Index

Abbott v Overstrand Municipality and 3 Boadu, D. 88 Others 6 Brazil 5, 25 acid by-products 154, 162–7 Brewer, W. 57 acidification 34, 49 Brisbane Voluntary Home Purchase administrative enforcement 88, 98 Scheme 122–3 afforestations 60, 64, 65 Bush, G.H.W. 20 Agreement on the Conservation of by-laws 88 African-Eurasian Migratory Byron Shire, Australia 123 Waterbirds (AEWA) 75–6, 82, 91–2, 98 California 52–3 Agreement on the Conservation of Canada 92, 94–7, 98 Cretaceans of the Black Sea, Carpenter, D.A. 64–5 Mediterranean Sea and contiguous catalytic converters 16, 28 Atlantic Area 48–9 catchment management regimes 124–5 air quality 148–9 cats 142 airborne lead 13–15, 16–17, 19 Central Provident Fund (CPF) 132, 138 Alm, A. 23 Housing Grants 139 Anthropocene 71–4 Chagos Marine Protected Area areas beyond national jurisdiction 41, Arbitration 44 44–5 changes in ecological character 80 Asselman, N.E.M. 113 options available under international Aub, J.C. 9 conventions 89–92, 98 Australia 2, 6 Charter of the Forest 3–4, 54–74 ecosystem-based approaches to CPR theory 57, 60–2, 69, 70–1 flood risk management 5, evolved norms 57–9, 68–9 116–27 first environmental statute 63–5 flood risk 100–1 for the Anthropocene 71–4 MPAs 52–3 as a human rights statute 57, 62–9 Auyuittuq National Park 94–7 children, lead poisoning in 13, 19, 21–2, 23, 24 Bangladesh 4 China 6, 26, 154–73 beach management units (BMUs) 92–4 Civil Procedure Law 160–1, 164, Bicchieri, G. (Gualo) 64 166, 168–9 bicycles 152 courts 156, 157, 159, 170–1 biodiversity 3 new role 168–9 CBD see Conservation on special environmental courts Biological Diversity (CBD) 159, 170 international marine law 41–53 damages 156, 159, 164, 165–6, oceans governance and 3, 30–53 169–70 Blackstone, W. 55 environmental enforcement after blood lead levels 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28 Taizhou 168–70

174

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environmental enforcement before Convention on the Protection of the the Taizhou case 156–9 Marine Environment of the environmental governance 156, North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) 157–9, 161 42–3 Environmental Protection Law 161, Convention for the Safeguarding of the 164–5, 166, 168–9 Intangible Cultural Heritage 3 future of public interest litigation Convention on Wetlands of International 170–2 Importance Especially as NGOs 161, 162, 163, 164–5, 166, Waterfowl Habitat see Ramsar 168–9, 171, 172 Convention SPC guidance on the application of Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) 46–7 EPIL 168–9 core areas 86 Taizhou case see Taizhou case court costs 171–2 Tort Liability Act 164, 165, 167 courts 6 transition to new model of administrative 66 environmental enforcement China 156, 157, 159, 170–1 159–61 new role 168–9 Chisholm, J. 13 special environmental courts Churchill, R.R. 45–6, 47 159, 170 Cities Biodiversity Index 148 Taizhou case see Taizhou case civil enforcement 87–8, 98 Craig, R.K. 36, 42, 52 Clemens, S. (Mark Twain) 58 criminal enforcement 87–8, 98 climate change adaptation (CCA) 5, cultural heritage, intangible 3–4 100–27 Cumming, H. (Surgeon General) 10, 11, co-management 92–8 12 Canada 92, 94–7, 98 customary rights 61, 66, 67–8 Kenya 92–4, 98 cycling 152 Commission on Sustainable Development 25 damages 156, 159, 169–70 Commissioners of Woods and Forests 67 Taizhou case 164, 165–6 common pool resources (CPRs) 57, De Vries, J. 112 60–2, 69, 70–1 deforestation 5 community gardening 152–3 Design, Build and Sell Scheme (DBSS) Community Joint Inuit/Government 140 Park Planning and Management development, inappropriate see Committees (CJPMCs) 96 inappropriate development compensation 125–6, disafforestations 60–1, 68 land acquisition in Singapore 134, disaster risk reduction (DRR) 5, 100–27 153 Druel, E. 51 conferences 11–12 Du Pont 9–10 Convention on Biological Diversity due process of law 73, 74 (CBD) 36 MPAs 42, 43–4, 49, 52 ecological character 80 wetlands 79, 82–3, 98 changes in 80, 89–92, 98 Convention for the Conservation ecological civilization 155 of Antarctic Marine Living economic development 155 Resources (CCAMLR) 45, 48 eco-precinct 146, 149 Convention on the Conservation of ecosystem-based approaches 5, 100–27 Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) 75, 79, 81–2, 98

