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GUERNICA: 80 AÑOS DESPUÉS. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS SOBRE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL Y VÍCTIMAS Este libro es producto de la compilación de los escritos aportados en el Seminario Internacional “Guernica: 80 años después. Lecciones aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Víctimas” realizado el 21 de abril de 2017 en Costa Rica. Este Seminario fue organizado por la Universidad para la Paz en unión a la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio de Sofía Gandarias. Museo de la Paz Guernica. España, la Universidad del Rosario de Colombia y Berg Institute de España, en donde un conjunto de expertos en relaciones internacionales, historia y GUERNICA: 80 años después. arte, analizaron y reflexionaron sobre el impacto del Bombardeo de Guernica y la evolución en los conflictos armados internacionales, el impacto en GUERNICA:GUERNICA: las técnicas y regulaciones del Derecho 80 años después Internacional de los conflictos armados y el lugar Internacional y Víctimas Derecho sobre Lecciones aprendidas 80 años después que las víctimas civiles juegan dentro del drama de la guerra. Lecciones aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Víctimas GUERNICA: 80 AÑOS DESPUÉS. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS SOBRE DERECHO INTERNACIONAL Y VÍCTIMAS Dr. Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo Editor Guernica: 80 años después. Lecciones aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Víctimas ISBN 978-9930-542-14-9 Impreso en San José, Costa Rica por pDigital / [email protected] Octubre 2019. INDICE Guernica: 80 años después. Lecciones aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Víctimas Presentación Francisco Rojas Aravena. Rector Universidad para la Paz .............5 Nota del editor Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo. Decano Universidad para la Paz ............7 Palabras de Mercedes Peñas. Primera Dama de Costa Rica y Representante exoficio del Gobierno de Costa Rica en el Consejo de la Universidad ...........................................................11 Reflexión sobre el Guernica en el octogésimo aniversario, Pelayo Castro Zuzuarregui Embajador de la Unión Europea acreditado en Costa Rica .......................................................................15 Guernica el origen europeo del Derecho Internacional Humanitario y los crímenes invisibilizados. Joaquin Gonzalez Ibañez. Co-Director Instituto Berg ...................17 80 años del bombardeo a Guernica: el debate continúa. Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo. Decano Universidad para la Paz ......... 41 Tormenta de fuego sobre Guernica. Jesús González de Miguel, Berg Institute ......................................57 La Memoria de las Victimas: Una Lección aprendida para la superación de la barbarie. Julio Andrés Sampedro Arrubla ...................................................73 El Guernica: Arte, Vanguardia y Memoria Histórica. Javier López De Goicoechea Zabala ............................................89 Retos actuales y desafíos futuros del Derecho a la Verdad. Reflexiones desde una visión actual del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Jorge Rodríguez Rodríguez ..........................................................113 La Oveja negra. Lic. Florencia Schkolnik. Observatorio de Violencia de Genero, Fiscalía de Buenos Aires .....137 Víctimas del Conflicto Armado: Lecciones Aprendidas de la Experiencia Myanmar. Mónica Paniagua Zelada, M.A. ............147 Presentación En ocasión de los 80 años del bombardeo a la población vasca de Guernica, la Universidad para la Paz convocó a una mesa de reflexión para desarrollar de forma retrospectiva, la evolución de los conflictos armados y su impacto en la actualidad. De esa forma, la Universidad invitó a profesores de Universidades de España, Colombia Estados Unidos y Japón, así como miembros del consejo de nuestra Universidad, representantes diplomáticos, del Gobierno de Costa Rica y académicos de nuestra institución para intercambiar sobre estas ocho décadas de conflicto en el mundo. El presente volumen recoge las ponencias presentadas en esa opinión como un reflejo del enjundioso intercambio de las miradas globales sobre la conflictividad de un lado a otro del mundo. Quisiera agradecer al Profesor Juan Carlos Sainz Borgo, Decano de la Universidad para la Paz y el equipo de apoyo del Departamento de Estudios Regionales por organizar y llevar adelante este evento. Quisiera especialmente agradecer a Enrique Barón Crespo, Canciller de la Universidad para la Paz, por facilitar la obra de Sofía Gandaría para que sirviera de imagen de este evento, tanto en el afiche de promoción como en la portada de esta publicación. Dr. Francisco Rojas Aravena Rector. 