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Thesis with Signature Marii Valjataga A small nation in monuments A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century Marii Väljataga Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, June 30, 2016 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization A small nation in monuments A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century Marii Väljataga Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Pavel Kolář (EUI) - Supervisor Professor Alexander Etkind (EUI) Professor Siobhan Kattago (University of Tartu) Prof. dr hab. Jörg Hackmann (University of Szczecin, University of Greifswald) © Marii Väljataga, 2016 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author Researcher declaration to accompany the submission of written work Department of History and Civilization - Doctoral Programme I, Marii Väljataga, certify that I am the author of the work A small nation in monuments. A study of ruptures in Estonian memoryscape and discourse in the 20th century I have presented for examination for the Ph.D. at the European University Institute. I also certify that this is solely my own original work, other than where I have clearly indicated, in this declaration and in the thesis, that it is the work of others. I warrant that I have obtained all the permissions required for using any material from other copyrighted publications. I certify that this work complies with the Code of Ethics in Academic Research issued by the European University Institute (IUE 332/2/10 (CA 297). The copyright of this work rests with its author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This work may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. This authorisation does not, to the best of my knowledge, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that this work consists of 156,328 words. Signature and date: June 30, 2016 Abstract This thesis examines the monumental landscapes and historical culture in 20th century Estonia. It considers a network of three major socio-political upheavals and mnemonic ‘ruptures’ in the society’s path for an exploration of how memory places and the memories they represent survived, responded to, or drew upon the political changes. The study follows Estonian monuments to the War of Independence (1918-1920), and proposes discourse units such as freedom and nation as a basis for interrogating the processes of their construction, destruction, altering, and eventual reconstruction. It examines the mechanisms of a mnemonic rupture, and searches for breaks alongside continuities in its aftermath. More generally, the thesis proposes a triple-change argument for the investigation of an Eastern European memory landscape, and poses a question of cross-rupture permanences in such borderland memory sites. i ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................. VII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS: CHRONOLOGY AND DISCOURSE UNITS .................................................................... 5 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER I ..................................................................................................................................... 15 MEMORY AND MONUMENTS – THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................. 15 INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE MEMORY ...................................................................................................... 15 MEMORY AND HISTORY .......................................................................................................................... 30 MEMORY AND SPACE: MONUMENTS AS PLACES OF MEMORY ......................................................................... 37 CHAPTER II .................................................................................................................................... 43 SMALL NATION MEMORY – THE ESTONIAN ‘TYPE’ ......................................................................... 43 SIZE, LAND AND SEA ............................................................................................................................... 43 BORDER ............................................................................................................................................... 53 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................................... 59 ‘FOREIGN’ MEMORYSCAPES .......................................................................................................... 59 THE STATUE OF PETER THE GREAT AND THE MEMORY OF CZARIST RUSSIA ....................................................... 59 THE MONUMENT DISCOURSE AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE PETER DEBATE .................................................... 66 THE MEMORY OF VATER RHEIN AND THE BALTIC GERMANS .......................................................................... 74 CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................................... 81 MONUMENTS TO THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1918-1939 .......................................................... 81 COMMUNAL GRIEF ................................................................................................................................. 82 Pärnu ......................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Torma ........................................................................................................................................................................ 87 SOCIAL CONSTITUTION ........................................................................................................................... 90 FREEDOM AND YOUTH: THE MONUMENT TO THE TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF TALLINN ................................... 94 The idea and the agents ............................................................................................................................................ 94 iii The discursive construction of ‘freedom’ and ‘youth’ .............................................................................................. 97 The space and visuals .............................................................................................................................................. 101 The opening ceremony and performative traditions .............................................................................................. 105 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 108 THE CONSTRUCTION OF ‘NATION’ IN TARTU KALEVIPOEG MONUMENT .......................................................... 109 Conclusion: From Kalevipoeg to the Victory Column .............................................................................................. 125 CHAPTER V .................................................................................................................................. 129 THE EXPERIENCE OF WORLD WAR II ............................................................................................ 129 THE FIRST SOVIET YEAR AND ITS HISTORICAL CULTURE, 1940-1941 ............................................................. 131 Historical Background ............................................................................................................................................. 131 Historical culture and ideology ............................................................................................................................... 138 Artistic directions .................................................................................................................................................... 142 Changes to monumental landscapes ...................................................................................................................... 145 THE GERMAN OCCUPATION: THE EMERGENCE OF THE SOVIET ‘ENEMY’ AND THE GERMAN ‘LIBERATOR’ .............. 153 Historical background ............................................................................................................................................. 153 The restoration of monuments and the recharging of discourse units .................................................................. 163 Image of ‘bulwark’ restored ............................................................................................................................... 165 Freedom and youth in the rhetoric of The Boy .................................................................................................. 173 Responses to the mnemonic layer of nation
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