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Home to the Reich: the Nazi Occupation of Europe's Influence on Life Inside Germany, 1941-1945

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Home to the Reich: the Nazi Occupation of Europe's Influence on Life Inside Germany, 1941-1945 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2015 Home to the Reich: The Nazi Occupation of Europe's Influence on Life inside Germany, 1941-1945 Michael Patrick McConnell University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation McConnell, Michael Patrick, "Home to the Reich: The Nazi Occupation of Europe's Influence on Life inside Germany, 1941-1945. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2015. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3511 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Michael Patrick McConnell entitled "Home to the Reich: The Nazi Occupation of Europe's Influence on Life inside Germany, 1941-1945." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in History. Vejas Liulevicius, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Denise Phillips, Monica Black, Daniel Magilow Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Home to the Reich: The Nazi Occupation of Europe’s Influence on Life inside Germany, 1941-45 A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Michael Patrick McConnell August 2015 Copyright © 2015 by Michael McConnell All rights reserved. ii Acknowledgements A research project is always a collective endeavor. I am exceedingly grateful for the support of the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the German Academic Exchange Service, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Conference Group for Central European History, the German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., the University of Tennessee, Knoxville’s Center for International Education, Department of History, and Center for the Study of War and Society. The generous assistance of these institutions made this dissertation possible. A heartfelt thank you also goes to my mentors at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville’s Department of History. Dr. Vejas Liulevicius was the Doktorvater par excellence; always ready to quickly lend advice and support, but also always aware that the student must chart their own course. The ways in which he positively shaped this project are far too numerous to list. I can only hope that this dissertation reflects his deep investment in my work, as well as his expert guidance. The care he shows for his students is equally reflected by Dr. Denise Phillips, and Dr. Monica Black. I am forever indebted to these mentors for their insight and support. The archivists and librarians who called my attention to new sources and patiently processed my many requests also deserve accolades. In particular, I acknowledge the professionalism of Vincent Slatt at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Christian Gropp at Landesarchiv Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf, Rudolf Kahlfeld at Landesverein Pulheim, Jan Warßischek at Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv Freiburg, and Dr. Thomas Roth, director of the NS- Dokumentationzentrum in Cologne. One of the many joys of research is the opportunity it provides to meet other scholars. Some of these encounters developed into not only professional, but personal, friendships. At the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, I would like to thank Jürgen Matthäus, Jan Lambertz, iii Martin Dean, and Geoffrey Megargee, staff members who for years provided encouragement and assistance. A special thank you also goes to Winson Chu and Jennifer Rodgers, two of my office mates while I was on fellowship at the Museum in spring 2012. They made my time there all the more enjoyable. At the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, I thank my colleagues Will Rall, Jordan Kuck, Brad Nichols, and Alison Vick for providing the kind of collegial and intellectually engaging atmosphere that is the mark of all good graduate programs. Along the way, I also developed close connections at several other institutions. Darren O’Byrne at the University of Cambridge offered me not only a spot on his conference panel, but also opened up his home and showed me a fantastic time in Ireland. I hope to someday return the favor. Special thanks as well to Ryan Stackhouse at the University of Florida for the many long and stimulating conversations about the German police and various archival collections. Although not a member of the academic tribe, Matthias Köhler deserves a special thank you for his generous hospitality while I stayed in Freiburg. Last but certainly not least, I also want to extend a special thank you to Dr. George Williamson and Dr. Daniel Riches, who guided my research during its earliest phases when I was a student at the University of Alabama. This dissertation, let alone my graduate career, would never have been possible without the unwavering support of my family. My deepest thanks of all go to my mother and father, who instilled in me compassion, a love of history, and a deep appreciation of knowledge. I wish all children were so fortunate. As my research developed into a dissertation, the passing of time claimed John Speer, Joan McConnell, Olga Savonik, and Charles Norris. All of these people were important early influences, and hearing their stories as a child sparked my interest in the past. Your spirit is alive, and I dedicate this work in loving memory. iv Abstract Between September 1944 and March 1945 the Nazi regime deported over 250,000 German civilians living in western Germany. These clearances drew upon brutal techniques of population control perfected earlier in occupied Europe. Led by veterans of the anti-partisan war in Eastern Europe, the Rhineland’s security personnel forcibly removed civilians from areas threatened by the Allied advance and appropriated their personal property, such as food and livestock, for the war effort. During the deportations, security officers forced men and teenage boys into militia units sent to the front, and executed suspected criminals, spies, and deserters. In theory and in practice, the Rhineland deportations were reminiscent of the so-called “dead zone” operations previously carried out in Nazi Europe to deny enemy partisans food and shelter. However, this time the regime used these methods to coerce its own war weary population into defending the country. This intersection between counterinsurgency methods and domestic policing during the last months of the Third Reich is the subject of this dissertation. It examines how a ruthless anti-partisan war waged abroad reshaped policing at home through the rotation of security personnel between outposts on the edges of Nazi Europe and offices inside Germany. Deploying personnel to war zones profoundly influenced the already radical nature of Nazi security culture. Participation in genocide and counterinsurgency operations hardened officers’ interpretation of contradictory civilian behaviors, and allowed them to conflate common criminality and war weariness with resistance. The intentional use of criminal tropes to describe guerilla fighters encouraged personnel to draw parallels between their experiences abroad and the social unrest they confronted on the home front as the Third Reich collapsed, with tragic results. By tracing the careers of the security officers responsible for the atrocities committed in the Rhineland, my research highlights the strong continuities in ideas, policies, practices, and v personnel between Nazi Germany and its occupied territories that caused violence against civilians on the German home front at the end of World War II. vi Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One: A Bitterly Conducted Struggle: Community, Criminality, and Policing Before 1933............................................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter Two: An Instrument in the Hands of the Führer: The Reich Security Main Office ...... 61 Chapter Three: The Reich’s Eastern Laboratory: Counterinsurgency in Theory and Practice 1941-1944 ..................................................................................................................................... 96 Chapter Four: Home to the Reich: The Return of Security Officers to Germany ..................... 145 Chapter Five: Fortress Germany: Volkskrieg, Volksgemeinschaft, and Apocalyptic Fantasy .. 188 Chapter Six: Misery without End: The Rhineland Deportations ................................................ 226 Chapter Seven: Between Continuity and Collapse: The Rhineland’s Prisons ............................ 270 Chapter Eight: Bandits, Slavs, and Criminals: The Rhineland’s Topography of Violence ........ 303 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................
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