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Sales 2015 Políticas E Culturas No Antigo Egipto.Pdf COLECÇÃO COMPENDIUM Chiado Editora chiadoeditora.com Um livro vai para além de um objecto. É um encontro entre duas pessoas através da pa- lavra escrita. É esse encontro entre autores e leitores que a Chiado Editora procura todos os dias, trabalhando cada livro com a dedicação de uma obra única e derradeira, seguindo a máxima pessoana “põe quanto és no mínimo que fazes”. Queremos que este livro seja um desafio para si. O nosso desafio é merecer que este livro faça parte da sua vida. www.chiadoeditora.com Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde Avenida da Liberdade, N.º 166, 1.º Andar 1250-166 Lisboa, Portugal Conjunto Nacional, cj. 903, Avenida Paulista 2073, Edifício Horsa 1, CEP 01311-300 São Paulo, Brasil © 2015, José das Candeias Sales e Chiado Editora E-mail: [email protected] Título: Política(s) e Cultura(s) no Antigo Egipto Editor: Rita Costa Composição gráfica: Ricardo Heleno – Departamento Gráfico Capa: Ana Curro Foto da capa: O templo funerário de Hatchepsut, em Deir el-Bahari, Tebas ocidental. Foto do Autor Revisão: José das Candeias Sales Impressão e acabamento: Chiado Print 1.ª edição: Setembro, 2015 ISBN: 978-989-51-3835-7 Depósito Legal n.º 389152/15 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES POLÍTICA(S) E CULTURA(S) NO ANTIGO EGIPTO Chiado Editora Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde ÍNDICE GERAL APRESENTAÇÃO 7 I PARTE Legitimação política e ideológica no Egipto antigo – discurso e práticas 11 1. Concepção e percepção de tempo e de temporalidade no Egipto antigo 17 2. As fórmulas protocolares egípcias ou formas e possibilidades do discurso de legitimação no antigo Egipto 49 3. O nascimento divino de Hatchepsut: elementos de um mito político 87 4. Amamentar no Egipto antigo: do prazer na relação materno-infantil à ideologia 143 II PARTE Encontros e desencontros culturais em território egípcio 205 1. O estudo da civilização helenística. Conceitos, temas e tendências 213 2. A arte helenística – terra incognita? 233 3. Prodígios e presságios como marcas da sobrenaturalidade de um herói predestinado: o caso de Alexandre Magno 277 4. A condição multicultural da antiga cidade de Alexandria nos autores antigos 323 5. O lusitano Teodorico e o alemão Topsius no Oriente ou em torno da camaradagem luso-alemã n’A Relíquia de Eça de Queirós 365 ÍNDICE REMISSIVO ANALÍTICO 413 APRESENTAÇÃO A política não pode nem deve ignorar a sociedade global em que se insere ou de que é fruto nem a dimensão cultural que lhe dá consistência e elevação. No caso do antigo Egipto, mais não fosse pela posição central e insubstituível do faraonato nas formas existenciais e organizacionais da cultura e da sociedade nilótica e pela sua extensíssima duração e acção em termos históricos, a dimensão política constitui um vector essencial no estudo, na interpretação e na consideração científica da antiga civilização egípcia. Os fenómenos políticos da história egípcia e os seus modos de articu- lação e de repartição, independentemente de serem conhecidos através de relatos oficiais, estelas comemorativas ou autobiografias de particulares e do reconhecido empolamento dos acontecimentos favoráveis aos interes- ses e à cosmovisão egípcios (história apologética e finalística), manifestam esta profunda e inextrincável relação-dependência do poder faraónico. Por vezes injusta e injustificadamente desprezada ou subalternizada, a dimensão política e institucional, seja segundo padrões mais teóricos ou mais ideológicos, seja segundo formas de actuação e práticas mais concre- tas, assume nesta civilização uma intensidade e um alcance que a tornam, amiúde, incontornável nas aproximações científicas que se fazem ao país dos faraós. Muitas vezes, essa dimensão política que sustenta as abordagens que se fazem da vida no antigo Egipto surge «disfarçada» e «diluída» sob a frequente denominação que se atribui ao Egipto como «país dos faraós». Trata-se, no fundo, do implícito reconhecimento da insubstituível inter- venção da instituição real nas formas de vida do Vale do Nilo. Reflectir e entender as características e componentes da política – tal- vez seja melhor dizer das políticas –, além de estimulante (pela captação das subtilezas e nuances a elas associadas ao longo dos múltiplos períodos históricos), é essencial pela compreensão que induz da própria comunida- de egípcia (antropologia política), que se perspectivava a si mesmo como viável pela existência, presença e acção da instituição real, a que, com- preensivelmente, atribuía um carácter sagrado. 