DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissertatsiones Historiae Universitatis Tartuensis 26

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissertatsiones Historiae Universitatis Tartuensis 26 DISSERTATSIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 26 DISSERTATSIONES HISTORIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 26 Meelis Maripuu Omavalitsuseta omavalitsused Halduskorraldus Eestis Saksa okupatsiooni ajal 1941–1944 Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo- ja arheoloogia instituut, Tartu, Eesti. Kaitsmisele lubatud Tartu Ülikooli filosoofiateaduskonna ajaloo- ja arheoloogia instituudi nõukogu otsusega 11. juulil 2012. Juhendaja: dots Tõnu-Andrus Tannberg Oponent: prof emeritus Kalervo Hovi (Turu Ülikool) Doktoritöö kaitsmine toimub 24. septembril 2012. aastal kell 16.15 Tartu Ülikooli senati saalis, Ülikooli 18, Tartu. ISSN 1406–443X ISBN 978–9949–32–091–2 (trükis) ISBN 978–9949–32–092–9 (PDF) Autoriõigus: Meelis Maripuu, 2012 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus www.tyk.ee Tellimuse nr. 383 SISUKORD SISUKORD ................................................................................................. 5 LÜHENDID ................................................................................................ 8 SISSEJUHATUS ......................................................................................... 10 Uurimisprobleemistik ja töö struktuur ................................................... 13 Meetodid ......................................................................................... 18 Historiograafia ........................................................................................ 21 Allikad ............................................................................................ 38 Terminoloogia selgituseks .............................................................. 44 1. ADMINISTRATIIVVÕIM SAKSAMAAL JA OKUPEERITUD ALADEL ................................................................................................ 47 1.1. Saksamaa valitsemissüsteemist ...................................................... 47 1.2. Kavadest Suur-Saksamaa ja „suur-ruumi“ haldamiseks ................. 58 1.3. Võimukandjate poliitilistest seisukohtadest idaküsimuses ............. 64 1.4. Ettevalmistused idaalade valitsemiseks .......................................... 67 1.5. Eesti valitsemise ettevalmistamine ................................................. 85 2. SAKSA HALDUSINSTITUTSIOONID EESTIS ................................. 91 2.1. Sõjaväevõimud administratiivülesannete täitmisel ......................... 91 2.1.1. Wehrmachti tagala ülesehitus ............................................... 91 2.1.2. Tagalaüksused Eestis ............................................................ 92 2.1.3. Komandantuuride võrgustik ................................................. 93 2.1.4. Sõjaväe tagalahalduse institutsioonide pädevus ja tegevus .. 95 2.2. Saksa tsiviiladministratsioon .......................................................... 103 2.2.1. Okupeeritud Idaalade Riigiministeerium ............................. 103 2.2.2. Riigikomissariaat Ostland .................................................... 106 2.2.3. Eestimaa kindralkomissariaat ............................................... 108 2.2.4. Eestimaa kindralkomissariaadi piirkonnakomissariaadid .... 112 2.2.5. Kindralkomissariaadi kompetents ja otsustusvõime ............ 115 2.2.6. Tsiviiladministratsiooni seos politsei- ja julgeolekuorganitega ............................................................ 117 2.3. NSDAP organisatsioonist okupeeritud idaaladel ja Eestis ............ 119 2.4. Saksa majandusorganisatsioonidest Eestis 1941–1944 .................. 122 3. EESTI OMAMAISE HALDUSVÕIMU TAASTAMISE LÄHTEKOHAD .................................................................................... 129 3.1. Riikliku iseseisvuse taastamise ideed ............................................. 131 3.2. Kohalike omavalitsusasutuste taastamine ...................................... 137 3.2.1. Omakaitse rollist halduskorra taastamisel ............................ 138 3.2.2. Valla- ja linnavalitsuste rakendumine .................................. 141 3.2.3. Katsetest taastada volikogude tegevus ................................. 145 3.2.4. Kohalike omavalitsuste esimesed sammud .......................... 148 3.2.5. Maavalitsuste töösse rakendamine ....................................... 149 3.2.6. Maavalitsuste koosseisust ja järelevalvest ........................... 154 5 3.3. Kohalike omavalitsuste esmane rakendamine ................................ 157 3.3.1. Haldusaparaadi esialgne rahastamine ................................... 