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The Baltic Media World Edited by Richard Bærug

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LATVIA – ESTONIA – LITHUANIA – NORWAY – LATVIA – ESTONIA – NORWAY – LITHUANIA The Baltic Media World Edited by Richard Bærug VIDZEME – TARTU – KAUNAS – BERGEN – VIDZEME – TARTU – BERGEN – KAUNAS ICELAND FINLAND Bergen NORNORWAYWAY Oslo SWEDEN Tallinn Baltic ESESTONIATONIA RUSSIA Sea Tartu Valmiera IRELAND DENMARK LLATVIAATVIA LILITHUANIATHUANIA UNITED Kaunas KINGDOM Vilnius BELARUS NETHERLANDS GERMANY POLAND Map of Northern Europe The Baltic Media World Editor: Richard Bærug Authors: Aina¯rs Dimants, Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙, Hilde Arntsen, Halliki Harro-Loit, Lars Arve Røssland, Maria Golubeva, Richard Bærug Design and layout: Ilze Isaka, Zigmunds Katkovskis Language assistance: Andris Mellakauls, Ka¯rlis Streips Cover photo: Ilma¯rs Znotin¸sˇ. The studio of the news department of the Latvian public TV. Print: Fle¯ra Printing-house, Rı¯ga This publication is financially supported by the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Norway. Published 2005 Rı¯ga All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrival system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission in writing from the Authors. © Aina¯rs Dimants, Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙, Halliki Harro-Loit, Hilde Arntsen, Lars Arve Røssland, Maria Golubeva, Richard Bærug – the texts © Ilze Isaka, Zigmunds Katkovskis – the design & layout ISBN 9984-19-683-6 Contents Notes on Contributors . 3 Introduction . 5 Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙ . 8 About Comparisons Within the Media Lars Arve Røssland . 14 Accountability Systems and Media Ethics: Landscapes and Limits Halliki Harro-Loit and Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙ . 25 Media Accountability Systems – An Ecological Viewpoint Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙ . 40 Types of State Intervention in the Media Systems in the Baltic States and Norway Richard Bærug . 58 Hidden Advertising and TV Journalism in the Baltic Countries and Norway Halliki Harro-Loit . 90 The Baltic and Norwegian Journalism Market Aina¯rs Dimants . 121 Editorial Censorship in the Baltic and Norwegian Newspapers Hilde Arntsen . 145 Staging the Nation? Nation, Myth and Cultural Stereotypes in the International Eurovision Song Contest Finals in Estonia, Latvia and Norway Maria Golubeva . 158 EU Accession Debate on the Internet in the Baltic States: ‘Own Heterogeneous Messages’? Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙ . 169 Media Modernisation and Journalism Cultures in the Baltic States and Norway Index . 185 Other Publications by Authors . 197 Notes on Contributors Aina¯rs Dimants is a visiting professor at Vidzeme University College (Latvia) and head of the Media Institute in Rı¯ga (Latvia). He received his Ph.D. in political and communications science at the Free University of Berlin (Germany) in 2003. He is the author of more than 25 publications on media development in Latvia and on issues related to Latvia’s membership in the European Union. He has co-authored two monographs on the press of the Republic of Latvia between 1918 and 1940. During the 1990s he made a career as a journalist in several Latvian media companies, including Latvian Television, the daily newspaper Diena and the daily newspaper Lauku Avı¯ze, where he at one point worked as the deputy editor-in- chief. Between 1999 and 2003 he was the head of the European Movement in Latvia, and he is currently a member of the Steering Committee of the international European Movement. Contact details: Telephone: (371) 7217124, e-mail: [email protected] Aukse˙ Balcˇytiene˙ is the chair of the Graduate School of Journalism at Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas (Lithuania). She received her Ph.D. in Social Sciences at the University of Joensuu (Finland) in 1996. Currently she is in charge of a special MA programme in public communications. The programme strongly emphasises skills training and applies a comparative approach to journalism education. Balcˇytiene˙’s teaching and research focus is on comparative media systems. She has designed and taught courses in international journalism, media and democracy in the Nordic-Baltic area of Europe, Internet media, EU information policy, the Information Society, and psychology of the Internet. She has written extensively about the role of the media in new democracies, online media and journalism education. She is involved in a number of internationally funded projects focusing on communications prospects such as transformation and integration of the European communications landscape, the development of the European Public Sphere (6th Framework Programme), and management of E-content. Contact details: Telephone: (370) 37 327869, e-mail: [email protected] Halliki Harro-Loit is associate professor and head of the Department of Journalism and Communications at the University of Tartu (Estonia). She received her Ph.D. in Political Science in 2001 at the University of Oslo (Norway) on the basis of a thesis about changing journalistic conventions in the press, including empirical studies of daily newspapers under different political conditions in 20th century Estonia. Her teaching experience includes courses in media ethics and legal regulation; history of the mass media and communication, media economy and media organisation; media critique, as well as discourse analysis. She has published four monographs and a number of articles. Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] Hilde Arntsen is a researcher at the Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen. She has written on various cultural aspects of the media from an international perspective (popular culture, film and television, gender issues, advertising, cultural identity, globalisation and multiculturalism, etc), and conducted research in Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Norway. Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] 3 Lars Arve Røssland is associate professor at the Department of Information Science and Media Studies at the University of Bergen (Norway). He received his Ph.D. in 1999 on the basis of a thesis about the history of the Norwegian Press Council, 1930–1972 (Presseskikkens samtale 1999). He has written books about the identification of people involved in crime (Tilfeldig gapestokk 1998), press history (Norsk pressehistorie 2002) and crime journalism (Kriminelt 2003). He has done research on and written about press ethics, popular journalism, crime journalism, press history and accountability systems. He has been teaching media studies at all levels and in a variety of themes. Contact details: Telephone: (47) 55589112, (47) 90893452, e-mail: [email protected] Maria Golubeva was director of the Research and Consultation Centre at Vidzeme University College (Latvia) in 2002 and 2003. She received her Ph.D. in history at the University of Cambridge (UK) in 1999. Currently she is a researcher at the “Providus” Centre for Public Policy in Rı¯ga (Latvia). She has edited the book Women in Baltic Societies (2002) and written the historical monograph The Glorification of Emperor Leopold I in Image, Spectacle and Text (2000). Her current area of research is intercultural education. Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] Richard Bærug was the vice-rector for development and co-operation at Vidzeme University College (Latvia) from 1999 until 2003, where he also lectured in media studies. He is a graduate of the University of Oslo (Norway). He has worked for a series of Latvian and Norwegian media companies. In 1997 and 1998 he directed the reform process in several Latvian regional daily newspapers. From 1991 until 1997 he was the first director of Nordic Council of Ministers’Information Office in Rı¯ga. Currently he works for the NGO Inspiration Riga. Contact details: Telephone: (371) 9237524, e-mail: [email protected] 4 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Introduction The window is wide open. Come on in and take a sharp look at the Baltic media world. This publication takes the reader to the North of Europe and focuses on the development of the media industry in the Baltic countries and Norway. The three Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia – have recovered from fifty years of Soviet rule and are well-known today as political and economic success stories, with the highest GDP growth in Europe. This publication places a comprehensive, comparative and critical focus on the many aspects of the media world in these three countries and compares them to the situation in one of the neighbouring Scandinavian countries which remained free and independent in the post-war period – Norway. This focus on the Baltic countries and Norway will reveal problems, traditions and characteristics linked to global media development, as well as to local reactions to the recent historical past. As Halliki Harro-Loit remarks, “one reason for the ultra-liberal media policy [in the Baltic countries] might be the long tradition of political censorship [during the Soviet occupation period]”. The aim of the publication is to reveal problematic topics and show in a very open and honest way how these topics are being handled in the Baltic countries and Norway. Little in the way of comparative literature has been published on these topics before. The publication should be of great help to all those who are interested in media developments in the Baltic and Scandinavian countries in particular, and in Europe in general. The publication is a collection of articles
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