Challenges and Reforms in Urban Governance

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Challenges and Reforms in Urban Governance Chal I n We learn what not to do by watching other cities and also what s i to do from watching good cities. There is nothing new that you ghts l e can think of that has not been tried by thousands of other cities. f r n o LEE KUAN YEW m ges founding Prime Minister of Singapore th e d a e v nd Re e l op m en f t or e xperien Urban development is about engineering a system. To do it well, m we must consider the current circumstances, reform and development s in Ur requirements and people’s expectations; and uphold the principle of c people-centric development. These are the key considerations for good e of Chi Challenges and urban development. Meanwhile, we must intensify development, set limits on quantity and capacity, revitalise the stock, optimise increment b na and improve quality. By acknowledging national circumstances, we must an G an Reforms in respect and protect nature, and improve urban ecological environment. d We must emphasise better coordination and seek breakthroughs in key Sin o areas to improve urban sustainability and liveability. v Urban Governance gap e 2015 Central Urban Work Conference Communique r o n r a e Insights from the Challenges and Reforms in Urban Governance: Insights from the n development experience of China and Singapore seeks to distil the key c development experience insights from the urban development experience of China and Singapore e in four areas — urbanisation overview, urban planning and governance, of China and Singapore public housing and urban infrastructure financing. Beyond discussing the respective experiences of both countries, this publication delves into the relevant experiences that both countries can learn from each other and apply to their unique circumstances. Written by pioneers who were deeply involved in Singapore’s urban development and eminent experts from China, it will e-ISBN: 978-981-47-6535-0 serve as a good reference for urban leaders, policymakers, academia, industry leaders and the general public who are interested in A div i sion of t China’s and Singapore’s efforts in developing he MND Sin A division of the MND Singapore liveable and sustainable urbanisation. g apo r e ©2016 Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC), Singapore and Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (DRC). All rights reserved. CLC is a division of Set up in 2008 by the Ministry of National Development and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) has as its mission “to distil, create and share knowledge on liveable and sustainable cities”. CLC’s work spans four main areas — Research, Capability Development, Knowledge Platforms, and Advisory. Through these activities, CLC hopes to provide urban leaders and practitioners with the knowledge and support needed to make our cities better. The Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (DRC) is a policy research and consulting institution directly under the State Council, the central government of the People's Republic of China. Its major function is to undertake research on the overall, comprehensive, strategic and long-term issues in economic and social development, as well as pressing problems related to reform and opening up of China’s economy, and provide policy options and consulting advice to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Centre for Liveable Cities Development Research Center of the State 45 Maxwell Road Council of the People’s Republic of China #07-01 The URA Centre 225 Chaoyangmenwai Avenue Singapore 069118 Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China Website: www.clc.gov.sg Website: www.en.drc.gov.cn ISBN #9789814765305 (print) e-ISBN #9789814765350 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without prior written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace all sources and copyright holders of news articles, figures and information in this book before publication. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, CLC and DRC will ensure that full credit is given at the earliest opportunity. For feedback and comments, please email [email protected]. Challenges and Reforms in Urban Governance Insights from the development experience of China and Singapore Contents Foreword 4 Three: Public Housing Preface 8 Chapter 1 — Public Housing in China: Progress, Challenges and Policy Recommendation 170 One: Urbanisation Overview Chapter 2 — Home, Community, Identity: 188 Chapter 1 — China’s Urbanisation: Singapore’s Public Housing Story the Path, Paradigm and Policies 16 Four: Urban Infrastructure Financing Chapter 2 — Singapore’s Experience in Urbanisation 42 Chapter 1 — PPP: Driver of China’s New Urbanisation Approach 224 Two: Urban Planning and Governance Chapter 2 — Financing Infrastructure and 240 Chapter 1 — China’s Urban Planning