7 José das Candeias Sales Paralela e intrinsecamente, há, porém, uma subliminar força agregadora que organiza e dá coerência aos modelos político-institucionais defendi- dos, bem como a muitos outros modelos e comportamentos colectivos e individuais: falamos da cultura, entendida no seu sentido mais amplo e antropológico, como um conjunto de qualidades mentais (crenças, ritos, memórias, mitos, símbolos, códigos, valores morais e éticos, tabus) e as- pectos comportamentais (hábitos, cerimónias, tradições, aspectos técnicos, acções expressivas e/ ou manifestas), estruturais ou de superfície, adqui- ridos e transmitidos através de um processo, mais ou menos longo, de aprendizagem social, formal e/ou informal, colectiva e/ ou individual, feita de estímulos-respostas-reforços. Cultura é assim um conjunto integrado de crenças, de valores, de costu- mes e de instituições que expressam essas crenças, valores e costumes que unem a sociedade e que lhe proporcionam, de forma global e relativamente homogénea, um sentido de identidade, de dignidade, de segurança e de continuidade, sem deixar, no entanto, de reflectir e incorporar determina- das tendências ou subculturas (por vezes mesmo contraculturas). Também aqui, para sermos completamente rigorosos, é preferível usar o plural («culturas») se quisermos captar os diversos traços e elementos culturais e os seus pressupostos, as alterações, adaptações e flutuações que com o tempo e com a história o «complexo cultural» egípcio foi conhe- cendo. Longe fica, pois, a ideia preconcebida de uma cultura distinta e reconhecida, manifestação visível do funcionamento de um sistema orga- nizado, mas inalterável, imutável, ao longo dos milhares de anos da sua história. Não há cultura sem dinamismo e sem mudanças. Processo de contínuos ajustes e reajustes e até contrastes, mais visí- veis e assumidos ou mais imperceptíveis e disfarçados, mas, ainda assim, existentes, ditados por distintas motivações, a antiga cultura egípcia foi, como outras, feita de encontros e desencontros altamente frutíferos e com inegáveis consequências no devir histórico das comunidades instaladas no território egípcio ou sob alçada administrativo-cultural egípcia. Foram estas duas dimensões, frequentemente associadas e imbrincadas, com concatenações múltiplas, nem sempre fáceis de delimitar e apreender com rigor, que justificaram o título genérico que atribuimos a este livro. Reunindo textos anteriores por nós já publicados em revistas da especia- lidade (de circulação naturalmente mais limitada) e outros inéditos elabo- rados especificamente para esta edição, Política(s) e Cultura(s) no Egipto antigo visa, pois, propor uma reflexão sobre vários patamares de análise 8 Política(s) e Cultura(s) no Antigo Egipto inerentes a estas duas dimensões de estudo, ao mesmo tempo que amplia significativamente o número de potenciais destinatários entre o público geral interessado nos estudos egiptológicos. Os núcleos fundamentais de organização que estabelecemos para este trabalho – I Parte. Legitimação política no Egipto antigo – discurso e práticas e II Parte. Encontros e desencontros culturais em território egíp- cio – pretendem justamente agrupar contributos reflexivos sobre a dupla temática enunciada. Como grandes linhas de investigação, as questões políticas e culturais associadas à antiga história do Egipto podem ajudar – assim o pretende- mos – ao cruzamento de várias perspectivas, ao percepcionar das múl- tiplas tensões e até, nalguns casos, contradições existentes no modo de vida egípcio e ao estabelecimento e determinação de tipologias de conduta suficientemente válidas para explicar e interpretar a vida no Vale do Nilo. Formalmente, ambas as partes se iniciam com um pequeno texto gené- rico de contextualização, que pretende efectivamente enquadrar as abor- dagens efectuadas nos capítulos que as integram. Para os textos anteriores, em todos os casos, revimos e aumentámos os originais de base, configu- rando-os para a sua inserção no presente trabalho e fizemos o mesmo com as referências bibliográficas de todos os capítulos, actualizando-as. Para não sobrecarregar excessivamente o trabalho com uma numeração sequencial das notas de rodapé do princípio até ao fim do volume, decidi- mos que estas são ordenadas e organizadas por capítulo, tornando assim mais confortável e «leve» a sua consulta. Procedemos, aliás, da mesma forma em relação à numeração das figuras. No final do volume incluímos também um índice remissivo analítico com o objectivo de auxiliar aqueles que pretendam, de uma foma rápida e cómoda, aceder a determinados aspectos/ segmentos nele abordados. José das Candeias Sales 9 I PARTE LEGITIMAÇÃO POLÍTICA E IDEOLÓGICA NO EGIPTO ANTIGO – DISCURSO E PRÁTICAS A história política do antigo Egipto é, naturalmente, constituída por uma infinidade de episódios e peripécias. Não nos interessa enumerar os diversos acontecimentos políticos, militares, institucionais que marcaram os vários períodos históricos, mais brilhantes ou mais baços, da antiga civilização egípcia. Nesse universo político évènementielle, repleto de fe- nómenos
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