O Dragão No Imaginário Nórdico Medieval Um Estudo Das Sagas

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O Dragão No Imaginário Nórdico Medieval Um Estudo Das Sagas UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS O Dragão no Imaginário Nórdico Medieval um estudo das sagas islandesas Miguel Diogo Andrade Dissertação orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Pedro Gomes Barbosa e coorientada pela Prof.ª Doutora Angélica Varandas, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História com Especialização em História Medieval 2020 2 ÍNDICE Resumo 5 Agradecimentos 7 1. Introdução 10 2. Saga e subgéneros 18 2.1. Saga – definição, características e origens 18 A. O que é uma saga (e um þáttr)? 18 B. A subcategorização das sagas 23 C. Características da saga – voz autoral, estilo e pseudo-historicidade/ficcionalidade 26 D. Manuscritos, cronologia das sagas e a sua origem na literatura nórdica 36 2.2. Os Subgéneros de saga 48 2.2.1. Fornaldarsögur ou “sagas de tempos antigos” 48 A. Terminologia e corpus 48 B. Subdivisões 51 C. O mundo das fornaldarsögur—o sobrenatural e o maravilhoso 53 D. Cronologia, produção e público 67 2.2.2. Riddarasögur ou “sagas de cavalaria” 72 2.2.2.1. Terminologia das sagas de cavalaria 72 2.2.2.2. Riddarasögur traduzidas 73 A. Datas, tradução e público 73 B. Características principais 76 2.2.2.3. As riddarasögur autóctones ou islandesas 77 A. Datas, autoria e público 77 B. Relação com as traduções e com as fornaldarsögur 80 C. Principais características 81 3. O dragão na cultura europeia medieval - origens antigas e desenvolvimentos 86 3.1. O dragão na Antiguidade Clássica – etimologia e expressões míticas 87 3.2. O dragão nos textos religiosos cristãos 97 3.2.1. A Bíblia – Antigo e Novo Testamento 98 3.2.2. A batalha hagiográfica contra o dragão 110 3.3. O dragão enciclopédico – os repositórios de saber clássico e cristão 122 3.3.1. Tradição enciclopédica clássica e transição para a medieval 124 3.3.2. Fisiólogos e Bestiários 131 4. O dragão nórdico medieval – um estudo lexical e morfológico 136 4.1. Um vocabulário para o dragão. Ormr e Dreki. 139 4.2. A forma do dragão (iconografia e fontes literárias) 148 4.2.1. Serpente rastejante e Serpente Alada 148 4.2.2. As armas do dragão - anéis, mandíbulas, garras e veneno 171 4.2.3. Fogo 179 4.2.4. Conclusões – o perfil do dragão nórdico 182 5. Os dragões das sagas. Um estudo simbólico e narrativo. 188 5.1. O Tesouro Acumulado e a Metamorfose em Dragão. 189 5.1.1. A Lenda dos Volsungos – Sigurðr, o Dragão Paradigmático e o ouro do Reno. As várias versões e variantes. 189 5.1.1.1. Resumo do episódio do dragão da Völsunga saga 189 5.1.1.2. Outras versões da Lenda dos Volsungos 191 5.1.2. O tesouro e a metamorfose nas fornaldarsögur e riddarasögur 198 5.1.2.1. Fáfnir e a ganância essencial do dragão nórdico-germânico 198 5.1.2.2. Dragões Metamorfoseados e tesouros noutras sagas 205 5.1.2.3. Dragões sem metamorfose e tesouros 214 5.1.2.4. A metamorfose temporária de batalha – Berserkir e feiticeiros. 223 5.2. O Dragão, o Leão e o Cavaleiro na Floresta. As histórias francesas. Ívens saga, Erex saga e Tristrams saga ok Ísondar. 239 5.3. A relação do herói com o dragão 254 5.3.1. O dragão faz o herói. 254 3 5.3.1.1. O Sauróctono de Fama Imorredoura 254 5.3.1.2. O dragão como porta para a idade adulta. O dragão como ritual iniciático. A juventude contra o medo. 261 5.3.2. A Marca do dragão 279 5.3.2.1. Absorção de características dracónicas pelo herói. As heranças mágicas e físicas. 279 5.3.2.2. O dragão nas armas do herói. Heráldica como marca de Sigurðr e de outras personagens.285 5.3.2.3. A heráldica como identificação de "carácter dracónico" na Þiðreks saga. As personagens "dracónicas" Þiðrekr, Viðga e Heimir. 291 6. Conclusões 298 7. Fontes e Bibliografia 315 8. Anexo – Figuras 339 4 Resumo Resumo: O objectivo desta dissertação consiste em retratar de forma clara o dragão no imaginário nórdico medieval, procurando esclarecer sobre este três questões gerais: qual a morfologia da criatura no imaginário nórdico; quais as principais obras, lendas e motivos narrativos em que aparece; e quais as interpretações simbólicas que podem ser dadas à presença do dragão. Ao longo do trabalho, tentou-se entender se haveria algo de idiossincrático no dragão nórdico, tendo-se uma preocupação em traçar na literatura em nórdico antigo aquilo que seriam possíveis heranças clássicas e do saber letrado da Europa cristã continental. No cerne dos trabalhos estão as sagas islandesas pertencentes aos subgéneros fornaldarsögur (“sagas lendárias”) e riddarasögur (“saga de cavalaria”, traduzidas e autóctones), embora inevitavelmente se tenha recorrido a uma panóplia mais vasta de fontes. Na dissertação, como parte do percurso que antecede o estudo do dragão nórdico, foi abordado o contexto literário nórdico antigo no sentido de esclarecer as características particulares da saga