System: Development: A Sustainable Approach in Singapore Issues and Reform Path 68 Five: Insights from the Development Chapter 2 — Intelligent Planning in Singapore: Experience of China and Singapore Practice and Insights 80 Achievements and Challenges in Urban Chapter 3 — Complexity and Development: Experience of China and Singapore 276 Urban Governance 148 Epilogue 294 List of Contributors 297 FOREWORD Challenges and Reforms in Urban Governance Insights from the development experience of China and Singapore This inaugural publication on urban governance marks the start of a strong The close ties between our two countries can also be seen in our deepening collaboration in mutual knowledge-sharing between the Ministry of National economic linkages — Singapore is China’s top FDI investor and China is Development, Singapore (MND), and the Development Research Center of Singapore’s top trading partner. the State Council (DRC) of the People’s Republic of China. This publication is a joint effort by the Centre for Liveable Cities under MND and the DRC to The steadfast friendship between Singapore and China goes back a long time capture and distil the knowledge, insights and lessons from the development to 1978, when the late Chinese Vice Premier, Deng Xiaoping made his first and experience of both China and Singapore. only visit to Singapore where he learnt about Singapore’s public housing and industrialisation programmes. Singapore and China share a special bond, with certain profound similarities in culture and values. We also share common aspirations to excel and succeed. The close bonds have been cemented through three Government-to-Government flagship projects. In 1994, the China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park was inaugurated to facilitate the transfer of Singapore’s public administration “software” to the project. The Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city project was conceived in 2007, and it seeks to become a model for sustainable development in China and the world. More recently, the China-Singapore (Chongqing) Demonstration Initiative on Strategic Connectivity will seek to enhance connectivity and drive the development of Western China. With these firm foundations and shared aspirations, I believe there remains significant scope for both countries to continue to share knowledge and learn from each other’s development experience. This inaugural joint publication between MND and DRC is the first tangible outcome from the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), which was signed between the two ministries, and witnessed by President Tony Tan and President Xi Jinping in July 2015. The MOU aims to facilitate knowledge-sharing between Singapore and China in the areas of urban development, sustainability and liveability, as well as to draw lessons from the development experience of both countries. The scope of collaboration comprises visiting fellowships, joint research and publications. These exchanges between our experts will provide new and important perspectives in addressing today’s urban challenges. As the partnership between MND and DRC deepens, I am confident that we will be able to make significant strides in our efforts to address today’s pressing urban challenges. I would like to take this opportunity to thank DRC Minister Li Wei for his strong and steadfast support in forging close cooperation between my Ministry and DRC. I hope readers will find this publication a fulfilling read, and a useful contribution to our search for more liveable and sustainable urban solutions. 6 Lawrence Wong Minister for National Development, Singapore FOREWORD The world is in the process of rapid urbanisation with more than half of the population The Chinese government has always attached great importance to urban construction. living in cities. The United Nations predicts that the world’s urban population will In recent years, it has convened the Central Urbanisation Work Conference and exceed six billion by 2045. The city is an important engine for economic and social Central Urban Work Conference successively and advanced the implementation of the development. Historical experience shows that only by promoting efficient, inclusive National Plan on New Urbanisation (2014-2020). In the process of new urbanisation and sustainable urbanisation can a country successfully realise industrialisation construction, the Chinese government has paid high-level attention to drawing on the and modernisation, and head towards a high-income society. successful experience of advanced countries including Singapore. China’s urbanisation
Recommended publications
  • SHS-2018-Monograph-2---23-Apr
