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Historia Del Antiguo Egipto II (Desde La XVIII Dinastía)

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Historia Del Antiguo Egipto II (Desde La XVIII Dinastía) BAJA ÉPOCA (Din7stí7s XXVI-XXX), TABLA CRONOLÓGICA DE LA HISTORIA DE 664-332 EGIPTO II —REYES PERSAS, Segund7 Domin7ción Pers7— PREHISTORIA (V-IV milenios 5.C, Neolitiz5ción —GOBIERNOS LOCALES EGIPCIOS— y PredinAstico, ll5m5do cultur5 de N5g5d5) PERÍODO ARCAICO (Unific5ción y Époc5 Tinit5; Din5stí5s I y II), 3100-2700 PERÍODO GRECO-ROMANO, 332-395 d. C. ÉPOCA PTOLOMAICA (305-30) REINO ANTIGUO (Din5stí5s III-VI), 2700-2200 PRIMER PERÍODO INTERMEDIO (Din5stí5s VII- ÉPOCA ROMANA XI), 2200-2050 DOMINACIÓN BIZANTINA (395-638 d. C.) REINO MEDIO (Din5stí5s XI-XIII), 2050-1720 DOMINACIÓN ÁRABE (7 p7rtir de 638 d. C.) SEGUNDO PERÍODO INTERMEDIO (Din5stí5s XIII-XVII), 1720-1550 -DOMINACIÓN DE LOS HYKSOS , 1670-1570- REINO NUEVO, 1570-1085 REINO NUEVO (Din7stí7s XVIII-XX), L5 región menfit7 comprende l5s ciud5des de 1550-1080 Menfis y Heliópolis. Menfis estA en plen5 zon5 TERCER PERÍODO INTERMEDIO (Din7stí7s fluvi5l, por lo que h5n lleg5do pocos restos de est5 ciud5d 5 nuestros dí5s. De 5quí vienen los gr5ndes XXI-XXV), 1080-664 dioses “de Est5do” del Reino Antiguo: los heliopolit5nos sol5res Atum, R7, Khepri… o R5- Emergid5, con l5 l5 Colin5 Primordi5l, que 5quí se Atum; y el menfit5 Pt7h. Ambos son dioses ll5m5 T5tenen. L5 Colin5 Primordi5l es el único cre7dores, lo que nos llev5 5 send5s 5specto que tod5s l5s cosmogoní5s egipci5s cosmogoní7s (doctrin5 de l5 cre5ción del mundo). comp5rten. Otr5 divinid5d de Menfis es Apis, un Pt5h er5 un5 deid5d loc5l, pero cu5ndo se fij5 l5 toro, fuerz7 procre7dor7 e hijo de Pt5h y un5 v5c5 c5pit5l en Menfis (3.100 AC) este dios 5lc5nz5 virgen. Este Apis se identific5b5 con el 5lm5 o preeminenci5 est5t5l. Esto dur5 5l menos h5st5 l5 V fuerz5 cre5dor5 de Pt5h, y t5mbién con el rey, y en din5stí5, pues est5 er5 de origen heliopolit5no, lo el festiv5l de Sed corrí5n juntos, el toro y el rey. Apis que d5rí5 preeminenci5 5 los dioses sol5res de t5mbién se identific5b5 con Osiris cu5ndo el toro Heliópolis mAs t5rde. Pt5h, es el escultor o herrero morí5. De Apis y Osiris proviene Osir7pis y en de l5 hum5nid5d, cre5dor de l5s 5rtes y oficios y époc5 grieg5, Ser7pis. Ser5peum serA el nombre protector de los 5rtes5nos. En t5nto que cre5dor, de cu5lquier lug5r de enterr5miento de toros o lug5r desde l5 Époc5 R5mésid5 Pt5h se sincretiz5 con de culto de Ser5pis. El Ser5peum de S5kk5r5 estA otr5 divinid5d menfit5: T7tenen, l5 “Tierr5 oper5tivo desde el Reino Nuevo h5st5 l5 époc5 Emergid5”, símbolo de l5 Colin5 Primordi5l → Pt7h- greco-rom5n5. T7tenen. Pt5h llev5 un cetro con tres símbolos superpuestos: el pil7r Djed (est5bilid5d), el símbolo 7nkh (vid5) y el cetro u7s (poder). L5 column5 o pil5r Djed puede represent5r l5 column5 vertebr5l de Osiris, o bien l5 column5 del p5l5cio del rey de Biblos donde, según el mito, quedó 5tr5p5do el s5rcóf5go de Osiris. Sh5b5k5 (rey de l5 din5stí5 XXV) tr5nscribe un texto de un p5piro (“roído por los gus5nos”) 5 un5 piedr5, que se usó después como piedr5 de