157 3.3.2. Maksude korraldamine ......................................................... 160 3.3.3. Kontroll elanikkonna üle ...................................................... 162 3.3.4. Side taastamine halduskorra tagamiseks .............................. 164 3.3.5. Natsionaliseerimise tagajärjed .............................................. 165 3.4. Eesti Omavalitsuse kujundamine ja tegevusse asumine ................. 169 3.4.1. Ettevalmistused Eestis .......................................................... 169 3.4.2. Eesti Omavalitsuse rakendumine väegrupi Nord tagalas ..... 170 3.4.3. Eesti Omavalitsuse välisest kuvandist .................................. 174 3.5. Baltimaade omamaiste keskadministratsioonide võrdlus ............... 176 3.5.1. Leedu omamaise keskadministratsiooni kujunemisest ......... 177 3.5.2. Läti omamaise keskadministratsiooni kujunemisest ............ 182 3.5.3. Omamaiste administratsioonide kujunemisest võrdlevalt .... 185 4. OMAMAISE HALDUSVÕIMU ARENG ............................................. 187 4.1. Eesti Omavalitsus Saksa tsiviilvõimu perioodil ............................. 187 4.1.1. Ostlandi omamaised administratsioonid organisatsioonidekreedi valguses ......................................... 188 4.1.2. Omamaise administratsiooni õigusloome ............................ 190 4.1.3. Muudatused Eesti Omavalitsuse struktuuris ........................ 192 4.1.4. Eesti Omavalitsuse ametnike nimetamine ............................ 195 4.2. Kohalikud omavalitsused Saksa tsiviilvõimu perioodil ................. 196 4.2.1. Kohalike omavalitsuste õiguslik alus Saksa kogukonnaseaduse taustal .................................................... 196 4.2.2. Kohalike omavalitsuste teenistusvahekorrad ....................... 202 4.2.3. Maavalitsuse asutused ja maavanemad ................................ 205 4.2.4. Maavalitsuse kummitempel .................................................. 211 4.2.5. Vallavalitsuse institutsioon .................................................. 216 4.2.6. Linnade juhtimisest .............................................................. 219 5. SAKSA TSIVIILVÕIMU ARENG ....................................................... 224 5.1. Õigussuhete arengust ...................................................................... 224 5.1.1. Kindralkomissariaadi ja Eesti Omavalitsuse õigusloome .... 229 5.2. Majanduse juhtimisest .................................................................... 232 5.3. Poliitiline määramatus ja (im)personaalsus .................................... 234 5.3.1. Võimufiguurid ja nende konstellatsioonid ........................... 235 5.3.2. Võidu (l)ootuses ................................................................... 243 5.3.3. Universaalne relv – autonoomia ........................................... 247 5.3.4. Rahvusvaheline aspekt ja Eesti rahvuslased ........................ 251 5.4. Tsiviilvõimu lõpp ........................................................................... 257 5.4.1. Saksa tsiviiladministratsiooni väljatõmbumine Eestist ........ 257 5.4.2. Eesti Omavalitsuse epiloog ja Hjalmar Mäe ....................... 258 LÕPPJÄRELDUSED .................................................................................. 261 BIBLIOGRAAFIA ...................................................................................... 269 6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 284 REGISTER .................................................................................................. 295 LISAD ......................................................................................................... 300 Lisa 1. Saksa sõjaväeline administratsioon Eesti alal ............................ 300 Lisa 2. Eestimaa kindralkomissariaadi struktuur 1941–1944 ................ 302 Lisa 3. Ülevaade EOV struktuurist ........................................................ 305 Lisa 4. EOV ametkonnad ....................................................................... 306 EOV direktooriumid ............................................................................... 307 EOV juhi otsealluvuses olevad keskasutused ........................................ 316 PROSOPOGRAAFIA ................................................................................. 320 Hinrich Lohse ......................................................................................... 320 Karl-Siegmund Litzmann ....................................................................... 320 Friedrich Wilhelm Jenetzky ................................................................... 321 Hans Hermann Friedrich Riecken .......................................................... 321 Kurt Wilhelm Meenen ............................................................................ 322 Heino Adolf Erich Wilhelm Schröder .................................................... 322 Walter Mentzel ....................................................................................... 323 Karl (Carl), Walter ................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