5 6 Nota del Editor: Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo, Decano, Universidad para la Paz La Universidad para la Paz convocó 21 de abril 2017 en ocasión del aniversario del ataque a la ciudad española en el marco de la Guerra Civil el conversatorio: Guernica: 80 años después. Lecciones aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Victimas en su campo principal de la ciudad de San José en Costa Rica. El programa del evento se desarrollo en los siguientes módulos: Una sesión introductoria con la participación del Dr. Francisco Rojas Aravena. Rector de la Universidad para la Paz, la Señora Mercedes Peñas, Primera Dama de la República de Costa Rica y Miembro del Consejo de la Universidad para la Paz; Embajador Pelayo Castro. Jefe de la Delegación de la Unión Europea en Costa Rica; Señor Jaime Ramos. Consul General. Embajada de España en Costa Rica y el Dr. Joaquín González Ibáñez, Co-Director del Berg Institute, y Profesor de la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio. Una primera sesión titulada: El bombardeo a Guernica: una perspectiva histórica, con la participación: Dr. Julio Sampedro Arrubla, Decano de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Javeriana de Colombia; Profesor Hirose Saroshi Vice Director del Centro de Investigación sobre la Abolición de Armas Nucleares. Universidad de Nagazaky y Dr. Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo, Decano de la Universidad para la Paz. La segunda sesión Víctimas, género y conflicto armado, se desarrolló siguiendo las ponencias de la Profesora Macarena Sáez, Directora 7 Juan Carlos Sainz-Borgo del Centro de Derechos Humanos y DIH, Washington College of Law-American University; Dra. Mirian Estrada. Profesora del Departamento de Derecho Internacional de la Universidad para la Paz; Dra. Florencia Schkolnik, Observatorio de Violencia de Genero, Fiscalía de Buenos Aires, Argentina y el Sr. Mateo Gómez Vásquez, Despacho del Defensor del Pueblo de Colombia. El tercer panel, abordó el tópico: Arte, conflictos y conciencia cívica Guernica: Sr. Benoît Van Innis, Artista plástico belga; Sra. Bela Silva, Artista portuguesa; moderado por el Dr. Joaquín González Ibáñez, Co-Director del Berg Institute, Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio. Lecciones aprendidas: Las víctimas civiles en los conflictos armados, con la participación de las profesoras de la Universidad para la Paz, Dra. Mayumi Yamada, Universidad para la Paz. Caso: Sudan del Sur. África M.A. Monica Paniagua., Universidad para la Paz. Caso: Myanmar. Asia; moderado por Dr. Juan Carlos Sainz- Borgo, Decano de la Universidad para la Paz. Y un panel final sobre La Protección de los civiles en el escenario actual, liderado por el Sra. Montserrat Solano. Defensora de los Habitantes de Costa Rica; Prof. Eduardo Cifuentes Muñoz, Profesor, Universidad de los Andes, ex Defensor del Pueblo de Colombia y ex Presidente de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia y Dr. Jorge Rodríguez Rodríguez, sobre el Derecho a la verdad y derecho internacional en relación con graves violaciones de los derechos humanos. Quisiera aprovechar estas líneas para agradecer a la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Javeriana de Colombia, al Instituto Berg de Derechos Humanos por su patrocinio para realizar este evento. Asimismo, quiero agradecer a Karen Acosta, Monica Paniagua y Mariateresa Garrido, quienes sin descuidar sus permanentes responsabilidades, prestaron todo el apoyo para el éxito de este evento y su posterior publicación. El siguiente volumen recoge algunas de las ponencias presentadas por parte de los participantes, en un esfuerzo por difundir el pensamiento histórico sobre los conflictos y su reflejo sobre la comprensión del futuro. El conflicto civil español fue en muchas formas antesala de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero también fue el inicio de una espiral de uso de la violencia en contra de las civiles, que se desarrollará 8 Guernica: 80 Años Después Lecciones Aprendidas sobre Derecho Internacional y Víctimas aún más a lo largo del siglo XX y que durante el siglo XXI no ha disminuido. Estas ponencias son un testimonio del espacio de dialogo que representa nuestra institución, que se empeña en materializar el legado del fundador de la Universidad, Don Rodrigo Carazo, “quien quiere paz, debe prepararse para la paz.” San José, 2019. 