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The Science of Time and Timeline of World History The Science of Time and Timeline of World History SUNIL SHEORAN eBook Edition v.1.0.0.1 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Sunil Sheoran All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, including information storage and retrieval systems, without the prior written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. However, this book is available to download for free in PDF format as an eBook that may not be reverse- engineered or copied, printed and sold for any commercial gains. But it may be printed for personal and non-commercial educational use in its original form, without any modification to its contents or structure. First English Edition 2017 (eBook v.1.0.0.1) Price: –0.00/– Sunil Sheoran Bhiwani, Haryana India - 127021 TheScienceOfTime.com Facebook: fb.com/thescienceoftime Twitter: twitter.com/Science_of_Time Email: tsotbook [at] gmail.com Prayer नमकृ तं महादवे ं िशवं सयं योगेरम् । I salute the great god Śiva, embodiment of truth & ultimate Yogī. नमकृ तं उमादवे महामाया महकारणम् ॥ 1 I salute Umā, the great illusory power & first principle of creation. नमकृ तं दवनायके ं पावकं मयूरवािहनम् । I salute the general of gods, the fiery one who rides a peacock. नमकृ तं अदवे ं सुमुखं ासायलेखकम् ॥ 2 I salute the first-worshipped, of beautiful face & the writer of Vyāsa. नमकृ तं नारायणं िवणुः जगधािरणम् । I salute Nārāyaṇa, the Viṣṇu, who holds the universe in himself. नमकृ तं भाकरं आिदयं जगपालकम् ॥ 3 I salute the Sun god, born of Aditi, who sustains the universe. नमकृ तं वयंभुवं आिदपुषं जापितम् । I salute Svayaṃbhuva who existed in the beginning, a lord of men. नमकृ तं सरवत वागीरी हसवािहनीमं ् ॥ 4 I salute Sarasvatī, the goddess of speech who rides a white swan. नमकृ तं ासदवे ं ानमूित नारायणम् । I salute Vyāsa, embodiment of all knowledge & Nārāyaṇa himself. नमकृ तं नमकृ तं नमकृ तं पुनः पुनः ॥ 5 I salute, salute and salute, again and again. Epigraph “Study Sanskrit, but along with it, study western sciences as well. Learn accuracy, my boys, study and labor so that the time will come when you can put our history on a scientific basis. For now, Indian history is disorganized. The histories of our country written by English writers cannot but be weakening to our minds, for they talk only of our downfall. How can foreigners, who understand very little of our manners and customs, or of our religion and philosophy, write faithful and unbiased histories of India? Naturally, many false notions and wrong inferences have found their way into them. Nevertheless, they have shown us how to proceed making researches into our ancient history. Now it is for us to strike out an independent path of historical research for ourselves, to study the Vedā and Purāṇā and the ancient annals (Itihāsa) of India, and from them make it your life’s sadhana (disciplined endeavor) to write accurate, sympathetic and soul-inspiring histories of the land. It is for Indians to write Indian History. Therefore, set yourselves to the task of rescuing our lost and hidden treasures from oblivion. Even as one’s child has been lost does not rest until one has found it, so do you never cease to labor until you have revived the glorious past of India in the consciousness of the people. That will be the true national education, and with its advancement, a true national spirit will be awakened. When the real history of India will be unearthed, it will be proved that, as in matters of religion, so in fine arts and sciences, India is the Primal Guru of the whole world.” Svāmī Vivekānanda Dedication Dedicated at the holy feet of the great sage Vedavyāsa, the ocean of all knowledge and the knower of all, the one who compiled and reorganized the Vedā, dictated the Purāṇa Saṃhitā and composed the Mahābhārata and without whose grace, this book could never have seen the light of the day. Note: Vedavyāsa (Kṛṣṇa Dvaipāyana), the son of sage Parāśara, was born from the womb of Kālī / Satyavatī, a fisherwoman, who later became the queen of King Śāntanu of Lunar line. The birth of Vedavyāsa took place when the 3rd Yuga of the 27th Dvāpara-Yuga had just elapsed. This means 3219 years (26*120+48+36+3*5) after the start of present age (4174 BCE): in the Saṁvatsara of 955 BCE, probably on the first day (Dec 14, 956 BCE) of its first month of Māgha, a day of Śrāvaṇa Nakṣatra: Bhāgavat Purāṇa 1.4.14: ापरे समनुाे तृतीये युगपयये । जातः पराशराद ् योगी वासां कलया हरेः ॥ dvāpare samanuprāpte tṛtīye yuga-paryaye | jātaḥ parāśarād yogī vāsavyāṁ kalayā hareḥ || Table of Contents Preface ......................................................................................... xiii Introduction ............................................................................... xxi List of Abbreviations .............................................................. xxv Chapter 1: The Science of Time 1. Introduction ............................................................................. 29 2. Vedic Saṃskṛt Numbers ........................................................ 30 3. Earth's Precession Cycle ....................................................... 44 4. Vedic Time Cycles ................................................................. 45 4.1 Tithi ................................................................................... 47 4.2 Nakṣatra ........................................................................... 48 4.3 Muhūrta ........................................................................... 54 4.4 Saṃvatsara .....................................................................58 4.5 Yuga ...............................................................................63 4.6 Mahā-Yuga ....................................................................65 4.7 Start of Mahā-Yuga Cycle (Manvantara) ....................69 4.8 Manvantara ...................................................................71 4.9 Kalpa ..............................................................................74 4.10 Parārdha & Parā ............................................................. 76 4.11 Three Great Destructions ........................................... 79 5. Nakṣatra Zodiac & Vedic Ayanāṃśa .................................. 81 5.1 Nakṣatra Zodiac & Sūrya Siddhānta ............................ 81 5.2 Vedic Ayanāṃśa ............................................................. 88 5.3 Nakṣatra Stars ................................................................. 92 5.4 Viṃśottarī Daśā .............................................................93 6. Origin of 12-Sign Zodiac ..................................................... 95 7. Greek Astronomy .................................................................. 99 8. Indian Astronomy ............................................................... 100 8.1 Saptaṛṣi Cycle & Vṛddha Garga .................................. 108 8.2 Āryabhaṭṭa ...................................................................... 112 8.3 Varāhamihira ................................................................. 114 8.4 Brahmagupta ................................................................. 117 9. Vedic Calendar .................................................................... 118 9.1 Nakṣatra Calculation ................................................... 127 9.2 Month Calculation ....................................................... 130 9.3 Mahā-Yuga & Yuga Tables .......................................... 130 10. Indian Eras ........................................................................... 132 Chapter 2: Timeline of World History 1. Introduction ........................................................................... 135 2. Timeline of Indian History ................................................ 138 2.1 Indus Valley Civilization .......................................... 139 2.2 Svayaṃbhuva Manu (3391 BCE) ................................ 147 2.3 Vaivasvat Manu (2811 BCE) ...................................... 155 2.4 Rāmāyaṇa Period ......................................................... 184 2.5 Mahābhārata Period .................................................... 189 2.6 Magadha & Ujjain Period ........................................... 197 2.7 Gupta Period ................................................................ 199 2.8 Kalki Avatāra ................................................................ 203 2.9 Vikramāditya, Vikrama Era & Śālivāhana ................. 205 2.10 Kṛta/Mālava Era ........................................................... 228 2.11 Yogī Gorakhanātha ....................................................... 232 2.12 King Bhoja .................................................................... 234 2.13 Rājataraṅgiṇī & Kings of Kashmir ........................... 238 2.14 Early Kings of Nepal ................................................. 243 2.15 Ādi Śaṅkara .................................................................... 245 2.16 After-Thought .............................................................. 256 3. Timeline of Western History ............................................. 258 3.1 Hebrews of Bible ......................................................... 258 3.2 Kings of Assyria & the Venus Tablet ...................... 265 3.3 Synchronized Lists of Assyria & Babylonia