    [Show full text]
  • LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ, 1941–1945 1 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas Okupācijas Politika Latvijā: Avoti Un Historiogrāfija 3
    LATVIJAS VĒSTURNIEKU KOMISIJAS RAKSTI 11. sējums LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ, 1941–1945 1 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 3 Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisijas raksti 11. sējums Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia Volume 11 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 3 Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija Latvijas Universitātes Latvijas vēstures institūts Latvijas Universitātes Vēstures un filozofijas fakultāte LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ 1941–1945 Starptautiskās konferences referāti 2003. gada 12.–13. jūnijs, Rīga LATVIA UNDER NAZI GERMAN OCCUPATION 1941–1945 Materials of an International Conference 12–13 June 2003, Riga Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds Rīga 2004 4UDK 94(474.3)“1941/1945”(063) Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 5 La 804 Redakcijas kolēģija Dr. habil. hist., prof. ANDRIS CAUNE (atbildīgais redaktors), Dr. habil. hist., prof. INESIS FELDMANIS, Dr. habil. hist., prof. emeritus HEINRIHS STRODS, Dr. hist. IRĒNE ŠNEIDERE Sastādītājs Dr. hist. DZINTARS ĒRGLIS Redaktores RITA KĻAVIŅA, VIJA STABULNIECE Korektore BRIGITA VĀRPA Māksliniece INĀRA JĒGERE Datormaketētāja MARGARITA STOKA Grāmata izdota par Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisijas finansiālajiem līdzekļiem ISBN 9984–601–55–2 © Latvijas Universitātes Latvijas vēstures institūts, 2004 4 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 5 SATURS Priekšvārds . 9 Latvijas Republikas Valsts prezidentes Vairas
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Notes Introduction 1This study uses ‘Estonian Veterans’ League’ as the most practical translation of the Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Liit (‘Veterans’ League of the Estonian War of Independence’). The popular term for a Veterans’ League member was vaps (plural: vapsid), or vabs, derived from vabadussõjalane (‘War of Independence veteran’). This often appears mistakenly capitalized as VAPS. A term for the Veterans frequently found in historical literature is ‘Freedom Fighters’, the direct translation of the German Freiheitskämpfer. Another unsatisfactory translation which appears in older literature is ‘Liberators’. It should be noted that until 11 August 1933 the organization was formally called Eesti Vabadussõjalaste Keskliit (‘The Estonian War of Independence Veterans’ Central League’). 2 Ernst Nolte, The Three Faces of Fascism (London, 1965), p. 12. 3 Eduard Laaman, Vabadussõjalased diktatuuri teel (Tallinn, 1933); Erakonnad Eestis (Tartu, 1934), pp. 54–62; ‘Põhiseaduse kriisi arenemine 1928–1933’, in Põhiseadus ja Rahvuskogu (Tallinn, 1937), pp. 29–45; Konstantin Päts. Poliitika- ja riigimees (Stockholm, 1949). 4 Märt Raud, Kaks suurt: Jaan Tõnisson, Konstantin Päts ja nende ajastu (Toronto, 1953); Evald Uustalu, The History of Estonian People (London, 1952); Artur Mägi, Das Staatsleben Estlands während seiner Selbständigkeit. I. Das Regierungssystem (Stockholm, 1967). 5 William Tomingas, Vaikiv ajastu Eestis (New York, 1961). 6 Georg von Rauch, The Baltic States: The Years of Independence 1917–1940 (London, 1974); V. Stanley Vardys, ‘The Rise of Authoritarianism in the Baltic States’, in V. Stanley Vardys and Romuald J. Misiunas, eds., The Baltic States in War and Peace (University Park, Pennsylvania, 1978), pp. 65–80; Toivo U. Raun, Estonia and the Estonians (Stanford, 1991); John Hiden and Patrick Salmon, The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania in the Twentieth Century (London, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Baltic Eugenics on the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35