9 10 Palabras de Mercedes Peñas. Primera Dama de Costa Rica y Representante exoficio del Gobierno de Costa Rica en el Consejo de la Universidad. Envió un saludo muy especial del Presidente de la República (Luis Guillermo Solis) que me pidió expresamente que trasladara a este Foro un fraternal saludo y su reconocimiento por la temática trascendental que se aborda. Guernica representa sin duda una tragedia humana pero también es un recordatorio de las peores prácticas de las que los más tenebrosos espíritus de nuestra especie son capaces de ejecutar. En efecto, si bien aquel acto atroz conmovió a la conciencia internacional de su tiempo, su recuerdo estremecedor continúa siendo una permanente expresión de la brutalidad de la guerra y en particular de la guerra que injustamente se abate sobre las poblaciones
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    Before Babel: A History of Basque Literatures Joseba Gabilondo BαRβaπoaK © 2016 Barbaroak. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. Design: Joseba Gabilondo. Photographs: Wikimedia commons. ISBN: 978-1530868322 Library of Congress Cataloging Data: PH5281 .G33 2014 Barbaroak, LLC. www.barbaroak.com Only Basques preserve, to our days, their vulgar and barbarian language, which does not show any elegance, and is very different from the rest of languages and the most ancient of Spain, […] it is said that the whole Spain made use of the Basque language before the Romans entered these provinces and, with their arms, spread their language. It is also said that, because these Basque people were vulgar, ferocious, and wild […] and the mountains they inhabited were inaccessible, they never fell completely under the yoke of the foreign empire, or they shook it swiftly. Juan de Mariana, General History of Spain, (1601). What are we waiting for while congregated in the forum? The barbarians are expected to arrive today. Why is there such lack of action in the senate? Why are the senators sitting still and do not legislate? Because the barbarians will arrive today. … Why are the streets and public squares becoming empty? And everybody is going home with skeptical thoughts? Because night has fallen and the barbarians did not arrive. Some people came from the border And reported that the barbarians do not exist anymore. Now what are we going to do without barbarians? These people were after all a kind of solution. Constantine P. Cavafy. “Waiting for the Barbarians.” (1904; translation by Konstantinos Karpozilos).
  • Beyond Guernica and the Guggenheim

    Beyond Guernica and the Guggenheim

    Beyond Guernica and the Guggenheim Beyond Art and Politics from a Comparative Perspective a Comparative from Art and Politics Beyond Guernica and the Guggenheim This book brings together experts from different fields of study, including sociology, anthropology, art history Art and Politics from a Comparative Perspective and art criticism to share their research and direct experience on the topic of art and politics. How art and politics relate with each other can be studied from numerous perspectives and standpoints. The book is structured according to three main themes: Part 1, on Valuing Art, broadly concerns the question of who, how and what value is given to art, and how this may change over time and circumstance, depending on the social and political situation and motivation of different interest groups. Part 2, on Artistic Political Engagement, reflects on another dimension of art and politics, that of how artists may be intentionally engaged with politics, either via their social and political status and/or through the kind of art they produce and how they frame it in terms of meaning. Part 3, on Exhibitions and Curating, focuses on yet another aspect of the relationship between art and politics: what gets exhibited, why, how, and with what political significance or consequence. A main focus is on the politics of art in the Basque Country, complemented by case studies and reflections from other parts of the world, both in the past and today. This book is unique by gathering a rich variety of different viewpoints and experiences, with artists, curators, art historians, sociologists and anthropologists talking to each other with sometimes quite different epistemological bases and methodological approaches.