his gig due to being irritated with Chad’s performance—even though she could decide at the gig to be supportive. Since Chad would be deeply hurt, this would be the worst outcome. Brandi could alternatively decide not to attend Chad’s gig, which would be better than the worst outcome, yet worse than the best outcome.1 To be sure, Brandi can decide to attend the gig, and once, there she can decide to be supportive of Chad. -
The Profoundest Problem of Ethics: About the Possibility of a Profound Solution
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School April 2019 The rP ofoundest Problem of Ethics: About the Possibility of a Profound Solution Pol Pardini Gispert [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Pardini Gispert, Pol, "The rP ofoundest Problem of Ethics: About the Possibility of a Profound Solution" (2019). LSU Master's Theses. 4915. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4915 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PROFOUNDEST PROBLEM OF ETHICS: ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF A PROFOUND SOLUTION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Philosophy & Religious Studies by Pol Pardini Gispert B.A., Universitat de Girona, 2001 May 2019 For my mother and father, For as many books as I read, your actions are still my moral compass. ii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... iv Preface ............................................................................................................................................ -
Sellars in Context: an Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars's Early Works Peter Jackson Olen University of South Florida, [email protected]
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Sellars in Context: An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars's Early Works Peter Jackson Olen University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, and the Philosophy of Science Commons Scholar Commons Citation Olen, Peter Jackson, "Sellars in Context: An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars's Early Works" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4191 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sellars in Context: An Analysis of Wilfrid Sellars’s Early Works by Peter Olen A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Philosophy College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Stephen Turner, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Richard Manning, Ph.D. Rebecca Kukla, Ph.D. Alexander Levine, Ph.D. Willem deVries, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 20th, 2012 Keywords: Logical Positivism, History of Analytic Philosophy Copyright © 2012, Peter Olen DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to the faculty members and fellow graduate students who helped me along the way. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank Rebecca Kukla, Richard Manning, Stephen Turner, Willem deVries, Alex Levine, Roger Ariew, Eric Winsberg, Charles Guigon, Nancy Stanlick, Michael Strawser, and the myriad of faculty members who were instrumental in getting me to this point. -
Aus Politik Und Zeitgeschichte Mensch Und Tier
APuZAus Politik und Zeitgeschichte 62. Jahrgang · 8–9/2012 · 20. Februar 2012 Mensch und Tier Hilal Sezgin Dürfen wir Tiere für unsere Zwecke nutzen? Thilo Spahl Das Bein in meiner Küche Carola Otterstedt Bedeutung des Tieres für unsere Gesellschaft Sonja Buschka · Julia Gutjahr · Marcel Sebastian Grundlagen und Perspektiven der Human-Animal Studies Peter Dinzelbacher Mensch und Tier in der europäischen Geschichte Mieke Roscher Tierschutz- und Tierrechtsbewegung – ein historischer Abriss Kathrin Voss Kampagnen der Tierrechtsorganisation PETA Wolf-Michael Catenhusen Tiere und Mensch-Tier-Mischwesen in der Forschung Editorial Vegetarismus ist „in“. Bücher wie „Tiere essen“ von Jonathan Safran Foer und „Anständig essen“ von Karen Duve stehen wo- chenlang in den Bestsellerlisten. Immer mehr Menschen ent- scheiden sich für eine fleischärmere oder fleischlose Ernährung; manche verzichten sogar auf alle tierischen Produkte und leben vegan. Die Motive sind vielfältig. Neben gesundheitlichen Er- wägungen oder Kritik an der Massentierhaltung – etwa an Kli- ma- und Umweltschäden, dem Leiden der Tiere, den Einbußen in der Qualität durch Zugabe von Antibiotika – stellt sich für viele die grundsätzliche Frage, ob wir Tiere für unsere Zwecke (und wenn ja, in welcher Weise) nutzen dürfen. Ein Blick in die Geschichte zeigt, dass Menschen sich schon immer Tiere zu nutzen gemacht haben – als Nahrungsquelle, für schwere Arbeiten in der Landwirtschaft, im Krieg und bei der Jagd, als Statussymbole und zum Vergnügen, für medizi- nische Versuche, als Haustiere. Die Tierschutz- und die Tier- rechtsbewegungen haben in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten für einen Bewusstseinswandel beim Umgang mit Tieren gesorgt. So wurde der Tierschutz als Verfassungsziel ins Grundgesetz auf- genommen und in der Schweiz sogar der Verfassungsgrundsatz der Tierwürde festgeschrieben. -
