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LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ, 1941–1945 1 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas Okupācijas Politika Latvijā: Avoti Un Historiogrāfija 3

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LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ, 1941–1945 1 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas Okupācijas Politika Latvijā: Avoti Un Historiogrāfija 3 LATVIJAS VĒSTURNIEKU KOMISIJAS RAKSTI 11. sējums LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ, 1941–1945 1 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 3 Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisijas raksti 11. sējums Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia Volume 11 2 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 3 Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija Latvijas Universitātes Latvijas vēstures institūts Latvijas Universitātes Vēstures un filozofijas fakultāte LATVIJA NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS VARĀ 1941–1945 Starptautiskās konferences referāti 2003. gada 12.–13. jūnijs, Rīga LATVIA UNDER NAZI GERMAN OCCUPATION 1941–1945 Materials of an International Conference 12–13 June 2003, Riga Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds Rīga 2004 4UDK 94(474.3)“1941/1945”(063) Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 5 La 804 Redakcijas kolēģija Dr. habil. hist., prof. ANDRIS CAUNE (atbildīgais redaktors), Dr. habil. hist., prof. INESIS FELDMANIS, Dr. habil. hist., prof. emeritus HEINRIHS STRODS, Dr. hist. IRĒNE ŠNEIDERE Sastādītājs Dr. hist. DZINTARS ĒRGLIS Redaktores RITA KĻAVIŅA, VIJA STABULNIECE Korektore BRIGITA VĀRPA Māksliniece INĀRA JĒGERE Datormaketētāja MARGARITA STOKA Grāmata izdota par Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisijas finansiālajiem līdzekļiem ISBN 9984–601–55–2 © Latvijas Universitātes Latvijas vēstures institūts, 2004 4 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 5 SATURS Priekšvārds . 9 Latvijas Republikas Valsts prezidentes Vairas Vīķes-Freibergas uzruna konferences dalībniekiem . 13 Pirmā plenārsēde NACISTISKĀS VĀCIJAS OKUPĀCIJAS POLITIKA LATVIJĀ: AVOTI UN HISTORIOGRĀFIJA Antonijs Zunda Vācijas okupācijas varas politika Latvijā (1941–1945): vērtējums historiogrāfijā . 17 Dmitrijs Oļehnovičs Karikatūra kā “kara ierocis”: dažas tendences nacionālsociālistiskajā propagandā . 30 Irēna Saleniece Vērmahta karavīri Latvijas iedzīvotāju atmiņā (pēc mutvārdu vēstures avotiem) . 40 Uldis Neiburgs ASV izlūkdienests OSS un tā dokumenti par Latviju nacistu okupācijas laikā (1941–1945) . 48 Otrā plenārsēde NACISTU OKUPĀCIJAS POLITIKA LATVIJĀ: PĒTNIECĪBAS PROBLĒMAS UN UZDEVUMI Inesis Feldmanis Vācu okupācija Latvijā (1941–1945): izpētes aktuālās problēmas un risinājumi . 59 Heinrihs Strods Pirmā boļševiku okupācijas gada darbinieku un padomju varas atbalstītāju liktenis 1941.–1945. gadā . 72 Kārlis Kangeris Igaunijas Zemes pašpārvalde pirms 1942. gada 7. marta reformas: skatiens no Latvijas . 83 Edvīns Evarts Vācu okupācijas varas ekonomiskā politika Latvijā Otrā pasaules kara laikā . 100 Juris Pavlovičs Okupācijas varu maiņas īpatnības Liepājā un tās tuvākajā apkārtnē: aktīvās karadarbības faktoru analīze . 108 Trešā plenārsēde LATVIJA OTRĀ PASAULES KARA GADOS: KOLABORĀCIJA, PRETOŠANĀS, SABIEDRISKĀ DOMA UN ĀRĒJIE FAKTORI Andrievs Ezergailis Kolaborācija vācu okupētajā Latvijā: piedāvāta, bet noraidīta . 