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flood risk management in Australia Environmental Public Interest Litigation 5, 116–27 Support Fund 172 avoiding further inappropriate environmental rights 62–9, 74 development 116, 120–1 environmental restoration 169–70 identifying areas required 116, environmental watering 125–6 117–20 Epping Forest 68 shifting inappropriate Essex 68 development and land Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) 141 uses 116, 121–4, 127 Ethyl Corporation 9–10, 25 supporting restoration of Ethyl Corporation v EPA 18–20 ecosystem services 116, European Economic Community 24 124–6 European Union (EU) 6, 25, 103 nature of 104–7 Directives and royal forests 71 the Netherlands 103, 108–13, 123, ecosystem approaches 112–13 126, 127 exclusive economic zones (EEZs) US 2, 103, 108, 113–16, 123, 126, marine protected areas within 41, 127 42–4 ecosystem services in wetlands 77 New Zealand 33, 34, 35, 37–9 Ecuador 4 executive condos 140 Edward I 65 exhaust emissions 15–16 elderly people 138–9 eligibility criteria 136–7 FerroLite partition wall system 149 emergency funds 90 Fiancé/Fiancée Scheme 136 encroachment 87 fines 87 energy conservation 151 fisheries enforcement Kenya 92–4, 98 environmental enforcement in China New Zealand 34, 40–1 6, 154–73 the Philippines 3, 6 Ghana and Sakuma Lagoon 87–8, Sakumo Lagoon 78 98–9 flood defence infrastructure 101–2 environmental courts 159, 170 flood easements 125–6 Environmental Defence Society (EDS) flood risk management 5, 100–27 32 Australia 5, 116–27 environmental governance 156, 157–9, flood risk mapping 117–19 161 forest boundaries 65 environmental human rights 65–9 forest law 59, 60–1 environmental impact assessments 5–6 forests see Charter of the Forest environmental management system Forever Sabah 2 (EMS) 147–53 France-Hudson, B. 40–1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) France–Italy–Monaco MPA 44–5 15 Fresh Start Housing Grant 139–40 limits on the use of gasoline lead Friends of Nature 172 additives 16–22 Friends of Ramsar Sites (FORS) 78, 87, phase-out of gasoline lead additives 89 23–4 environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) gasoline lead additives see lead in 157–8 gasoline environmental public interest litigation General Motors (GM) 9–10 (EPIL) 6, 154–6, 162–73 Ghana 4–5, 75–99