    Published by Housing and Development Board HDB Hub 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh Singapore 310480 Research Team Goh Li Ping (Team Leader) William Lim Teong Wee Tan Hui Fang Wu Juan Juan Tan Tze Hui Lim E-Farn Fiona Lee Yiling Sangeetha D/O Panearselvan Amy Wong Jin Ying Esther Chua Jia Ping Phay Huai Yu Ian Lim Wei Wendy Li Xin Quek Xin Ping Cherie Lin Xinyi Max Chan Weng Kin Goh Pei Xuan Alysia Wee Wan Ting Advisor: Dr Chong Fook Loong Research Advisory Panel: Associate Professor Tan Ern Ser Associate Professor Pow Choon Piew Associate Professor Kang Soon Hock Associate Professor Nicholas Hon Hsueh Hsien Dr Ong Qiyan We also wish to acknowledge with thanks: • Dr. Lai Ah Eng for her guidance in the initial phase of the survey • Yvonne Tan Ci En, Tan Hwee Koon, Nur Asykin Ramli, Paveena Seah Chia Shih and Michelle Fong Jing Ting for their contributions to the survey Published Feb 2021 All information is correct at the time of printing. © 2021 Housing & Development Board All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording without the written permission of the Housing and Development Board. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. ISBN 978-981-14-9469-7 PUBLIC HOUSING IN SINGAPORE: Social Well-Being of HDB Communities & Well-Being of the Elderly FOREWORD HDB has strived to provide a holistic living environment for HDB residents as well as serve the many who use facilities in HDB towns.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Singapore Public Housing Story
    A division of Overview of Singapore’s Public Housing Mr Chionh Chye Khye CLC Fellow OVERVIEW • Introduction & A Bit of History • Key Success Factors Singapore: A City-State’s Challenges 5.40 Million • Population of 5.535 mil • Land area of 719 km2 • 7,698 persons/km2 density • Hi-rise hi-density living Structure of Real Estate Market in Singapore Housing Market Public Private Home Rental Home Rental Ownership Ownership 1R / 2R / 3R / Landed property, 4R / 5R / EF / Condominium Studio Apts & ECs Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Market Market Market Market (HDB) (Resale) HISTORY: TURNING A CITY OF SQUATTERS TO A HOME OWNING SOCIETY Housing Landscape: 1950s City Fringe Squatters Inner City Shophouse-cubicles •Rapid Population Growth •Poor Housing Conditions •Severe Housing Shortage Rural Villages/Farms SIT 1927 to 1959 The Vision “ My primary occupation was to give every citizen a stake in the country and its future… if every family owned its home, the country would be more stable… I believe this sense of ownership was vital for our new society… ” Mr. Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore Housing & Development Board Established in Feb 1960 9 “Home Ownership for the People” Scheme 1964: Home Ownership for the People Scheme • Targeted at lower-middle and middle-income households • Intended to give Singaporeans a stake in the country • Public Balloting conducted to allocate flats to applicants • Low-interest government loans available to those who were not able to afford outright purchase © 2016 Housing & Development Board Residents
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges-And-Reforms-In-Urban
    ©2016 Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC), Singapore and Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (DRC). All rights reserved. CLC is a division of Set up in 2008 by the Ministry of National Development and the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources, the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) has as its mission “to distil, create and share knowledge on liveable and sustainable cities”. CLC’s work spans four main areas — Research, Capability Development, Knowledge Platforms, and Advisory. Through these activities, CLC hopes to provide urban leaders and practitioners with the knowledge and support needed to make our cities better. The Development Research Center of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (DRC) is a policy research and consulting institution directly under the State Council, the central government of the People's Republic of China. Its major function is to undertake research on the overall, comprehensive, strategic and long-term issues in economic and social development, as well as pressing problems related to reform and opening up of China’s economy, and provide policy options and consulting advice to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. Centre for Liveable Cities Development Research Center of the State 45 Maxwell Road Council of the People’s Republic of China #07-01 The URA Centre 225 Chaoyangmenwai Avenue Singapore 069118 Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China Website: www.clc.gov.sg Website: www.en.drc.gov.cn ISBN #9789814765305 (print) e-ISBN #9789814765350 (e-book) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without prior written permission of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Housing the Nation Established in 1960, HDB Has Risen to the Challenges of Public Housing by Meeting the Unique Needs of Its Time