enquanto subgénero narrativo. Foi também estudado o dragão como ele aparece em fontes da Antiguidade e na restante Europa medieval, com o objectivo de fornecer um plano de contexto para a figura do dragão nórdico, permitindo traçar comparações e entender origens. No final da tese, chegou-se a um entendimento do dragão nórdico que coloca a lenda dos Volsungos e o conflito entre Sigurðr e Fáfnir enquanto principal narrativa de dracomaquia nórdica, apontando-se nela os principais vectores ao longo dos quais os dragões de outras sagas se movimentam: o tesouro, a metamorfose e a prova maior de coragem para o herói nórdico. Palavras-chave: Dragão – Islândia – Saga – Imaginário Medieval – Nórdico 5 Abstract: The main goal of this dissertation is to portray clearly how the dragon manifests in the medieval Norse imagination. Three main questions were posed: what is the form of the dragon in Norse imagination? What are the main works, legends and motifs where it shows up? What are the symbolic interpretations that the presence of the dragon can have? Along the study, we strived to understand if there was anything idiosyncratic about the Norse dragon, while keeping in mind to point out how exactly the classical and Christian learned traditions interacted with indigenous Old Norse literature. At the centre of this work are the Icelandic sagas belonging to the subgenres fornaldarsögur (“legendary sagas”) and riddarasögur (“chivalrous sagas”, both translated and indigenous), although a vast world of other primary sources was used. During this work, as a way of introducing the study of the Norse dragon, we approached the context of Old Norse literature, trying to establish the defining characteristics of the saga. The dragon was also studied as it shows up in Antiquity and the rest of Medieval Europe, as a way of tracing a context for the figure of the Norse dragon, so as to understand origins and make comparisons. By the end of the thesis, we arrived at an understanding of the Norse dragon which puts the Volsung legend and the conflict between Sigurðr and Fáfnir at its centre. In it, the main vectors along which the other saga dragons express themselves are obvious from the start: the treasure, the metamorphosis and the dragon as greatest test of valour to the Norse hero. Keywords: Dragon – Iceland – Saga – Medieval Imagination – Norse 6 Agradecimentos Para a realização desta tese, muito devo a inúmeras pessoas. Gostaria de deixar aqui umas breves palavras de apreço e gratidão, dirigidas àqueles sem os quais este trabalho não poderia ter sido concluído nos mesmos moldes. Quero, em primeiro lugar, agradecer aos meus orientadores. Ao Professor Pedro Gomes Barbosa, com quem, durante a minha licenciatura, pude iniciar as leituras de Jacques Le Goff e o estudo académico de uma matéria que, desde sempre, foi cara à minha pessoa: o imaginário medieval. Agradecer, também, à Professora Angélica Varandas, que aceitou co- orientar esta tese, e que, também na licenciatura, foi responsável por me mostrar Beowulf e me ter cultivado o interesse pela literatura medieval. Devo um agradecimento ao seu espírito crítico, à sua solidariedade e paciência, ao seu encorajamento firme, mas sempre gentil, para que eu levasse esta tese a bom termo. Muitos outros professores da Faculdade de Letras marcaram a minha formação enquanto investigador, pelo que quero agradecer a esta instituição, em especial ao Departamento de História, junto do qual fiz a maior parte do meu percurso académico. Foi com o Professor José Varandas, numa cadeira de Arte Medieval, que pela primeira vez estudei os dragões na Idade Média, e não esqueço as suas palavras de que um dia faria daquele pequeno trabalho uma tese de Mestrado. Uma palavra de apreço, também, ao Professor José Pedro Serra, por ter promovido a organização do curso livre Old Norse Language and Culture (2015), e para além disso, pelo interesse e suporte contínuo a que as matérias nórdicas pudessem encontrar o seu espaço de estudo na faculdade. O curso acima mencionado, onde iniciei o meu estudo do nórdico antigo, foi leccionado conjuntamente pelos professores Alessandro Zironi, Fulvio Ferrari, Massimiliano Bampi e Silvia Cosimini, a quem deixo também um agradecimento conjunto. Durante duas semanas, de forma exímia, introduziram ao estudo da língua e cultura nórdica uma turma interessada. Aproveito, também, para expressar individualmente a minha gratidão para com o Professor Massimiliano Bampi, com quem retomei contacto na Islândia em 2018, 7 e que várias vezes me deu conselhos preciosos quanto à direcção da minha investigação. Devo um agradecimento também aos meus colegas estudiosos (informais) de nórdico na faculdade, em especial ao Ivan Neves Figueiras, que me auxiliou várias vezes com o seu conhecimento, ajudando-me pontualmente nas minhas leituras e traduções de nórdico para esta tese.
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