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The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview

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The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview Assurlular Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tann Assur'un Kralhg1 The Assyrians .hm11.dum uf tltc (;,,._[ l ur ltm•J T1g1l '' Trmru~ Assur Kenti ve Assur Krall1g1 Tarihine Genel Baki§ The City of Assur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview KAREN RADN ER* Assur medeniyetinin arkeolojik ke~fi MS 19. yüz}'ll ortalannda Tb.: a1< h.tcologu:al discoven ol A•sH ra brWJn m tlat mi•ll\1'1' et·tlf1H Y \0 (L1.rsen l!l\11)) >\1 rhat ume, ba~lamt~tJr (Larsen 1996). 0 zamanlarda Osmanh imparator­ frcnc h nnd Ar iri~h dip1om m ;md 1racl.- eh if•galt''i sta­ lugu topraklarmda görev yapan Franstz ve ingiliz diplomatlar uotwrl in thc Olll man Emp1re us d theu spare llme ile ticari temsilciler bo~ zamanlannda Musul kenti ~evresinde 10 c.;xplort' tht• rq~ion .mmnd Iht> < ity ot Mosul :md ke§if gczileri yaparken; inive, Kalhu ve Dur-~arrukin'de ki tlllcU\ercd the r<:mö&ins nftht' tO):&I cilie' ol ~mt wh, k.raliyet kentlerinin k.almulanm ortaya <;tkarmt§lardL Eski K.. ll•u nml Dur-~aa rukcn. Thc• cll~ro\• ry ot a lo5t civ1 Ji?~tinu wr1h .1 ~troug Bihlir .tl comwnion com­ Ahit ile gü~lü bir baglantlSt olan bu kaytp medeniyetin ke~ ­ cidcd w1th thc creation of gr ancl nun. urns in l'.urs fi, Paris ve Londra'da bir yandan halk1 egiten bir yandan ,tnd l.onrlon tlr.•I '"11~h1 to t>dtiCllll' !Iw puhlic \\lalle da imparatorluklarm dünyayt sarsan gücünü orlaya koyma­ simuh.m.. uush clemtHISII.tling 1h• impt:tl.tl p<mer s' Y' ama<;layan büyük müzelerin kurulmaslyla aynt zarnanda hold OH'r the wotld, and '\ss} aan galletrc 1\"de Cle­ ated iu holh tht Lolll~< 31111!111' lhitish l\ ln~cum . ln­ gerc;ek le ~m i~ ve hern Louvre'da hem de British Museum'da spit·cd b1 thes• muse11rns tlw llllJlf'l ial Mu<cutn 111 Assur galerileri olu§turulmu§tu. Bu müzelerden esinlenerek lst;,ubul w:u est lhlisht·d 11 1 11-1()1, sntte u~ lr>undauon 189l'de istanbul'da Müze-i Hümayun adtyla kurulan impara­ with ·111 \swrion •e• tiun Sm<.e the hcroi< ag•· of \•~)ridn ;uchteolt g} 10 torluk müzesinde de kurulu~undan itibaren Assur eserlerine the l'l' cenLul 1 m.uw mure \")'1"1<111 ~lllemems ayn lmt ~ bir bölüm yer almaktadtr. hm<' bcen irlelltilio::rlnwl c·xt ..\i llcd. 111'"' t:XIt~mil't'i\' Assur arkeolojisinin MS 19. yüzytldaki kahramanhk c;agm­ 111 Irnq, S) ria, hrn<"l and Turke). Wllh fn1ther 'ites 10 dan bu yana, c;ogu Irak, Suriye, israil ve Türkiye'de yer almak­ lru n, L··hanon anrl Jor dan p rm ahng llllpurt.nll Ln­ la heraber iran, Lübnan ve Ürdün'de de bulunan birc;ok As­ fm matiou (MacGmnis \\ id;.e I •I nnhcld ~Olo). llut II is her. ll'e of the fat I rhm rlnr.ahlc cl, \ und ~lOilC sur yerle~iminin tespit edilmesi ve kaztlmastyla önemli bilgiler wen.