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domestic legal framework 83–6 Implementer’s Guide to Phasing Out National Wetlands Strategy 83–5, 86 Lead in Gasoline 26 National Wetlands Trust Fund 84–5, inappropriate development 99 avoiding 116, 120–1 Wetland Management (Ramsar shifting 116, 121–4, 127 Sites) Regulations 85–6, 88 incentives 99 see also Sakuma Lagoon income ceiling 136–7 Gibson, L. 9 incremental adaptation 106 Gillespie, A. 35, 48, 49 India 4 Global Green Environment Network Indonesia 6 (GLOGEN) 78, 89 injunctive relief 169 global leaded gasoline phase-out 24–9 Innospec 27 Global Pact for the Environment 72–3 intangible cultural heritage 3–4 Goodwin, E. 50 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate government-organized NGOs Change (IPCC) 104, 106 (GONGOs) 163, 171 Intergovernmental Science-Policy Grant, R. 67–8 Platform on Biodiversity and grant funding for court costs 172 Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Grantham, Australia 122 report 1 green commuting 152 International Labour Organization 12 Green Homes Package 151 international marine law 41–53 green spaces 152–3 negotiations for a new agreement on greenhouse gas emissions 1, 155 MPAs 41, 49–51 Greenprint framework 149–50 International Maritime Organization Greenprint Fund 150 (IMO) 47 Gugaman River 154, 162–7 International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Hamilton, A. 10–12 Association (IPIECA) 27 hard engineering adaptation approaches International Union for the Conservation 105, 108 of Nature (IUCN) 2, 49, 72 Hatfield, T.H. 28 World Commission on Protected hazard studies 117–18 Areas 36 hazardous waste 154, 162–7 International Whaling Commission HDB flats 128, 130–2 (IWC) 48 eligibility criteria 136–7 Inuit Impact and Benefit Agreements ownership of 135–41 (IIBAs) 94–7 legal nature of ownership Inuit Knowledge Working Groups 141–3 (IKWGs) 96 sustainability 143–53 types of 136 Japan 25 Heng Swee Keat 138 John, King 58, 63–4 Henry II 65–6 Joint Inuit/Government Park Planning Henry III 58, 64, 65–6 and Management Committees Holt, J.C. 64 (JPMCs) 96 Home Improvement Programme 144 Jones, H.P. 107 housing 5, 128–53 human rights 57, 62–9, 73 Kayas 3–4 hydrochloric acid by-products 154, Kehoe, R. 13, 14, 15 162–7 Kenchington, R. 46–7

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Kenya 3–4 regional initiatives 45–8 Fisheries (Beach Management within EEZs 41, 42–4 Units) Regulations 92–4, 98 marine reserves 31–2, 33 Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary 33, 37–41 Married Child Priority Scheme 137–8 Klijn, F. 113 Marshal, W. 64 Mauritius 44 Lake Champlain watershed 2, 113–14 Mediterranean Sea 46 land acquisition 132–5 Midgley, T. 9 land rights of free men 66 migratory species 81–2 land swap 122 misfuelling problem 23 land tenure 132–5 Montreux Record 90–1 Langton, Archbishop 57–8 multi-generational families 137–8 Lead Industries Association (LIA) 14 multiple stakeholders 110–11 lead in gasoline 2–3, 8–29 municipal government 88–9 EPA’s establishment of limits on 16–22 Natural Resources Defense Council global phase-out 24–9 (NRDC) 26–7 history of health concerns 8–16 neighbourhood facilities 143 phase-out in the US 23–4 Neighbourhood Renewal Programme 145 lead poisoning 9, 10, 13, 14 Netherlands, the 103 Lease Buyback Scheme 138–9 Delta Programme 111–12 LED lighting 151 Room for Rivers programme 103, Lee Kuan Yew 133, 148 108–13, 123, 126, 127 Lift Upgrading Programme 144 network gaps 48–9 litigation fees 171–2 New Forest 54 living close to parents 137–8 New South Wales (NSW), Australia local government 119–20, 121, 123 China 157–9 New South Wales Environmental Ghana 88–9 Defenders Office (EDO NSW) 6 London 68 New Zealand 3, 4, 48 Lovei, M. 27 Biodiversity Action Plan 36–7 Lowe, A.V. 45–6, 47 EDS report on safeguarding oceans Lye, L.H. 142 52–3 Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary 33, Magna Carta 55, 56, 62, 63–5, 74 37–41 Manwood, J. 55 marine economy 35–6 Maori 37, 39–40, 40–1 marine environment 34 marine protected areas (MPAs) 30–53, marine protected areas 30–41, 53 72 Nijmegen, the Netherlands 110–11 areas beyond national jurisdiction Nixon, R. 15, 16 41, 44–5 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) horizontal comparison between 161, 162, 163, 164–5, 166, 168–9, jurisdictions 51–3 171, 172 international marine law 41–53 norms 57–9, 68–9 MPA networks 52 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement network gaps 48–9 (NLCA) 94–7 new international agreement 41, Nunavut-wide Joint Inuit/Government 49–51 Parks Planning and Management New Zealand 30–41, 53 Committee (NJPMC) 96