    Baltic Eugenics On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics 35 Founding and Executive Editor Leonidas Donskis, Member of the European Parliament, and previously Professor and Dean of Vytautas Magnus University School of Political Science and Diplomacy in Kaunas, Lithuania. Editorial and Advisory Board Timo Airaksinen, University of Helsinki, Finland Egidijus Aleksandravicius, Lithuanian Emigration Institute, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Aukse Balcytiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania Stefano Bianchini, University of Bologna, Forlì Campus, Italy Endre Bojtar, Institute of Literary Studies, Budapest, Hungary Ineta Dabasinskiene, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Pietro U. Dini, University of Pisa, Italy Robert Ginsberg, Pennsylvania State University, USA Martyn Housden, University of Bradford, UK Andres Kasekamp, University of Tartu, Estonia Andreas Lawaty, Nordost-Institute, Lüneburg, Germany Olli Loukola, University of Helsinki, Finland Bernard Marchadier, Institut d’études slaves, Paris, France Silviu Miloiu, Valahia University, Targoviste, Romania Valdis Muktupavels, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Hannu Niemi, University of Helsinki, Finland Irina Novikova, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia Yves Plasseraud, Paris, France Rein Raud, Tallinn University, Estonia Alfred Erich Senn, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA, and Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania André Skogström-Filler, University Paris VIII-Saint-Denis, France David Smith, University of Glasgow, UK Saulius Suziedelis, Millersville University, USA Joachim Tauber, Nordost-Institut, Lüneburg, Germany Tomas Venclova, Yale University, USA Tonu Viik, Tallinn University, Estonia Baltic Eugenics Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918-1940 Edited by Björn M. Felder & Paul J. Weindling Amsterdam - New York, NY 2013 Cover photo : Jēkabs Prīmanis measuring skulls (from Jēkabs Prīmanis (1937), Ievads antropoloģijas metodikā.
    [Show full text]
  • Lithuania and the Jews the Holocaust Chapter
    UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter Symposium Presentations W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. Lithuania and the Jews The Holocaust Chapter Symposium Presentations CENTER FOR ADVANCED HOLOCAUST STUDIES UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 2004 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council or of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, July 2005 Copyright © 2005 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Contents Foreword.......................................................................................................................................... i Paul A. Shapiro and Carl J. Rheins Lithuanian Collaboration in the “Final Solution”: Motivations and Case Studies........................1 Michael MacQueen Key Aspects of German Anti-Jewish Policy...................................................................................17 Jürgen Matthäus Jewish Cultural Life in the Vilna Ghetto .......................................................................................33 David G. Roskies Appendix: Biographies of Contributors.........................................................................................45 Foreword Centuries of intellectual, religious, and cultural achievements distinguished Lithuania as a uniquely important center of traditional Jewish arts and learning. The Jewish community
    [Show full text]
  • A History Untold by Valdis V
    “Tearing Apart the Bear” and British Military Involvement in the Construction of Modern Latvia: A History Untold by Valdis V. Rundāns BASc, Waterloo, 1975 BA, Victoria, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER of ARTS in the Department of History © Valdis V. Rundāns, 2014 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee “Tearing Apart the Bear” and British Military Involvement in the Construction of Modern Latvia: A History Untold by Valdis V. Rundāns BASc, Waterloo, 1975 BA, Victoria, 2008 Supervisory Committee Dr. Serhy Yekelchyk (Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Perry Biddiscombe, (Department of History) Departmental Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr Serhy Yekelchyk (Department of History) Supervisor Dr. Perry Biddiscombe (Department of History) Departmental Member Despite significant evidence to the contrary in the Latvian language, especially the memoirs of General Pēteris Radzinš, Latvians, historians included, and others, have persisted in mythologizing the military events of 8 October to 11 November 1919 in Riga as some sort of national miracle. Since this Latvian army victory, first celebrated as Lāčplēsis Day on 11 November1920, accounts of this battle have been unrepresented, poorly represented or misrepresented. For example, the 2007 historical film Rīgas Sargi (The Defenders of Riga) uses the 1888 poem Lāčplēsis by Andrējs Pumpurs as a template to portray the Latvians successfully defeating the German-Russian force on their own without Allied military aid. Pumpurs’ dream and revolutionary legacy has provided a well used script for Latvian nation building.