• 1h .. ,\ ~') 1 ian §' nt• ''' nullllltlll writtll!l, mnll'l" tals elde edilmi~tir (MacCinnis, Wicke, Creenfield 2016). Ancak that wc lmo" su much 3hmu tl ci1 lu>tory and cul­ Assur tarihi ve kültürüne dair bu denli <;:ok bilgi sahibi olma­ tun:. mizm astl nedeni, Assurlularm yaygm olarak kil ve ~ gibi Tbe Assyrian Heartland a nd its dayamkh malzemeler üzerine yazmt~ olmalandtr. Ct!ography fhe A S)t ian heattl:md (Radn 1 2111 Ja) hcs m what is Assur Anayurdu ve Cografyast wday ncmhern h-;aq lt 1s 1h.- llr.mgl< rldint:d by tllt' Assur Kralligt'nm anayurdu bugünkü Kuzey Irak'ta yer al­ ciLit:~ I)I Asstn (Qnla'at Shctq,II.Jil'tnortla of mmlctll ltkm) in the somh, Nutelch (C< \Cted h1 the modern maktadtr (Radner 20lla). Üc;gen bic;imli bu bölgenin stmr­ cit) ul MO>lliJ 111 lht· norlh .mrl Arb.11l roH·n·tl h} lanm üc; büyük kent belirler: Güneyde modern Tikrit'in he­ modern ft bil) 111 dw <'ll't. The 1t?S(IIlll ofll:rs ex< {')- men kuzeyindeki Kalat Serkat harabelerinin ait oldugu Assur kenti, kuzeyde üzeri modern Musul kentiyle örtülmü~ Ninive ve doguda modern Erbil kentinin alunda kalan Arbail. Akde­ • Lwlwig-\laxnmhans Unhasttlt Mllll(hen niz ikliminin ctkisi altmdaki bölgede yag t ~ rejimi, tanm i<;in k.~t•·n . ratllllt ' 'lrz.lltll·lllltCII< hr tt.tle 2 ASSURLU LAR: Diele' den Toroslar'a Tann Assur'un Kralltgt TJJE CITY m' ASSUR AND THE IUNGDOM Or' ASSYlUA: H JS1'0KICAL OVERVIEW kut t<>ut!niml' lur •'f\1 iuthlll t·, as thc Mcdtlt:l l .mean verimli topraklardan istifade edilmesine olanak tamyan mü• !Im tc and rt"suhant gvod rainfall conrl111ons allow kemmel ko§ullar sunmaklad1r. II t" n I .1hle cx pluil .. uon oi the fertile smls. Küc;ük ve Büyük Zap Suyu ba~ta gelmek üzere Dicle'nin Th rJVl"Jinc tr.llfl< network fonut•d bv the east- m tnb ll<Ut[~ uf tlu: Tigns, most nnportamly Llw dogu kollanmn olu~turdugu nehir ~ebekesi bölgenin bagda~ ­ t "" Z.th 11\'t't '· link' 1he rcgion together .tnd con· ttnct unsurudur. Bu nehirler, aym zamanda bölgenin Ana­ nl'Cts 11 '' tlll tht' Mcsupotamtan world betv.een Ana­ dolu ile Basra Körfezi arasmda yer alan Mezopotamya dün• toha .uod tht·l't 1 "an (,uJL Tht• neighbouring regtom yastyla da baglanustm saglar. Kuzey ve dogudaki kom~u böl­ 10 thc nonh .m I e.tst .ue dommatcd IJy thc mountam r wgn of r tut m and Zag1 os that offcr SJII't'r, troll. gelerde gümü~, demir, kereste ve ta§ kaynaklannm yan1 Slfa umbt 1 .uttl sl<Hte ,,_, weil '" pasnHt'5 for cattle and stgu ve atlar ir;:in otlaklar da sunan Toroslar ve Zagros Daglan hone \\estw.u d, he the steppe Iands of th~ jell­ hakimdir. Battya dogru, koyun otlatmaya uygun topraklanyla: lolh, good g1 Mi ug g1oUHd~ Iur shecp. To tht• sout h Cizre bölgesinin bozkm uzamr. Güneyde ise Ftrat ve Dicle'nin ., thc f loodpl.uu of thc Euphrates and Ti~ts whosc ptolmse ofp1mpc1il\ "tlmt:l) linkcd 10 thc abiltty ta~km ovalan yer al1 r ki bu nehirlerin vaat ettigi refah, yogun 1(1 maunain largt" ~cJk :111d lthour tntt•nsive artifioal emege dayah büyük