    Singapore Quality Award (Special Commendation) 2008 Winner Executive Summary Housing the Nation Established in 1960, HDB has risen to the challenges of public housing by meeting the unique needs of its time. Faced with the housing HDB crisis of epic proportions, HDB successfully Laying the HDB Soaring to Greater Heights 1960s housed 35% of the Groundwork Soaring to Greater Heights population by the end of Singapore Quality Award (Special Commendation) the decade. 2008 Winner Executive Summary Carved whole new towns to cater for the Growing Towns growing demand of 1970s HDB flats. Housed 85% of the population. Integrated towns © Housing & Development Board 2008. All rights Rapidly Developing reserved. Reproduction in whole or part without evolved into vibrant hubs of 1980s Communities written permission is strictly prohibited. life and activity. Focused on renewal and regeneration of HDB flats and towns, creating 1990s Infusing New Life added value for older flats and towns. Entered a new phase of public housing — one of Innovating for creative and innovative 2000s the Future expressions. In building Singapore’s unique public residential landscape, the challenge for HDB is clear: How do we build beyond houses and create affordable quality homes in vibrant neighbourhoods for Singaporeans to live, work and play? Embracing a proactive and forward-looking approach, we will continue to adopt innovative strategies and implement Fulfilling aspirations Raising the for homes and 2010s & Benchmark policies and programmes that will exceed past successes, year on year. communities all Beyond are proud of. At HDB, we thrive on challenge, and we look forward to building beyond, for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Trainer's​ Guide​ (Primary)
    TRAINER’S GUIDE Copyright © PUB, Singapore’s national water agency 2011. Revised 2014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publishers. For more information, please visit us at www.abcwaterslearningtrails.sg or email us at [email protected]. Contents Objectives of the Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Learning Trail @ Sengkang Floating Wetland 1 Details of the ABC Waters Learning Trail @ Sengkang Floating Wetland 2 Educational Approaches 2 Before the Trip 3 Wet Weather Procedure 3 Summary of the ABC Waters Learning Trail @ Sengkang Floating Wetland 4 Lesson Plan for the ABC Waters Learning Trail @ Sengkang Floating Wetland 8 Introduction 8 Station 1: What is Sengkang Floating Wetland? 11 Station 2: Physical Conditions at Sengkang Floating Wetland 13 Station 3: The Floating Wetlands in Singapore / Animals at Sengkang Floating Wetland 15 Station 4: Plants at Punggol Reservoir 18 Debrief and Reflection 19 Extension Activity: Sengkang Floating Wetland Food Chains and Food Web 21 References 21 Annexes 22 Annex 1: Preparation Brief for ABC Waters Learning Trail 22 Annex 2: Suggested Information for Risk Assessment Management (RAM) Form 23 Annex 3: “Water Cycle” Cards 35 Annex 4: Build-A-Floating-Wetland Activity 35 Annex 5: Suggested Packing List (of Resources) – for Trainers 37 Objectives of the Active, Beautiful, Clean (ABC) Waters Learning Trail @ Sengkang Floating Wetland This place-based inquiry experience aims to help students: 1. Foster a sense of national identity, pride as Singaporeans, and emotional rootedness to the nation.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Years of National Development in Singapore
    1 GROUND BREAKING 60 Years of National Development in Singapore PROJECT LEADS RESEARCH & EDITING DESIGN Acknowledgements Joanna Tan Alvin Pang Sylvia Sin David Ee Stewart Tan PRINTING This book incorporates contributions Amit Prakash ADVISERS Dominie Press Alvin Chua from MND Family agencies, including: Khoo Teng Chye Pearlwin Koh Lee Kwong Weng Ling Shuyi Michael Koh Nicholas Oh Board of Architects Ong Jie Hui Raynold Toh Building and Construction Authority Michelle Zhu Council for Estate Agencies Housing & Development Board National Parks Board For enquiries, please contact: Professional Engineers Board The Centre for Liveable Cities Urban Redevelopment Authority T +65 6645 9560 E [email protected] Printed on Innotech, an FSC® paper made from 100% virgin pulp. First published in 2019 © 2019 Ministry of National Development Singapore All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Every effort has been made to trace all sources and copyright holders of news articles, figures and information in this book before publication. If any have been inadvertently overlooked, MND will ensure that full credit is given at the earliest opportunity. ISBN 978-981-14-3208-8 (print) ISBN 978-981-14-3209-5 (e-version) Cover image View from the rooftop of the Ministry of National Development building, illustrating various stages in Singapore’s urban development: conserved traditional shophouses (foreground), HDB blocks at Tanjong Pagar Plaza (centre), modern-day public housing development Pinnacle@Duxton (centre back), and commercial buildings (left).