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Nunavut Wildlife Management Board Ramsar Convention 43 (NWMB) 95 available options for ecological changes 89–91 ocean governance 3, 30–53 legal obligations 79–80, 98 OECD 25 Sakumo Lagoon 4–5, 75–99 Oposa decision 2 Range States 81 optional home improvements 144–5 Reagan administration 20–2 Orgill, T. 119, 121 regional MPA initiatives 45–8 Orphans Scheme 136 rejuvenation of old estates 143–6 OSPAR 42–3 relocation Ostrom, E. 55, 57, 60–2, 69, 70–1, 74 ecosystem-based approaches 116, ownership of housing 129, 135–43 121–4, 127 rehousing in Singapore 145–6 parents, living close to 137–8 Remaking Our Heartlands (ROH) 146 Paris Agreement on Climate Change rental flats 132, 139–40, 141–2, 143 71–2 resale flats 135, 137 parks 94–7 residents’ committees 131 participation 84, 98 resilience 101–2 Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) restoration of ecosystem services 116, 47 124–6 Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles retreat 116, 121–4, 127 (PCFV) 27, 28 rights path dependency 117 customary 61, 66, 67–8 Patterson, C. 15 environmental 62–9, 74 permits 99 human 57, 62–9, 73 Philippines, the 2, 3, 6 land rights of free men 66 planning policy 120–1, 126–7 property rights 40, 66, 126, 133, 142 pneumatic waste collection systems 151 right to the environment 57, 68, 72, polluter pays principle 84 73 poor families 139–40 substantive and procedural 66 precautionary principle 84 riparian buffers 119–20 precautionary regulation 18–20 river corridor plans 115 private sector 127 river corridor protection easements procedural rights 66 115–16 procuratorate 169 Rochette, J. 51 Proximity Housing Grant (PHG) 137–8 Roger of Wendover 57 public housing 5, 128–53 Room for Rivers programme 103, public interest litigation 6, 154–6, 108–13, 123, 126, 127 162–73 Rothwell, D. 35, 46, 52 Punggol, Singapore 146 royal forests see Charter of the Forest Rukeyser, L. 22 Rutai Canal 154, 162–7 Quarles, J. 17 Queensland, Australia 118–19, 122–3 Quttinirpaaq National Park 94–7 Sakumo Lagoon 4–5, 75–99 available options under international conventions 89–92 racial harmony 141 challenges for 78–9 radium poisoning 11 domestic legal framework 83–6 rainwater harvesting 152 domestic limitations and areas of Ramsar Advisory Mission 91 opportunity 86–9