Animal Rights Movement
Animal Rights Movement The Animal Protection Movement. Prevention of cruelty to animals became an important movement in early 19th Century England, where it grew alongside the humanitarian current that advanced human rights, including the anti-slavery movement and later the movement for woman suffrage. The first anti-cruelty bill, intended to stop bull-baiting, was introduced in Parliament in 1800. In 1822 Colonel Richard Martin succeeded in passing an act in the House of Commons preventing cruelty to such larger domestic animals as horses and cattle; two years later he organized the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) to help enforce the law. Queen Victoria commanded the addition of the prefix "Royal" to the Society in 1840. Following the British model, Henry Bergh organized the American SPCA in New York in 1866 after returning from his post in St. Petersburg as secretary to the American legation in Russia; he hoped it would become national in scope, but the ASPCA remained primarily an animal shelter program for New York City. Other SPCAs and Humane Societies were founded in the U.S. beginning in the late 1860s (often with support from abolitionists) with groups in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and San Francisco among the first. Originally concerned with enforcing anti-cruelty laws, they soon began running animal shelters along the lines of a model developed in Philadelphia. The American Humane Association (AHA), with divisions for children and animals, was founded in 1877, and emerged as the leading national advocate for animal protection and child protection services. As the scientific approach to medicine expanded, opposition grew to the use of animals in medical laboratory research -- particularly in the era before anesthetics and pain-killers became widely available. -
1 from Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy to the Four Defining Characteristics of Self-Transcendence (ST) Paul T. P. Wong Introductio
1 From Viktor Frankl’s Logotherapy to the Four Defining Characteristics of Self-Transcendence (ST) Paul T. P. Wong Introduction The present paper continues my earlier presentation on self-transcendence (ST) as a pathway to meaning, virtue, and happiness (Wong, 2016), in which I introduced Viktor Frankl’s (1985) two-factor theory of ST. Here, the same topic of ST is expanded by first providing the basic assumptions of logotherapy, then arguing the need for objective standards for meaning, and finally elaborating the defining characteristics of ST. To begin, here is a common-sense observation—no one can remain at the same spot for life for a variety of reasons, such as developmental and environmental changes, but most importantly because people dream of a better life and want to move to a preferred destination where they can find happiness and fulfillment. As a psychologist, I am interested in finding out (a) which destination people choose and (b) how they plan to get there successfully. In a free society that offers many opportunities for individuals, there are almost endless options regarding both (a) and (b). The reality is that not all purposes in life are equal. Some life goals are misguided, such as wanting to get rich by any means, including unethical and illegal ones, because ultimately, such choices could be self-defeating—these end values might not only fail to fill their hearts with happiness, but might also ruin their relationships and careers. The question, then, is: What kind of choices will have the greatest likelihood of resulting in a good life that not only benefits the individual but also society? My research has led me to hypothesize that the path of ST is most likely to result in such a good life. -
Journal of Animal Law 2005.01.Pdf