119 6 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 7 Aleksandrs Kokurins Latvijas PSR Iekšlietu tautas komisariāta galvenie darbības virzieni 1940.–1941. gadā . .141 Roberts G. Vaits Pretvācu noskaņojums Latvijā (1941–1944) . 154 Katrīna Reihelte Latvijas neatkarības dienas – 18. novembra nozīme nacistu politikā (1941–1943) . 177 Matss Dēlands Zviedrijas–Latvijas Palīdzības komiteja, Vācijas–Baltijas un Zviedrijas izlūkdienests un tā saistība ar kara noziedznieku uzņemšanu Zviedrijā . 188 Juoko Talonens Latvijas evanģēliski luteriskā baznīca vācu okupācijas laikā (1941–1945) . 197 Bjorns Mihaels Felders SS Jagdverband Ost (1944–1945): gadījumizpēte . 221 Krājumā ievietoto rakstu autori . 228 CONTENTS Preface . 9 Opening Address of the President of the Republic of Latvia Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga . 13 1st plenary session NAZI GERMAN OCCUPATION POLICY IN LATVIA: SOURCES AND HISTORIOGRAPHY Antonijs Zunda The Policies of the German Occupation Rule in Latvia (1941–1945): Opinions in Historiography . 17 Dmitrijs Oļehnovičs Caricature as a “Weapon of War”: Some Tendencies in Nazi Propaganda . 30 Irēna Saleniece Wehrmacht Soldiers in the Memory of the People of Latvia (according to oral sources of history) . 40 Uldis Neiburgs US Intelligence Service OSS (Office of Strategic Services) and Its Documents on Latvia in the Period of Nazi Occupation (1941–1945) . 48 2nd plenary session NAZI OCCUPATION POLICY IN LATVIA: PROBLEMS AND TASKS OF RESEARCH Inesis Feldmanis Nazi Occupation Policy in Latvia (1941–1945): Current Problems of Research and Solutions . 59 6 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 7 Heinrihs Strods Extermination of Activists and Supporters of the First Bolshevik Occupation in 1941–1945 . 72 Kārlis Kangeris Estlands Selbstverwaltung vor der Reform der landeseigenen Verwaltungen (07.03.1942) – Betrachtungen vom lettischen Standpunkt . 83 Edvīns Evarts Economic Policy of the German Occupation Rule in Latvia during World War II . 100 Juris Pavlovičs The Specifics of the Change of Occupying Powers in Liepāja and Its Environs: Analysis of Warfare Factors . 108 3rd plenary session LATVIA DURING THE YEARS OF WORLD WAR II: COLLABORATION, RESISTANCE, PUBLIC OPINION AND EXTERNAL FACTORS Andrievs Ezergailis Collaboration in German Occupied Latvia: Offered and Rejected . 119 Alexander Kokurin The Basic Activity Directions of the People’s Commissariat on Internal Affairs of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1940–1941 . 141 Robert G. Waite Some Aspects of Anti-German Sentiment in Latvia (1941–1944) . 154 Katrin Reichelt The Role of Latvia’s Independence Day, 18th November, in Nazi Occupation Policy, 1941–1943 . 177 Mats Deland The Swedish–Latvian Relief Committee, German–Baltic and Swedish Intelligence and Impact on the Reception of War Criminals in Sweden . 188 Jouko Talonen The Latvian Evangelical-Lutheran Church during the German Occupation . 197 in 1941–1945 Björn Michael Felder SS Jagdverband Ost (1944–1945): A Case Study . 221 The Authors of the Articles Published in this Collection . 