    [Show full text]
  • The Proceedings 2007
    THE PROCEEDINGS of The South Carolina Historical Association 2007 Robert Figueira and Stephen Lowe Co-Editors The South Carolina Historical Association South Carolina Department of Archives and History Columbia, South Carolina www.palmettohistory.org/scha/scha.htm ii Officers of the Association President: Bernard Powers, College of Charleston Vice President: Joyce Wood, Anderson University Secretary: Ron Cox, University of South Carolina, Lancaster Treasurer: Rodger Stroup, South Carolina Department of Archives and History Executive and Editorial Board Members Andrew Myers, University of South Carolina, Upstate (7) E.E. “Wink” Prince, Jr., Coastal Carolina University (8) Tracy Power, South Carolina Department of Archives and History (9) Stephen Lowe, University of South Carolina Extended Graduate Campus, co-editor Robert C. Figueira, Lander University, co-editor The Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 7 iii Officers of the Association Membership Application The SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION is an organization that furthers the teaching and understanding of history. The only requirement for membership is an interest in and a love for history. At the annual meeting papers on European, Asian, U.S., Southern, and South Carolina history are routinely presented. Papers presented at the annual meeting may be published in The Proceedings, a refereed journal. Membership benefits include: a subscription toThe Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association, notification of the annual meeting, the right to submit a pro- posal for a paper for presentation at the annual meeting, the quarterly SCHA News- letter, and the annual membership roster of the Association. SCHA membership is from 1 January to 31 December. Student members must cur- rently be enrolled in school.
    [Show full text]
  • Rezensionen Nordost-Archiv 2005 Band 14
    REZENSIONEN Auf der Flucht, hrsg. v. Erna Appelt u. Waltraud Heindl. H. 2 der Zeitschrift „L’Homme. Europ¨aische Zeitschrift f¨ur Feministi- sche Geschichtswissenschaft“ 15 (2004). Wiesbaden: B¨ohlau Ver- lag, 189 S. In der aktuellen Ausgabe der Zeitschrift „L’Homme“ n¨ahern sich die beiden Wiener Herausgeberinnen Erna Appelt und Waltraud Heindl einem aktuellen, politisch brisanten und zugleich wissenschaftlich jungen Forschungsgebiet: Migrationen von Frauen. Die Auswahl der Beitr¨age demonstriert, wie Fluchterfahrungen die Lebensentwurfe¨ von Menschen in unterschiedlichen Orten und zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten verwerfen und Lebenswege neu gestalten konnen.¨ Die Zeitschrift „L’Homme“ und ihre Herausgeberinnen stehen fur¨ eine Forschungsperspektive, die v.a. den Genderblickwinkel in den Vordergrund ruckt.