öl<;ekli yapay sulama sistemleri kurabile­ trrigallun, .smltht"rclo• e 10 thc pohLKoll 01 g<m J'i.ltJon cek ve i~letebi lecek nitelikte bir iktidar gerektirdigindeo böl­ oftht 1egion. genin siyasi örgütlenmesi de bu yönde ~ek.illenmi~tir. 1 hcrc.: i, nut onl) ~xcellcn l etunomtc p01enual lor I"' ;•I proclut t ion, lmt ,d.,u Iur tr.ttle. Thc Assyt · Bölge yalmzca yerel üretim i ~in degil ticaret ir;:in de mü­ tan htartlaml 1s sinuted .st .1 kt:\ notlt• ol the long· kemmel bir ekonomik potansiyele sahiptir. Assur anayurdu, cl!-to.Ht« ro,ul ll<t\\<" k. Fit stly, the 1 mne that rum uzun mesafeli yol aglanntn kilit noktalanndan birinde yer Jluough Nna:\l h, tlong thc snuthe111 frinKC' of lht almaktad1r. Öncelikle,. inive'den ger;:erek Toros Daglan 'mn T.mru m< unt.•m ran •c tOllliC<ts tht• tegion to tlw J\!niJI<•t I ollll,IJI l"OilSl t I j(' Ollt tTOSSl SI he 'J\11 t\bdtl\ güney eteklerini takip eden yol, bölgeyi Akdeniz ktydanna ran~c • r full w-. tht uplu o~tc' ( f 1g I non hwa1 ds baglar. Yine bu yol üzerinde yer alan Tur Ab- a1 Kiu kl'lllJSh, to An.uniJ,,. St \u,tl l'•"ses at 1 oss lht din Daglan gec;ilerek ya da Karkaml§'lan ku­ i'-t:.:ros Mmunam~ pru\ldc .sct c" to Iran .md fur­ zeye dogru Ftrat (Fig. 1) boyu lakip edilerek Fig. 1: ther on, c, 11 Ii \" 1. llUJIIlf.\ th< 11 tltler, thc roull s F11·ac Nehri Vadisi, tltr<lLigh tht• l'auttJ~ and thc /,,').:"" t.ut~<'' a1e im­ Anadolu'ya ula§Jhr. Zagros Daglart'nda yer Ata türk Baraj1'm n güneyi (Foto: K. Köroglu). pa bh bt"C JUs< of snm,, and tlus offu t:<l good 111 o­ alan ge<;itler iran'a ve ardmdan Orta Asya'ya l< Cl 1011 10 1111 IH'dt l i.IIHI, its ditltill ' IVll 'figt j, 10 tllt' eri§me imkäru saglar. K1 ~ boyunca karla kaplt "1 ne ~:.uph ...r.._ ·~ I~,, \\ I Fi • 2) south ol \laLUrk Uam olmala n nedeniyle ger;:it vcrmeyen Tarostar ve (l'llotiJ. K. Köroglu). 3 THE ASSYRIANS Kmgdom oi' thc God AUur from Tigns to Taurus ASSUR KENTi VE ASSUR KRALLICH TARiHiNE GENEL BAKI1;1 MELID e ' HAITI TÜRKIYE 0 IR AN ePalmua AKDENiZ \ y E 9 d \)~ 1.. () 0 100 200 300 400 500km Fig. 2: Zagros Daglan, baudaki Diele Nehri gibi, As­ T he City of Assur and the God As~ur Yeni AssurDöncmi'nde sur anayurdunu korunakl1 kllmt ~tJr (Fig. 2). A~~\ 11,111 lmtcuv hc•gms in the Cll\ ol -\siur whu·h Mezopotamya ve ~ev re si was ümnrl<•d c· tri) in the 3"1 mlllenuium ßC, 111nst (K. Köroglu}. hkcl} ~" .t 1r.uhng empmmm to suppl} the SunH~• ­ \lcsupotd.UÜ -•<I Assur Kenti ve Tann Assur •an eines m thc: south <•fmodern lra<J with mc•n han I C ~hbonng I"I!'IOIIS Assur tarihi, büyük olasiltkla modern lrak'ln dtse from thc n<•rth The name Assu• rcfcrs as mm h d11111 g the r-:to-As'' nan 10 the rlt\ , < to thc deuv of the same name whose Pertod K. Köro'{lu . güneyindeki Sümer kentlerine kuzeyden ge­ temple rlommatcd th:u Cll} The god AB\11 and the Ien ticari mallart temin etmek i~in bir tica- < ity of AUur arc insepaiable.
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