228 8 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 9 8 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrāfija 9 PRIEKŠVĀRDS Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas gadi (1941–1945), kurus parasti tautā dēvē par vācu laiku, Latvijas vēsturē bija sarežģīts, ļoti pretrunīgs un grūti vērtējams laiks. Nacistu okupācija nomainīja tūkstošiem latviešu sāpīgi izjusto un pārdzīvoto pirmo padomju okupāciju, kuras rezultātā de facto tika iznīcināta Latvijas valsts. Ar vāciešiem tika saistītas cerības uz Latvijas neatkarības atjaunošanu, kas izrādījās nepamatotas. Nacistu sākotnējos plānos neietilpa suverēna Latvija, tie paredzēja Latvijas pakļau- šanu un ģermanizēšanu. Latvija kļuva par Austrumzemes (Ostlande) reihskomisariāta sastāvdaļu (ģenerālapgabalu). Tā sauktā Latviešu Zemes pašpārvalde, ko izveidoja 1942. gada martā, bija tiesībās ierobežota izpildvara. Vācu suverēno varu Latvijas ģenerālapgabalā realizēja reihskomisāram pakļautais ģenerālkomisārs. Nacistu okupācijas vara Latvijā ignorēja starptautiskās tiesības. Tā bija pilnā mērā atbildīga par Latvijas teritorijā izdarītajiem smagajiem noziegumiem pret civil- iedzīvotājiem. Nacistu teroram bija spilgti izteikts politiski rasistisks raksturs. Bez ebreju holokausta iznīcināja arī čigānus un garīgi slimos. Vācu represijas skāra komunistus un padomju aktīvistus, kā arī nacionālās pretošanās grupu dalībniekus. Vietējos iedzī- votājus iesaistīja vācu okupantu izveidotajā represīvajā sistēmā, mobilizēja militārajos formējumos, kā arī sūtīja uz Vāciju darba dienestā. Nacistu saimnieciskā politika bija virzīta uz Latvijas pilnīgu izlaupīšanu. 1998. gadā nodibinātā Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija jūtami aktivizēja pētniecību par Vācijas okupācijas varas politiku Latvijā Otrā pasaules kara gados. Darbā iesaistīti daudzi Latvijas, kā arī citu valstu vēsturnieki, novērojams pat īsts pētniecības bums. Izpētes procesā izvirzās un atklājas arvien jaunas problēmas, kuru risinājumā iespēja- mi dažādi varianti. Ar pētniecības jaunākajām atziņām par nacistu okupācijas politikas ievirzi Latvijā iepazīstināja 2003. gada 12. un 13. jūnija starptautiskā konference “Latvija nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas varā, 1941–1945”, kuru organizēja Latvijas Vēsturnieku komisija sadarbībā ar Latvijas Universitātes Vēstures un filozofijas fakul- tāti un LU Latvijas vēstures institūtu. Konferenci ievadīja Latvijas Valsts prezidentes V. Vīķes-Freibergas un Latvijas Universitātes rektora I. Lāča uzruna. Konferencē pie- dalījās vēsturnieki no deviņām valstīm un interesenti varēja noklausīties 26 saturīgus referātus. Šajā rakstu krājumā publicēti 16 referāti (papildināti un pārstrādāti), kuri tika nolasīti trijās no četrām konferences ietvaros notikušajām plenārsēdēm. Referāti par holokausta izpēti Latvijā tiks publicēti atsevišķā sējumā. Pirmajā plenārsēdē “Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un histo- riogrāfija” tika aplūkotas vācu okupācijas politikas avotpētnieciskās problēmas un to 10 Nacistiskās Vācijas okupācijas politika Latvijā: avoti un historiogrPriekšvārdsāfija 11 atspoguļojums historiogrāfijā. Vispārēju pārskatu par nacistu politikas dažādo aspektu izvērtējumu vēstures literatūrā sniedza Latvijas Universitātes profesors A. Zunda. Par karikatūru kā “kara ieroča” izmantošanu nacistiskajā propagandā referēja Latvijas Universitātes doktorants D. Oļehnovičs, savukārt ASV stratēģisko dienestu pārvaldes darbību un tās savāktos dokumentus par Latviju nacistu okupācijas laikā analizēja Latvijas Okupācijas muzeja pētnieks
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