¨ Den vier Abhandlungen folgen denn auch in den Rubriken „Im Gespr¨ach“ und „Aktuelles und Kommentare“ Beitr¨age, die sich mit Einzelfragen des Themenschwerpunkts unter Hervorhe- bung von Migrantinnen auseinandersetzen. Die Perspektive auf das „andere“, m¨annliche Geschlecht wird in diesem Kontext g¨anzlich aus- gespart.1 Wie gewohnt wird anschließend „Im Forum“ ein aktuelles Forschungsvorhaben herausgestellt, hier „Der Einschluss und Aus- schluss von Frauen in bulgarischen Geschichtsbuchern¨ der 1990er- Jahre“ von Krassimira Daskalova. In „Aus den Archiven“ wird von Patrizia Gabrielli der umfangreiche autobiografische Schriftbestand von Frauen im Archivio Diastrico Nazionale in Pieve Santo Stefa- no vorgestellt. Einem Nachruf auf die (in Munster¨ und nachfolgend Bochum) engagierte Historikerin fur¨ Geschlechtergeschichte Susanne Rouette folgen Rezensionen aktueller Veroffentlichungen.¨ Mit der Fokussierung auf weibliche Fluchtlinge¨ stellen Appelt und Heindl eine Forschungslandschaft vor, in der erst in jungster¨ Zeit die spezielle Situation von Migrantinnen die einseitig von m¨annlichen Migranten dominierte Migrations- und Fluchtforschung bereichert.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Review of Developments Relating to Aggression
    Historical Review of Developments relating to Aggression United Nations New York, 2003 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.03.V10 ISBN 92-1-133538-8 Copyright 0 United Nations, 2003 All rights reserved Contents Paragraphs Page Preface xvii Introduction 1. The Nuremberg Tribunal 1-117 A. Establishment 1 B. Jurisdiction 2 C. The indictment 3-14 1. The defendants 4 2. Count one: The common plan or conspiracy to commit crimes against peace 5-8 3 3. Count two: Planning, preparing, initiating and waging war as crimes against peace 9-10 4. The specific charges against the defendants 11-14 (a) Count one 12 (b) Counts one and two 13 (c) Count two 14 D. The judgement 15-117 1. The charges contained in counts one and two 15-16 2. The factual background of the aggressive war 17-21 3. Measures of rearmament 22-23 4. Preparing and planning for aggression 24-26 5. Acts of aggression and aggressive wars 27-53 (a) The seizure of Austria 28-31 (b) The seizure of Czechoslovakia 32-33 (c) The invasion of Poland 34-35 (d) The invasion of Denmark and Norway 36-43 Paragraphs Page (e) The invasion of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg 44-45 (f) The invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece 46-48 (g) The invasion of the Soviet Union 49-51 (h) The declaration of war against the United States 52-53 28 6. Wars in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances 54 7. The Law of the Charter 55-57 The crime of aggressive war 56-57 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis with Signature Marii Valjataga
    A small nation in monuments A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century Marii Väljataga Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, June 30, 2016 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization A small nation in monuments A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century Marii Väljataga Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Pavel Kolář (EUI) - Supervisor Professor Alexander Etkind (EUI) Professor Siobhan Kattago (University of Tartu) Prof. dr hab. Jörg Hackmann (University of Szczecin, University of Greifswald) © Marii Väljataga, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I, Marii Väljataga, certify that I am the author of the work A small nation in monuments. A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297).