VOL. I 2005 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL LAW Michigan State University College of Law J O U R N A L O F A N I M A L L A W VOL. I 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION The Gathering Momentum…………………………………………………………………. 1 David Favre ARTICLES & ESSAYS Non-Economic Damages: Where does it get us and how do we get there? ……………….. 7 Sonia Waisman A new movement in tort law seeks to provide money damages to persons losing a companion animal. These non-compensatory damages are highly controversial, and spark a debate as to whether such awards are the best thing for the animals—or for the lawyers. Would a change in the property status of companion animals better solve this important and emotional legal question? Invented Cages: The Plight of Wild Animals in Captivity ………………………………... 23 Anuj Shah & Alyce Miller The rate of private possession of wild animals in the United States has escalated in recent years. Laws at the federal, state, and local levels remain woefully inadequate to the task of addressing the treatment and welfare of the animals themselves and many animals “slip through the cracks,” resulting in abuse, neglect, and often death. This article explores numerous facets of problems inherent in the private possession of exotic animals. The Recent Development of Portugese Law in the Field of Animal Rights ………………. 61 Professor Fernando Arajúo Portugal has had a long and bloody tradition of violence against animals, not the least of which includes Spanish-style bullfighting that has shown itself to be quite resistant to legal, cultural, and social reforms that would respect the right of animals to be free from suffering. -
Justice Towards Animals Demands Veganism
Justice Towards Animals Demands Veganism Gary Steiner Adapted from Gary Steiner, Animals and the Limits of Postmodernism: A Vegan Manifesto (Columbia University Press, forthcoming 2012). In November 2009, the Sunday immediately prior to the Thanksgiving holiday traditionally celebrated in the United States, I published an opinion piece in the New York Times entitled ‘Animal, Vegetable, Miserable’. ‘Animal, Vegetable, Miserable,’ New York Times, 22 November, 2009, ‘Week in Review’ 12. The traditional Thanksgiving meal is centred around turkey, and my aim in writing the opinion piece was to challenge the supposed moral legitimacy of the practice of killing and consuming animals such as turkeys. I went so far in the piece as to argue that consuming turkeys and other animals raised in ‘free range’ circumstances is in effect no better morally than consuming animals raised in traditional intensive factory farming circumstances—for, after all, in both cases we kill sentient creatures with lives that are meaningful to them just as our lives are meaningful to us, even if non-human animals such as turkeys cannot, as we humans can, reflect on the ways in which their lives are meaningful to them. I received a torrent of responses to my opinion piece, most of which were from people who were supportive of my views. A small but extremely vehement proportion of the responses was from individuals who excoriated me for my views, typically on the grounds that because many animals kill and eat animals, and because human beings are animals, it is therefore perfectly acceptable for human beings to eat non-human animals. -
A Carnivore's Manifesto
232 BETWEEN THE SPECIES Review of Eat This Book: A Carnivore’s Manifesto Dominique Lestel (translated by Gary Steiner) Columbia University Press, 2016 160 pages, paperback Angus Taylor University of Victoria (retired) Volume 23, Issue 1 Winter 2019 http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bts/ 233 Angus Taylor The symbolism of meat-eating is never neutral. To himself, the meat-eater seems to be eating life. To the vegetarian, he seems to be eating death. There is a kind of gestalt-shift between the two positions which makes it hard to change, and hard to raise questions on the matter at all without becoming embattled. Mary Midgley (1983, 27) In Eat This Book: A Carnivore’s Manifesto, French philoso- pher Dominique Lestel sets out to demolish the fundamental claims of ethical vegetarianism (including veganism) and to propose as an alternative what he calls ethical carnivorism. The book is translated from the French by prominent animal-rights philosopher Gary Steiner. In his preface, Steiner—echoing a point made by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty—says, “The best way to test one’s own convictions is to open oneself completely to the challenge posed by one’s most strenuous critics or oppo- nents—to confront doubt rather than to seek to extinguish it...” (xv). Those interested in seeking truth, says Steiner, will pay attention to the challenge posed by this work. I fully agree with the general sentiment. That said, too much of this relatively short book strikes me as less a reasoned chal- lenge than a veritable “Gish gallop” of assertions, characteriza- tions, and questions aimed at ethical vegetarianism, tumbling over each other with little in the way of analysis or argument. -
20180217160414 13408.Pdf