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ecological importance 77–8 substantive rights 66 international legal framework 79–83 Surbana Jurong 153 lessons from other jurisdictions on sustainability 143–53 co-management 92–8 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Sands, P. 44, 45, 48, 51 73, 128 satellite towns 131, 143 SDG 15 56, 70, 71 Scherr, J. 27 Swanimote courts 66 sea walls 105 Selective En Bloc Redevelopment Taiwan 2 Scheme (SERS) 145–6 Taizhou case 6, 154–5, 156, 162–7, 170, shared resources see common pool 172–3 resources (CPRs) first instance judgement 162–4 short-term rental flats 132, 139–40, second instance judgement 164–6 141–2, 143 Supreme People’s Court judgement Singapore 5, 128–53 154, 167 Constitution 133 Taizhou Environmental Protection development of public housing Federation (TEPF) 162, 163, 130–5 164–5, 167 home ownership 129, 135–43 Tanaka, Y. 42–4, 44–5 legal nature of 141–3 Tanzania 92–3 Housing and Development Board Task Force for Regulatory Relief 20 (HDB) 128–9, 130–1, 132, tax on gasoline additives 15, 16 134, 143, 153 Te Ohu Kaimoana 37, 40 HDB flats see HDB flats Tema Metropolitan Assembly 88, 89 Home Ownership Scheme 129, tetraethyl lead (TEL) 131–2 concerns about health effects 10–13 policies 137–41 development as gasoline additive Land Acquisition Act 130, 134–5, 9–10 153 see also lead in gasoline land tenure and land acquisition traditional conservation practices 86 132–5 traditional governance 88–9 sustainability in housing 143–53 transformative adaptation 105–6 Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) 130 transportation subsidies 163, 164, 167 single residents 140 Treelodge@Punggol​ 146, 149 Sinopec 26 Tsai, P.L. 28 Sirmilik National Park 94–7 Turner, G.J. 56 Smith, N. 39 Twain, M. (Samuel Clemens) 58 social organizations 161, 162, 163, two-room Flexi Scheme 138 164–5, 166, 168–9, 171, 172 solar photovoltaic (PV) systems 151 Uganda 92–3 South Africa 6 UNESCO List of Intangible Heritage in specialized environmental courts 159, Need of Urgent Safeguarding 3 170 unintended consequences 36 Sri Lanka 26 United Kingdom (UK) 103 Standard Oil 9 Charter of the Forest 3–4, 54–74 Stephens, T. 35, 46, 52 MPAs 52–3 Stockholm Declaration 1972 42 United Nations (UN) 72–3 Studio Apartment Scheme 138 inventory of MPAs 48 subsidized home improvements 144–5 SDGs 56, 70, 71, 73, 128

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United Nations Conference on virtual remediation cost method 164 Environment and Development Agenda 21 42 Wall Street Journal 22 United Nations Convention on the Law Warner, R. 46–7 of the Sea (UNCLOS) 39, 41, 43, waste 45, 49, 50 hazardous 154, 162–7 United Nations Environment Programme pneumatic collection systems 151 (UNEP) 27, 28 water conservation 152 Regional Seas Programme (RSP) 46 water quality 148–9 United States (US) 103 water storage areas 111 Agency for International waterfowl 4–5, 75–99 Development (USAID) 26 West Germany 24 gasoline lead additives 9–24 wetlands 4–5, 75–99 Bureau of Mines study 10 whale sanctuaries 48 complete ban on 25 Whaling in the Antarctic 48 development of health concerns Will, G. 21–2 9–16 William I (‘The Conqueror’) 54 EPA’s limits on 16–22 Wilson, E.O. 72 NHANES II study 21 ‘wise use’ principle 84 phase-out of 23–4 Wong, L. 141 MPAs in California 52–3 Woodland Trust 72 Public Health Service (PHS) 11, 12, World Bank 25, 129 13–14 World Heritage Convention (WHC) 43, Vermont Rivers Program 2, 103, 48 108, 113–16, 123, 126, 127 World Summit on Sustainable Universal Declaration of Human Rights Development 2002 (WSSD) 26–7, 74 42 universal declaration of rights 67 Wormser, F. 14–15 upgrading 144–5 Wright, G. 51

Vermont Rivers Program 2, 103, 108, Yangtze River Basin 154, 162–7 113–16, 123, 126, 127 young couples 139 Victoria, Australia 119, 120, 123–4 Yuhua, Singapore 150, 151 Vietnam 26

Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, Elizabeth A. Kirk and Jessica Steinberg Albin - 9781839106934 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 03:35:40AM via free access Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio, Elizabeth A. Kirk and Jessica Steinberg Albin - 9781839106934 Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 03:35:40AM via free access