    [Show full text]
  • Nürnbergi Kohtualuste Autograafid Eesti Sõjamuuseumi
    347 Nürnbergi kohtualuste autograafi d Eesti Sõjamuuseumi – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseumi kogudes Mart Lätte 2007. aasta kevadsuvel jõudis Eesti Sõjamuuseumi – Kindral Laidoneri Muuseumi kogudesse üks huvitav kollektsioon Kanadast. Korporatsiooni Fraternitas Estica auvilistlase Paavo Loosbergi vahendusel sai muuseum Evald (Tommy) Tomsoni kollektsiooni, mis on seotud Nürnbergis toi- munud sõjakohtute protsessidega Hitleri-Saksamaa sõjakurjategijate üle. Tommy Tomson (1924–2006) elas pärast Teist maailmasõda Kanadas. Ta oli sealsetes ringkondades tuntud kui sõja-, pilli- ja kirjamees ning fotograaf, kes osales võimaluse korral alati eestlaste üritustel.1 Tomsoni kõnealune kollektsioon pärineb ajast, mil ta teenis Nürnbergis USA okupatsioonivägedele alluvas 4221. eesti vahikompaniis, mis valvas sõjakurjategijaid, kelle üle seal tollal kohut mõisteti. Ajal, mil ta teenis vahikompaniis, kogus ta ka vangide autograafe. 2007. aastal jõudsid need kirjutised Eesti Sõjamuuseumi. Alljärgnev artikkel annab peale auto- graafi de tutvustamise lühiülevaate pärast Teist maailmasõda tegutsenud Eesti vahi kompaniist, kus Tommy Tomson teenis, ning Nürnbergi kohtu- protsessidest. 1 Lähemalt Tomsonist vt nt „Leinateade: Tommy Tomson,” Eesti Elu, 21. juuli 2006, http:// www.eesti.ca/index.php?op=article&articleid=13778 (19. jaanuar 2011) ja Eerik Purje, „Tommyt mälestades, ” Eesti Elu, 1. september 2006, http://www.eesti.ca/index.php?op=article&articleid= 14076, 19. jaanuar 2011. 348 Mart Lätte Eesti vahikompanii Pärast Teist maailmasõda leidsid paljud sakslaste poolel võidelnud eesti mehed end lääneliitlaste sõjavangilaagritest. Sealt vabastama hakati neid 1945. aasta suvel, viimased mehed vabastati 1948. aasta sügisel.2 USA oku- patsioonitsoonis said viimased eestlastest sõjavangid vabaks 1946. aasta novembris.3 Paljud neist leidsid teenistuse Saksamaal USA sõjaväe juures moodustatud vahi- ja töökompaniides. Kompaniide moodustamisel oli suur roll Balti riikidest pärit inimestel, kes tegid agaralt lobitööd, et leida oma rahvuskaaslastele kompaniide näol teenistusvõimalus.
    [Show full text]
  • Lars Westerlund, the Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities
    LARS WESTERLUND The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 SKS The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 LARS WESTERLUND THE FINNISH SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES against Jews, Civilians and Prisoners of War in Ukraine and the Caucasus Region 1941–1943 An Archival Survey Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura – Finnish Literature Society Kansallisarkisto – The National Archives of Finland Helsinki 2019 Steering Group Permanent State Under-Secretary Timo Lankinen, Prime Minister’s Office / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland Legal Adviser Päivi Pietarinen, Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Production Manager, Tiina-Kaisa Laakso-Liukkonen, Prime Minister’s Office / Secretary Project Group Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland / Vice-Chair Associate Professor Antero Holmila, University of Jyväskylä Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor Pia Letto-Vanamo, University of Helsinki Professor Kimmo Rentola, University of Helsinki Academy Research Fellow Oula Silvennoinen, University of Helsinki Docent André Swanström, Åbo Akademi University Professor, Major General Vesa Tynkkynen, The National Defence University Professor Lars Westerlund Researcher Ville-Pekka Kääriäinen, The National Archives of Finland / Secretary Publisher’s Editor Katri Maasalo, Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Proofreading and translations William Moore Maps Spatio Oy Graphic designer Anne Kaikkonen, Timangi Cover: Finnish Waffen-SS troops ready to start the march to the East in May or early June 1941. OW Coll. © 2019 The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Kirjokansi 222 ISBN 978-951-858-111-9 ISSN 2323-7392 Kansallisarkiston toimituksia 22 ISSN 0355-1768 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License.
    [Show full text]