    [Show full text]
  • MENDAKI | Policy Digest 2012 Digest MENDAKI | Policy
    MENDAKI | Policy Digest 2012 MENDAKI Policy Digest 2012 Yayasan MENDAKI Wisma MENDAKI 51 Kee Sun Avenue, (Off Tay Lian Teck Road) Singapore 457056 Tel: 6245 5555 Fax: 6444 8959 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mendaki.org.sg Registration No.: 198902633C A publication of the Research and Policy Department MENDAKI Policy Digest 2012 MENDAKI Policy Digest 2012 Copyright © 2013 Yayasan MENDAKI Published by: Research and Policy Department Yayasan MENDAKI, Wisma MENDAKI Views presented in this publication are those of the individual authors. They do not purport to represent the views of the Editorial Team, the Publisher, the Board and Management of Yayasan MENDAKI or the institutions the authors are affiliated to. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or stored in any retrieval system by any electronic, mechanical or other means without permission in writing from the publisher and Yayasan MENDAKI. All enquiries seeking permission should be addressed to: Research and Policy Department 51 Kee Sun Avenue, Off Tay Lian Teck Road, Singapore 457056 Main line: 6245 5555 Research and Policy Department: 6245 5784 Fax: 6449 4492 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.mendaki.org.sg EDITORIAL TEAM Editor: Norshahril Saat Sub Editors: Aidaroyani Adam Sabrena Abdullah Muhammad Nadim Adam Annabelle Ang (The Print Lodge Pte Ltd) Deborah Gan (The Print Lodge Pte Ltd) Series Advisor: Moliah Hashim Cover Design: Linda Soelystio (The Print Lodge Pte Ltd) Designed and printed in Singapore by The Print Lodge Pte Ltd ISBN: 978-981-07-4981-1 “We do not live to think, but on the contrary, we think in order that we may succeed in surviving.” —Jose Ortega y Gasset A Spanish philosopher (1883–1955) FOREWORD First published in 2001, the MENDAKI Policy Digest serves as a platform for MENDAKI to share its discourse on multi-faceted issues faced by the Malay/Muslim community in Singapore.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950
    Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access China Studies published for the institute for chinese studies, university of oxford Edited by Micah Muscolino (University of Oxford) volume 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Understanding Chaoben Culture By Ronald Suleski leiden | boston Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover Image: Chaoben Covers. Photo by author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Suleski, Ronald Stanley, author. Title: Daily life for the common people of China, 1850 to 1950 : understanding Chaoben culture / By Ronald Suleski.
    [Show full text]
  • MENDAKI-Policy-Digest-2020.Pdf
    MENDAKI 20 Policy Digest 20 A Publication of the Research & Planning Department A A MENDAKI Policy Digest 2020 Copyright © 2021 Yayasan MENDAKI PUBLISHED BY Research & Planning Department Yayasan MENDAKI Views presented in this publication are those of the individual authors. They do not purport to represent the views of the Editorial Team, the Publisher, the Board and Management of Yayasan MENDAKI or the institutions the authors are affiliated to. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be printed or reproduced or stored in any retrieval system by any electronic, mechanical or other means without permission in writing from the publisher and Yayasan MENDAKI. All enquiries seeking permission should be addressed to: Research & Planning Department 51 Kee Sun Avenue, Singapore 457056 Main Telephone Line: 6245 5555 Research & Planning Department: 6245 5860 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mendaki.org.sg Series Advisors: Mr Masagos Zulkifli Masagos Mohamad Minister for Social and Family Development, Second Minister for Health, Minister-in-Charge of Muslim Affairs, and Chairman of Yayasan MENDAKI Mdm Zuraidah Abdullah Chief Executive Officer of Yayasan MENDAKI Mdm Aidaroyani Adam Deputy Chief Executive Officer of Yayasan MENDAKI EDITORIAL TEAM Editor: Muhammad Faisal Aman Sub-Editors: Muhammad Farouq Osman, Haikal Sufiyan Haizan, Siti Syafiqah Abdul Rashid & Syahirah Humaira Amrun Production Editor: Muhammad Nasiruddin Jumari Cover Design: Design & Print International Pte Ltd Designed and Printed in Singapore by Design & Print International Pte Ltd www.dpi.com.sg ISBN: 978-981-14-8955-6 MENDAKI Policy Digest 2020 CEO’s Foreword The MENDAKI Policy Digest serves to highlight national and global issues of relevance to the Malay/Muslim community.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China Gregory Adam Scott Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of
