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Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig Altenmüller, Nicole Alexanian, John Baines, Miroslav Barta, Mirosław Barwik, Michel Baud, Manfred Bietak, Edward Brovarski, Mikołaj Budzanowski, Gae Callender, Marek Chłodnicki, Vassil Dobrev, Anna-Maria Donadoni-Roveri, Günter Dreyer, Katja Goebs, Peter Janosi, Janusz Karkowski, Jaromir Krejči, Kamil Kuraszkiewicz, Audran Labrousse, Piotr Laskowski, Jadwiga Lipińska, Jaromir Malek, Marcel Maree, Dariusz Niedziółka, Andrzej Niwiński, Jacke Philips, Stephen Quirke, Laure Pantalacci, Joanna Popielska, Sławomir Rzepka, Stephan Seidlmayer, Rainer Stadelmann, Nabil Swelim, Joachim Śliwa, Břetislav Vachala, Miroslav Verner. i I am also much indebted to all the colleagues from the Saqqara and Deir el- Bahari missions as well as to members and staff of the following institutions: Institute of Egyptology, Charles University (Prague); Egypt Exploration Society (London); Griffith Institute (Oxford); Museo Egizio (Turin); Ägyptisches Museum, Charlottenburg (Berlin); Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University (Warsaw); Reseach Centre for Mediterranean Archaeology, Polish Academy of Science (Warsaw); Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, Warsaw University (Warsaw and Cairo). Warmest thanks are due to my colleagues from the Archaeological Museum in Poznań, especially to Marta Brink and Patrycja Silska. Work in the museums and libraries, collecting books, visiting Egypt and editorial works would not be possible without a financial support by the Commitee for Scientific Research (grant no.1 HO1H 003 18), and a PhD scholarship in the Faculty of History, Warsaw University (1996-2000). I am deeply grateful to the trustees of these two institutions who granted me with their confidence. Last, but not least, I should mention my family. My brother Maciek helped me in various matters concerning computer editing as well as everyday life. Agnieszka offered to me her invaluable presence and has nourished me during last years. She also made graphic works including digital reconstructions. And virtually everything I owe to my parents. This work is therefore dedicated to the memory of my mother. ii iii Table of Contents Abbreviations .........................................................................................vii List of Figures ............................................................................. .....xxviii Editorial Remarks ...............................................................................xxxii Chronology ........................................................................................xxxiii Part I. INTRODUCTION I.1. Mode of Research - Preliminary Remarks .........................................1 I.2. Recent Research on the Royal Reliefs of the Old Kingdom ..............9 I.3. Scope and Limitations of the Work ................................................. 12 I.4. Definitions and Terminological Problems ........................................16 I.5. Royal Mortuary Complexes of the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom - an Overview. Structure and Function of Various Parts of the Complex .................................................................... 25 I.6. Royal Reliefs beyond the Funerary Complexes and Other Comparative Material ................................................................... 37 Part II. DEVELOPMENT OF RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES TO THE END OF THE OLD KINGDOM II.1. Dynasties 0-II ................................................................................. 44 II.2. Dynasty III ..................................................................................... 60 II.3. Dynasty IV ...................................................................................... 81 II.4. Dynasty V ..................................................................................... 108 II.5. Dynasty VI .................................................................................... 131 II.6. Dynasty VIII ................................................................................. 146 Part III. SCENES - TYPOLOGY AND CONTENT III.1. Composition Rules and Typological Scheme ............................. 148 III.2. King at the Offering Table .......................................................... 152 III.3. King Enthroned, Facing Processions ........................................... 160 iv III.4. Offerings to Gods ......................................................................... 165 III.5. Assembly of Deities ...................................................................... 171 III.6. Suckling the King .......................................................................... 176 III.7. Embracing ..................................................................................... 184 III.8. Giving Life .................................................................................... 188 III.9. Coronation ..................................................................................... 192 III.10. Leading the King (Presentation?) ............................................... 192 III.11. Visiting Sanctuaries .................................................................... 193 III.12. Inspecting Cattle-enclosures and Tree-plantations ..................... 198 III.13. Smiting Enemies ......................................................................... 199 III.14. Trampling Enemies (King as Sphinx or Griffin) ........................ 205 III.15. Seshat Recording Booty (so-called ‘Libyan Family’) ................ 209 III.16. War Scenes ................................................................................. 210 III.17. Martial Competitions .................................................................. 212 III.18. Desert Hunt ................................................................................. 214 III.19. Hippopotamus Hunt .................................................................... 218 III.20. Spearing Fish .............................................................................. 220 III.21. Fowling with a Throwing-stick .................................................. 222 III.22. Fowling with a Net ..................................................................... 224 III.23. Heb-Sed (?): the King Running .................................................. 225 III.24. Heb-Sed : the King in the Chapel ............................................... 232 III.25. Heb Sed : Other Episodes ........................................................... 236 III.26. Foundation Ceremony ................................................................ 238 III.27. Building Activity ........................................................................ 240 III.28. Towing the Bark ......................................................................... 243 III.29. Run of Apis ................................................................................ 243 III.30. Driving the Four Calves ............................................................. 244 III.31. Hitting the Ball(?) ....................................................................... 246 III.32. Raising the sHnt-pole .................................................................. 249 v III.33. Nautical Scenes .......................................................................... 250 III.34. ‘Famine’ ..................................................................................... 256 III.35. Seasons and Daily Life ............................................................... 257 III.36. Rewarding the Officials ............................................................. 260 III.37. Preparing and Carrying of the Funerary(?) Equipment and Offerings .............................................................................. 262 III.38. Processions : Gods, Fecundity Figures, Nomes, Funerary Estates ......................................................................................... 264 III.39. Slaughter ....................................................................................
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