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Boreālā Un Nemorālā Bioma Kokaugu Sugu Reģionālā

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Boreālā Un Nemorālā Bioma Kokaugu Sugu Reģionālā LATVIJAS UNIVERSIT ĀTE ĢEOGR ĀFIJAS UN ZEMES ZIN ĀTŅU FAKULT ĀTE ĢEOGR ĀFIJAS NODA ĻA ILM ĀRS KRAMPIS BORE ĀLĀ UN NEMOR ĀLĀ BIOMA KOKAUGU SUGU RE ĢION ĀLĀ IZPLATĪBA LATVIJ Ā PROMOCIJAS DARBS, Ģeogr āfijas nozar ē, Dabas ģeogr āfijas apakšnozar ē Promocijas darba vad ītājs Dr. habil. geogr., prof., M āris Laivi ņš RĪGA, 2010 ANOT ĀCIJA Krampis I. (2010) Bore ālā un nemor ālā bioma kokaugu sugu re ģion ālā izplat ība Latvij ā. Promocijas darbs. Latvijas Universit āte, R īga 128 lpp. Pētījuma m ērķis bija noteikt viet ējo un svešzemju kokaugu sugu izplat ības telpisk ās likumsakar ības Latvij ā, kas ļautu prognoz ēt kokaugu sugu izmai ņas re ģion ālās īpatn ības main īgā vid ē. Darba ietvaros izveidota vienota ĢIS datu b āze, kur ā apkopota daž ādu resoru zin ātniski p ētniecisk ās un lietiš ķā s datu b āzes (augu sabiedr ību datu b āze, konkr ēto floru, dendrolo ģisko st ādījumu un parku inventariz ācijas, Valsts Meža re ģistra Meža digit ālās kartes datu b āze, u.c.). Izstr ādāta sugu izplat ības kart ēšanas sist ēma, kas balst īta uz mūsdienu tehnolo ģij ām. Darba izstr ādes laik ā autors piedal ījies p ēdējā laika noz īmīgāko bio ģeogr āfisk ās kart ēšanas projektu realiz ācij ā, k ā rezult ātā izveidoti divi sugu izplat ības atlanti - Engures dabas parka floras atlants un Latvijas kokaugu atlants . Pirmo reizi Latvij ā kokaugu sugu izplat ības datu b āze sagatavota public ēšanai elektroniskā veid ā – izstr ādāta koncepcija Latvijas kokaugu atlanta public ēšanai internet ā b āzētā kart ē, kuras pamat ā ir iepriekš min ētā kokaugu ĢIS datu b āze. Promocijas darb ā, izmantojot izveidot ās datu b āzes un kartogr āfiskos materi ālus, analiz ētas kokaugu izplat ības re ģion ālās īpatn ības, izv ēloties 20 nemor ālā bioma platlapu sugas, k ā ar ī 14 bore ālā bioma skujkoku sugas. Noteiktas likumsakar ības kokaugu izplat ībā, vērt ējot klimata un cilv ēka (antropog ēno) faktoru ietekmi. Šim nol ūkam veikta sugu sastopam ības izmaiņu gradientanal īze sektori ālā (rietumu austrumu virzien ā) un zon ālā (dienvidu zieme ļu virzien ā). Latvijas kokaudzi veidojošaj ām sug ām sastopam ības izmai ņas v ērt ētas ar ī pa reljefa augstuma izmai ņā m. Viet ējo, k ā ar ī naturaliz ējušos svešzemju kokaugu sugu izvietojums atspogu ļo nemor ālā un bore āla bioma ietekmes re ģionus Latvij ā, kur nemor ālā bioma audžu rakstursugu lielāks īpatsvars ir valsts rietumu da ļā , turpretim bore ālā skujkoku bioma – valsts zieme ļaustrumu da ļā . Platlapu sugu izplat ība raksturojama ar gradientu no Baltijas jūras piekrastes uz Latvijas austrumu robežu (rietumu austrumu virzien ā). Bore ālā bioma kokaugu sugu izplat ību Latvij ā ietekm ē vietas augstuma (hipsometrisk ā l īme ņa) izmai ņas. Atsl ēgas v ārdi : Kokaugu izplat ība, Bio ģeogr āfisk ā kart ēšana, augu atlants, ģeogr āfisk ās inform ācijas sist ēmas, Latvija 2 ANNOTATION Krampis I. (2010) Regional distribution of boreal and nemoral biome tree plants in Latvia Dissertation. Univrsity of Latvia, Riga 128 pp. The aim of the research was to determinate a pattern of spatial distribution of native and foreign tree plant species in Latvia that would allow to set distribution changes of tree plants species in changing environmental conditions. During the study, unitary GIS database was created in which a number of scientific and applied databases were captured (data base of plant communities; inventories of concrete flora, investigation results of dendrological plantings and parks; digital database of forestry maps from State Forest register, etc.). A methodological system of species distribution mapping was developed, based on modern GIS technologies. Within research, the author has participated in recent major biogeographical mapping projects in Latvia. As a result, two atlases of species distribution were published – Atlas of the Flora of the Lake Engure Nature Park and Atlas of Latvian Woody Plants . For the first time in Latvia, the data base of distribution of woody plants was prepared to publish digitally – the methodology for publishing the Atlas of Latvian Woody plants on web based map was established. To provide that, source information from previously mentioned woody plants GIS database were used. Within the study were analyzed 20 nemoral biome broadleaf tree species and 14 boreal biome coniferous tree species to determine indicators of regional distribution for tree plants in Latvia. As source data were used voluminous GIS data base and map material of Atlas of Latvian Woody Plants . Regional distribution for tree plants was defined by analyzing climate and anthropogenic impacts on species. Gradient analysis in changes of species occurrence were completed spectrally (direction west-east) and zonally (direction south-north). Distribution of tree stand species were analyzed taking into account changes of elevation (altitude) as well. Native as well as naturalized foreign tree plants distribution marks out regions in Latvia with nemoral and boreal biome impacts. Nemoral biome stand indicator species are more common in the western part of the country, but boreal coniferous tree biome – in the north-eastern part of the country. Broadleaf species may be characterized with gradient from the Baltic seashore to eastern border of Latvia (west-east direction). In Latvia, boreal biome woody plant distribution is influenced by altitude changes (hypsometrical level). Key words : Distribution of tree plants, Biogeographical mapping, Atlas of species, Geographic information systems, Latvia 3 SATURS Ievads..................................................................................................................... 12 1. Bore ālās skujkoku mežu bioma un m ēren ās joslas platlapju bioma raksturojums......................................................................................... 16 2. Ve ģet ācijas kart ēšana: noz īme, klasifik ācija, v ēsture, att īst ība......... 18 3. Bio ģeogr āfisk ās kartes un atlanti........................................................ 22 3.1. Floras atlantu sast ādīšanas pieredze Eirop ā................................... 24 3.1.1. Tīklojuma sist ēmu metodes izmantošana karšu sast ādīšan ā Eirop ā.......................................................... 24 3.1.2. Kvadr āta t īklojuma sit ēmas izmantošana maza m ēroga karšu sast ādīšan ā............................................................ 25 3.1.3. Taisnle ņķ a koordin ātu sist ēmas izmantošana sugu atrad ņu karšu sast ādīšan ā............................................... 31 3.1.4. Ģeogr āfisk ās koordin ātu sist ēmas izmantošana sugu atrad ņu karšu sast ādīšan ā............................................... 32 3.2. Bio ģeogr āfisko atlantu sast ādīšanas pieredze pasaul ē.................. 35 3.2.1. Izplat ības are ālu izvilkšanas metode.............................. 36 3.2.2. Prec īzas atradnes vietas att ēlošanas metode................... 37 3.2.3. Sugu atrad ņu standartiz ācija p ēc administrat īvā iedal ījuma....................................................................... 39 3.3. Sugu atrad ņu kart ēšana Latvijā.................................................... 41 4. Materi āli un metodes........................................................................... 44 4.1. Ģeogr āfisk ās inform ācijas sist ēmas un to lietojums 44 bio ģeogr āfij ā............................................................................... 4.2. Izstr ādātā bioģeogr āfisk ās kart ēšanas metode.............................. 46 4.2.1. Sugu atrad ņu kart ēšanas hierarhisk ā t īklojuma metode.. 46 4.2.2. Teritorijas plat ība un hierarhisk ā t īklojumu sist ēmas.... 49 4.2.3. Tīklojumu sist ēmu savietošanas un paplašin āšanas (teritori ālās) iesp ējas...................................................... 51 4.3. Reljefa datu kopu izveide............................................................ 53 4.4. Klimata faktoru datu kopa........................................................... 56 4.5. Zon ālā un sektori ālā gradientu datu kopu izveide........................ 57 4.6. Gradientanal īze un datu statistisk ās apstr ādes metode..................... 58 4.7. Kokaugu sugu nomenklat ūra....................................................... 59 5. Izveidotie augu sugu izplat ības atlanti Latvij ā...................................... 60 5.1. Engures dabas parka floras atlants............................................... 60 5.2. Kokaugu atlants........................................................................... 62 5.3. Dendrofloras elektroniskais atlants.............................................. 65 4 6. Bore ālā un nemor ālā bioma kokaudzi veidojošo rakstursugu izplat ība................................................................................................. 69 6.1. Svešzemju sugu naturaliz ēšan ās.................................................... 70 6.2. Kokaugu sugu izplat ības zon ālā un sektori ālā anal īze...................... 70 6.3. Augstuma ietekme kokaugu sugu izplat ībā.................................... 116 7. Secin ājumi............................................................................................. 120 Literat ūra...................................................................................................... 122 1. p ielikums Latvij ā sastopamo kokaugu sugu saraksts 2. pielikums Svešzemju kokaugu sugu naturaliz ēšan ās pak āpe 5 Darb ā ievietoto tabulu saraksts 4.1. tabula. Nult ās klases ģeod ēziskie punkti. 4.2. tabula. T īklojuma l īmenis un atradnes lieluma parametri. 4.3. tabula. Kvadr ātu t īklu raksturojoši parametri Eiropas valst īs. 4.4. tabula.
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