molino, y ese es el texto que contiene l5 cosmogoní5 menfit5. Pt5h cre5 5 tr5vés del verbo divino, y los p5r5lelismos con el Génesis son evidentes (en l5 cosmogoní5 heliopolit5n5 Atum cre5b5 t5mbién, pero escupiendo y expector5ndo). En el texto de l5 piedr7 de Sh7b7k7 se identific5 t5mbién 5 P5th con l5 Tierr5 demiurgo sol7r tiene tres 7spectos: Khepri (m7ñ7n7), R7 (cenit7l) y Atum (sol de l7 t7rde). Este demiurgo cre5 l5 primer5 p5rej5 divin5: Shu (Aire) y Tefnut (Humed5d), y lo h5ce emitiendo líquidos de su cuerpo (escupe 5 Shu y expector5 5 Tefnut). Estos dos gener5n l5 segund5 p5rej5 divin5: Geb (Tierr5) y Nut (Cielo). Después Shu, el p5dre, que entreg5 5 su hij5 Nut 5 Atum p5r5 que le sirv5 de mor5d5, sep5r5 5 Geb y Nut. Geb h5 de L5 religión heliopolit7n7 es sol5r, y en Heliópolis m5ntener unid5s l5s dos tierr5s p5r5 Atum. De l5 h5bí5 un Templo Sol5r, del que 5pen5s qued5n unión de Geb y Nut surge l5 cu5rt5 gener5ción de restos (t5mpoco de l5 ciud5d, que est5b5 en el dioses: Osiris, Isis, Seth y Neftis, que son los extremo oeste de l5 conurb5ción de El C5iro) y dioses del ciclo osirí5co que se incorpor5 5sí 5 l5s donde se vener5b5 un meteorito, el Benben. L5s creenci5s heliopolit5n5s. El mito de Osiris 5p5rece estel5s, los pir5midiones y los obeliscos son de form5 dispers5 en los Textos de l5s PirAmides represent5ciones de es5 piedr5. Los reyes de l5 V mAs t5rde. Tenemos pues 9 dioses en tot5l, l5 din5stí5 se construyeron “templos sol5res”, y el Ené7d7 de Heliópolis, los dioses primordi5les de mejor conserv5do es el de Niuserre. Prob5blemente l5 cosmogoní5 sol5r. R5 pudo convertirse en “dios us5b5n como referenci5 p5r5 su diseño el templo de est5do” gr5ci5s 5 que los s5cerdotes de de Heliópolis. Los reyes empiez5n 5 enterr5rse en Heliópolis, 5provech5ndo un v5cío de poder tr5s l5 piremides como consecuenci5 de un proceso de IV din5stí5, coloc5n en el trono 5 “uno de los suyos”, solarización, que se inici5 5 comienzos del d5ndo comienzo 5 l5 V din5stí5. dinAstico. El rey empezó 5 present5rse como hijo del dios sol. L5 cosmogoní7 de Heliópolis p5rte En Elef7ntin7 y Esn7 h5y otro dios cre5dor: de un mundo 5cuoso y frío (el Nun), del que emerge Khnum. Es el dios de l5 primer5 c5t5r5t5 y de l5 un5 colin5 (el Benben represent5 esto). De l5 colin5 inund5ción. Khnum es un5 fuerz5 cre5dor5. Se primordi5l surge un pAj5ro (el 7ve Benu), que emite represent5 como un5 person5 con c5bez5 de un grito, y 5lz5 el vuelo desde l5 colin5. Después c5rnero. Cre5 el mundo con 5rcill5 (precedente del 5p5rece el demiurgo sol5r, que gener5 l5 luz y c5pítulo segundo del Génesis), en un torno de 5c5b5 con l5 tiniebl5s. Khepri es sol de l5 m5ñ5n5 5lf5rero. En el templo de Esn5 se conserv5 un texto (verbo Kheper = venir 5 l5 existenci5), pero el con est5 cosmogoní7. invisible”, y form7b7 p7rte de l7 Ogdó7d7 de Hermópolis, ciud5d en l5 que h5bí5 un5 cu7rt7 cosmogoní7 (8 dioses, cu5tro p5rej5s, que simboliz5b5n propiedades del caos primordial: Nu y N7unet, 5gu5s primordi5les; Huh y H7uhet, esp5cio infinito; Kuk y K7uket, l5 oscurid5d; y Amun y Am7unet, lo misterioso, lo oculto). De l5 rel5ción potenci5lmente inest5ble (son p5rej5s) de l5 ogdó5d5 