本书由北京第二外国语学院博士学术文库资助。 Toward Ecological Humanism:Decoding the Animal Images in Kurt Vonnegut’s Fiction 走走向生态人文主义向生态人文主义 ———解码冯内古特小说中的动物意象—解码冯内古特小说中的动物意象 李素杰 著 中中国人民大学出版社国人民大学出版社 ·北北京京· 图书在版编目（CIP）数据 走向生态人文主义：解码冯内古特小说中的动物意象：英文/李素杰著. —北京：中国 人民大学出版社，2013.9 ISBN 978-7-300-18064-9 Ⅰ.① 走…Ⅱ. ①李…Ⅲ. ①冯内古特，K.―小说研究―英文Ⅳ. ①I712.074 中国版本图书馆 CIP 数据核字（2013）第 213113 号 新思路大学英语 走向生态人文主义——解码冯内古特小说中的动物意象 Toward Ecological Humanism: Decoding the Animal Images in Kurt Vonnegut’s Fiction 李素杰 著 Zouxiang Shengtai Renwen Zhuyi——Jiema Fengneigute Xiaoshuo Zhong de Dongwu Yixiang 出版发行 中国人民大学出版社 社 址 北京中关村大街 31 号 邮政编码 100080 电 话 010-62511242（总编室） 010-62511398（质管部） 010-82501766（邮购部） 010-62514148（门市部） 010-62515195（发行公司） 010-62515275（盗版举报） 网 址 http://www.crup.com.cn http://www.ttrnet.com（人大教研网） 经 销 新华书店 印 刷 北京市易丰印刷有限责任公司 规 格 148 mm×210 mm 32 开本 版 次 2013 年 9 月第 1 版 印 张 9.5 印 次 2013 年 9 月第 1 次印刷 字 数 264 000 定 价 30.00 元 版权所有 侵权必究 印装差错 负责调换 序（一） 库尔特 · 冯内古特是当代美国最重要、最具代表性的后现代主义 小说家之一，也是曾经就读于康奈尔大学的文坛怪杰之一。他的作品 经常借科幻小说的叙述模式讲述人类的未来或者遥远的外星球的故 事，读来荒诞离奇、滑稽搞怪，致使很多人误以为他只是一个卖点高 但无深意的流行小说家。实际上，冯内古特骨子里是一个传统的人， 固执地坚守着家庭、爱情、正义、公平等价值观念，真诚地倡导人类 社会的真、善、美。只是后工业时代的美国社会现实令他感到失望， 使他对人性也充满讥讽与挖苦。而且，他敏锐地发现传统的艺术手段 已经无法打动日益冷漠的读者，必须采取“非正常”的叙述手段才能 形成足够的刺激，唤醒读者对现实的清醒认识。 李素杰的专著《走向生态人文主义——解码冯内古特小说中的动 物意象》正是对冯内古特的这一独特的艺术特色和他的人道主义思想 所做的深入研究。她指出，在冯内古特嬉笑怒骂的小丑面具背后，其 实掩盖着一颗真诚、正直、深怀责任感的心，在他荒诞不经的故事里 蕴藏着对美国当代社会的关切和对人类未来的忧虑。更为重要的是， 李素杰选取了一个迄今为止无论在国内还是国外的冯内古特研究中都 尚无人问津的全新视角——动物意象。运用动物研究这一新兴理论， 通过大量认真仔细的文本研读和细致深入的分析，她向我们展示了一 个鲜为人知的冯内古特小说中的动物世界。这些动物形象，并非传统 意义上的为了增添语言表现力和丰富性所采用的修辞手段，而是小说 家始终如一的强烈的人道主义关怀的有机组成部分，是具有鲜活生命 -
Virtue Ethics in This Paper, I Am Going to Discuss the Common Objection To
Virtue Ethics In this paper, I am going to discuss the common objection to virtue ethics that William Frankena and other moral theorists have posed: virtue ethics cannot tell us how we ought to act (i.e. that it is not a normative theory). In doing this I will discuss how Rosalind Hursthouse successfully defends virtue ethics against this charge and makes it more appealing than both deontological ethics and utilitarian ethics. I will then argue that Hursthouse’s defense shows that deontology ethics better serves as a heuristic for virtue ethics, than its own ethical theory. I will finish the paper by arguing Hursthouse’s defense of normative virtue ethics reveals a counterintuitive conclusion, but one that I am willing to accept in favor of the moral framework. In William Frankena’s “A Critique of Virtue-Based Ethics” Frankena brings up the common criticism that a virtue ethics theory cannot tell us how to act, but instead gives us a way to cultivate and teach ourselves and others the existing moral principles we should hold. He does believe virtues have a valuable role to play in “moral education and development,” but ultimately believes they do not serve the purpose of providing us with a direction when we are faced with a moral dilemma (Frankena p. 353). He writes, “the function of the virtues in an ethics of duty is not to tell us what to do but to ensure that we will do it willingly in whatever situations we may face” (Frankena p. 353). He argues that because we have to appeal to existing principles defined by different ethical theories such as trait egoism, trait utilitarianism, trait deontological theory, ect, virtue ethics is just an extension of these theories (Frankena p. -
Asceticism and the Other: Angels and Animals in the Egyptian Ascetic Tradition by Daniel Becerra Graduate Program in Religion Du
Asceticism and the Other: Angels and Animals in the Egyptian Ascetic Tradition by Daniel Becerra Graduate Program in Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ J. Warren Smith, Supervisor ___________________________ Ellen Muehlberger ___________________________ Maria Doerfler ___________________________ Jennifer Knust ___________________________ Zlatko Pleše Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT Asceticism and the Other: Angels and Animals in the Egyptian Ascetic Tradition by Daniel Becerra Graduate Program in Religion Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ J. Warren Smith, Supervisor ___________________________ Ellen Muehlberger ___________________________ Maria Doerfler ___________________________ Jennifer Knust ___________________________ Zlatko Pleše An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate Program in Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Daniel Becerra 2019 Abstract The study of Christian asceticism in late antiquity has traditionally been anthropocentric, meaning there is a pervasive focus on ascetic practice as experienced and undertaken by humans in pursuit of a more holy self. More recent scholarly efforts have begun to examine the role of non-human agents