    Conversion by the Book: Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China Gregory Adam Scott Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Gregory Adam Scott All Rights Reserved This work may be used under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. For more information about that license, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. For other uses, please contact the author. ABSTRACT Conversion by the Book: Buddhist Print Culture in Early Republican China 經典佛化: 民國初期佛教出版文化 Gregory Adam Scott 史瑞戈 In this dissertation I argue that print culture acted as a catalyst for change among Buddhists in modern China. Through examining major publication institutions, publishing projects, and their managers and contributors from the late nineteenth century to the 1920s, I show that the expansion of the scope and variety of printed works, as well as new the social structures surrounding publishing, substantially impacted the activity of Chinese Buddhists. In doing so I hope to contribute to ongoing discussions of the ‘revival’ of Chinese Buddhism in the modern period, and demonstrate that publishing, propelled by new print technologies and new forms of social organization, was a key field of interaction and communication for religious actors during this era, one that helped make possible the introduction and adoption of new forms of religious thought and practice. 本論文的論點是出版文化在近代中國佛教人物之中,扮演了變化觸媒的角色. 通過研究從十 九世紀末到二十世紀二十年代的主要的出版機構, 種類, 及其主辦人物與提供貢獻者, 論文 說明佛教印刷的多元化 以及範圍的大量擴展, 再加上跟出版有關的社會結構, 對中國佛教 人物的活動都發生了顯著的影響. 此研究顯示在被新印刷技術與新形式的社會結構的推進 下的出版事業, 為該時代的宗教人物展開一種新的相互連結與構通的場域, 因而使新的宗教 思想與實踐的引入成為可能. 此論文試圖對現行關於近代中國佛教的所謂'復興'的討論提出 貢獻. Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables iii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations and Conventions ix Works Cited by Abbreviation x Maps of Principle Locations xi Introduction Print Culture and Religion in Modern China 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma to Open Singapore Office
    September 19, 2013 Press Release Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma to Open Singapore Office Osaka, Japan, September 19, 2013---Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation (President & Representative Director, CEO: Michihiro Tsuchiya,) announced today that the company will open a representative office in Singapore on October 1 this year. Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation has been operating its Southeast Asian business through P.T. Tanabe Indonesia, a sales and manufacturing subsidiary of the Company. Aiming further contribution to medical care in Southeast Asian counties, the Company will supply pharmaceuticals that meet the regional market needs determined by the newly opened office in Singapore, a center of the ASEAN economy, high level medical technology, and medical information. The planned Singapore office will serve as a base to manage the operation of Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma's pharmaceutical business in Southeast Asia, while P.T. Tanabe Indonesia will be positioned as a manufacturing base of Southeast Asian countries. The Company will endeavor to build a business structure for effective and efficient operations in the Southeast Asian region. Establishing the foundation for expanded overseas operations has been set as a major business strategy under our Medium-Term Management Plan 11-15, New Value Creation. Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation will expand its pharmaceutical business in the Southeast Asian market, which is expected to grow even further in the future. <Outline of Singapore office> Name: MITSUBISHI TANABE PHARMA CORPORATION REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE REGISTERED IN SINGAPORE Location: 60 Anson Road #10-01 Mapletree Anson Singapore 079914 Start of operations: Oct. 1, 2013 Business activities: Conducting market research in Southeast Asia <For further information contact:> Corporate Communications Department Phone: +81-6-6205-5211 .
    [Show full text]
  • Mandarin Chinese
    RADICAL CHART Mandarin Chinese Radicals are components of Chinese characters that contribute semantic or phonetic content to the characters they appear in. Traditionally there are 214 characters that can be used as radicals, and by studying these characters and their radical forms (how they can appear when used in characters), students of Chinese are able to recognize parts of unfamiliar characters and use the meaning and sound clues from the radical to help learn new words. Radicals are also used to order characters in dictionaries, and each one has an official number listed in the Kangxi Dictionary. Listed below are 40 of the most frequently-used radicals. Each one includes the standalone character, the form it takes as a radical (if different), and two examples that use the radical as a part of the character, along with the pīnyīn transcription and English meaning. Kangxi Dictionary Radical Pīnyīn / Pīnyīn / Pīnyīn / Character Example 1 Example 2 Radical Form English Translation English Translation English Translation Number 140 ⾋ ⺾ cǎ o / grass 茶 chá / tea 英 yīng / hero / English 85 ⽔ 氵 shuǐ / water 汞 gǒ ng / mercury 洗 xǐ / to wash 75 ⽊ mù / wood 李 lǐ / the surname Lee 杯 bēi / cup 1 | Mango Languages - Mandarin Chinese - Radical Chart m angolanguages.com | [email protected] Kangxi Radical Pīnyīn / Pīnyīn / Pīnyīn / Radical Character Example 1 Example 2 English Translation English Translation English Translation Number Form 64 ⼿ 扌 shǒ u / hand 拿 ná / to take 打 dǎ / to hit / to play 30 ⼝ kǒ u / mouth 可 kě / can / may 叫 jiào /
    [Show full text]