se deriv5 un c5t5clismo del que surge el montículo primigenio, dentro del cu5l h5bí5 un huevo cósmico (o c5pullo de loto), del que surge R5, que 5sciende y tr5s un desc5nso, junto con l5s demAs deid5des, cre5 el mundo. Est5 cosmogoní5 surge dur7nte l7 tercer7 din7stí7, en el Reino Teb7s er5 un5 ciud5d provinci5l en el Reino Antiguo, en Hermópolis M7gn7, conocid5 por los Antiguo, que g5n5 peso en el Primer Período egipcios como Jemenu). Intermedio y el Reino Medio. Los fund5dores del Reino Medio y el Reino Nuevo son de Teb5s. El dios loc5l de Teb5s, h7st7 l7 din7stí7 XI, es Montu (form5 hum5n5, c5bez5 de h5lcón, disco sol5r y dos plum5s, y es un dios guerrero), de 5hí el nombre Montuhotep (= "Montu estA s5tisfecho"). En el p7so de l7 din7stí7 XI 7 l7 XII el nuevo dios princip5l p5s5 5 ser Amón (Amenenh5t = Amón estA 5l frente). Amón se represent5 con form5 hum5n5, coron5 y dos l5rg5s plum5s, 5 veces sent5do con el 5nkh y el cetro u5s (o w5s). El 5nim5l s5gr5do de Amón es el c7rnero con cuernos h5ci5 5b5jo y 5del5nte, por lo que 5 veces 5p5rece con estos cuernos. Amón y5 existí5 desde 5ntiguo, Amón se sincretizó mAs t5rde con R5 en Teb5s, pero er5 un dios incognoscible, ll5m5do “el p5s5ndo 5 ser 5llí el “rey de dioses”. Amón-R7 fue 5 p5rtir de entonces el rey del imperio y dios de l5 guerr5. Es un dios univers5l, que existe en tod5s l5s cos5s. L5 dios5 Mut (de 5specto hum5no, con 5tributos de rein5) y el dios Khonsu, su hijo, dios lun5r (se represent5 de form5 p5recid5 5 Pt5h), form5n un5 trí7d7 junto 5 Amón-R5. En Ipet-sut (= el mes 7preci7do de los lug7res), K7rn7k, se rinde culto 5 estos tres dioses: son un conjunto de cu5tro templos, uno p5r5 c5d5 dios (el de Khonsu dentro del de Amón-R5), mAs el histórico Montu. Se construyó por f5ses desde el Reino Medio. Ipet- resyt (=el h7rén del sur) er5 el templo de Luxor, que est5b5 conect5do con los templos de K5rn5k por medio de un5 5venid5, y 5llí se 5dor5b5 5 Amón-Min. L5 est5tu5 de Amón de K5rn5k visit5b5 Luxor dur5nte l5s fiest7s de Opet, donde “copul5b5” con Mut, con lo que se regener5b5 el universo. Amón se convierte en “dios de est5do” cu5ndo l5 reunific5ción del poder político se consigue desde Teb5s, imponiéndose 5 Her5cleópolis, 5 p5rtir del Reino Medio (Din5stí5 XI). Osiris er5 un dios tr7nsvers7l: fertilid5d, dios de l5 tierr5 negr5, de l5s 5gu5s de inund5ción, de l5 desde el Reino Nuevo (y5 se 5cerc5b5n 5mbos germin5ción, de l5 veget5ción, sobre todo de l5s person5jes desde el Reino Medio), y 5p5rece como pl5nt5s cultiv5d5s. T5mbién es dios de los un cuerpo de momi5 con c5bez5 de c5rnero y disco muertos. Los difuntos se entierr5n como si fuer5n sol5r. Lo norm5l es que 5p5rezc5 como momi5 semill5s precis5mente p5r5 que ren5zc5n. Por eso verde, con l5 coron5 del Alto Egipto con dos plum5s, Osiris es Unennefer, etern5mente vivo, resucit5do. con cetro y fl5gelo. Otros dioses de los muertos son El mito de Osiris 5p5rece de form5 dispers5 en los los dioses-ch5c5les: Anubis, d i o s d e l Textos de l7s Piremides. Su hijo Horus serA rey de emb5ls5m5miento; Upu7ut (“Aquel que 5bre los los vivos y Osiris rey de los muertos.
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