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Cleopatra : Last Queen of Egypt

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Cleopatra : Last Queen of Egypt CLEOPATRA B ­ Z7hB 7B6 Cleopatra.indb i 6/12/07 14:50:25 also by joyce tyldesley For Adults Daughters of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt Hatchepsut: the Female Pharaoh Nefertiti: Egypt’s Sun Queen Th e Mummy Ramesses: Egypt’s Greatest Pharaoh Judgement of the Pharaoh: Crime and Punishment in Ancient Egypt Th e Private Lives of the Pharaohs Egypt’s Golden Empire Pyramids: Th e Real Story Behind Egypt’s Most Ancient Monuments Tales from Ancient Egypt Egypt: How a Lost Civilization was Rediscovered Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt Egyptian Games and Sports For children Mummy Mysteries: Th e Secret World of Tutankhamun and the Pharaohs Egypt (Insiders) Stories from Ancient Egypt Cleopatra.indb ii 6/12/07 14:50:25 CLEOPATRA LAST QUEEN OF EGYPT B ­ Z7hB 7B6 JOYCE TYLDESLEY Cleopatra.indb iii 6/12/07 14:50:25 First published in Great Britain in 2008 by PROFILE BOOKS LTD 3a Exmouth House Pine Street London ec1r 0jh www.profi lebooks.com Copyright © Joyce Tyldesley, 2008 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Designed by Sue Lamble Typeset in Adobe Garamond by MacGuru Ltd [email protected] Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays, Bungay, Suff olk Th e moral right of the author has been asserted. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 86197 965 0 Th e paper this book is printed on is certifi ed by the © 1996 Forest Stewardship Council A.C. (FSC). It is ancient-forest friendly. Th e printer holds FSC chain of custody SGS-COC-2061 SGS-COC-2061 Cleopatra.indb iv 6/12/07 14:50:25 Dedicated to the memory of my late father, William Randolph Tyldesley Cleopatra.indb v 6/12/07 14:50:26 This page intentionally left blank Cleopatra.indb vi 6/12/07 14:50:26 Contents B ­ Z7hB 7B6 Family tree viii Maps x Author’s Note xiii Introduction 1 CHAPTER ONE Princess of Egypt 10 CHAPTER TWO Queen of Egypt 41 CHAPTER THREE Alexandria-next-to-Egypt 70 CHAPTER FOUR Cleopatra and Julius Caesar 94 CHAPTER FIVE The New Isis 109 CHAPTER SIX Cleopatra and Mark Antony 140 CHAPTER SEVEN Death of a Dream 171 CHAPTER EIGHT Cleopatra’s Children 197 CHAPTER NINE History Becomes Legend 205 Who Was Who? 218 Chronology 239 Notes 241 Bibliography 260 List of Illustrations 266 Cartouches 268 Acknowledgements 269 Index 270 Cleopatra.indb vii 6/12/07 14:50:26 Lagos m.Arsinoë PTOLEMY I SOTER I m. 1 Artakama 2 Eurydice 3 Berenice I (by Eurydice) Ptolemy 2 sons 2 or 3 daughters Ceraunos PTOLEMY IV PHILOPATOR 3 sons m. Arsinoë III PTOLEMY V EPIPHANES m. Cleopatra I PTOLEMY VI PHILOMETOR m. Cleopatra II Ptolemy Eupator Ptolemy VII Cleopatra III Cleopatra Thea Neos m. Ptolemy VIII m. 1 Alexander Balas Philopator 2. Demetrios II of Syria 3. Antiochos VII PTOLEMY IX SOTER II PTOLEMY X C m. 1 Cleopatra IV ALEXANDER I m 2 Cleopatra Selene m. 1 ? 2 Cleopatra Berenice III (?by Cleopatra IV) (by Cleopatra Selene) (by unknown woman) (by I) CLEOPATRA BERENICE III 2 sons m. 1 Ptolemy X 2 Ptolemy XI PTOLEMY XII NEOS DIONYSOS Ptolemy of Cyprus ?Cleopatra V Tryphaena m. Cleopatra V m. Ptolemy XII BERENICE IV ?Cleopatra Tryphaena CLEOPATRA VII ARSINOË IV m. Archelaos THEA PHILOPATOR (by Julius Caesar) (by Mark Antony) PTOLEMY XV Alexander Helios Cleopatra Selene CAESAR m. Juba II of Mauretania PTOLEMY a daughter Cleopatra.indb viii 6/12/07 14:50:26 The Ptolemies of Egypt Menaleos (by Berenice) Arsinoë II PTOLEMY II Philotera m. 1 Lysimachos PHILADELPHOS 2 Ptolemy Ceraunos m. 1 Arsinoë I 3 Ptolemy II 2 Arsinoë II (by Arsinoë I) PTOLEMY III EUERGETES I Lysimachos Berenice m. Berenice II Arsinoë III Berenice m. Ptolemy IV PTOLEMY VIII EUERGETES II Cleopatra II m. 1 Cleopatra II m. 1 Ptolemy VI 2 Cleopatra III 2 Ptolemy VIII (by Cleopatra II) (by Cleopatra III) (by unknown woman) Ptolemy Memphites Ptolemy Apion Cleopatra IV Cleopatra Tryphaena Cleopatra Selene m. 1 Ptolemy IX m. Antiochos VIII m. 1 Ptolemy IX 2 Antiochos IX 2 Antiochos VIII 3 Antiochos IX 4 Antiochos X (by Cleopatra Berenice III) PTOLEMY XI ALEXANDER II a daughter m. Cleopatra Berenice III V PTOLEMY XIII PTOLEMY XIV Ptolemy Philadelphos nia a daughter Cleopatra.indb ix 6/12/07 14:50:26 Cleopatra’s World Caspian Sea Rome Black Sea Palestrina ITALY EPIRUS Actium ASIA ACHAIA Patras Tigris Syracuse Athens Ephesus Tarsus Euphrates Mediterranean Sea Antioch SYRIA CYPRUS Babylon Canopus Pelusium JUDAEA Alexandria Askalon CYRENAICA Persian Gulf Memphis EGYPT Dendera Coptus Hermonthis Thebes Philae Red Sea 0 400 800 kilometres Nile N 0 250 500 miles Cleopatra.indb x 6/12/07 14:50:26 Cleopatra’s Egypt M e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a Behbeit el Hagar GAZA PARETONIUM (Mersa Matruh) Canopus Lake Borallas Dead Sea ALEXANDRIA RAPHIA XOIS Lake Moeris SAIS Damanhur MENDES NAUKRATIS TANIS PELUSIUM Kom el-Hisn BUSIRIS SEBENNYTOS LEONTOPOLIS Lake Timash TERENUTHIS BUBASTIS Bitter Lakes N HELIOPOLIS ARSINOE/CLEOPATRIS Sakkara MEMPHIS Birket Qarun BERENIKE ARSINOITE NOME (Faiyum) Sinai Nile Ain el-Tibaniya/ Oasis Qasr el-Magisba Bahr Yussul Bahriya HERMOPOLIS MAGNA Assiut Nile N I Red Sea A B R A - L E B PTOLEMAIS R A HORMOU D Dendera ABYDOS Qena MYOS HORMOS Hu KOPTOS (Qusair) Qus West Thebes Dakhla HERMONTHIS Thebes: Karnak, Luxor Oasis HIBIS Qasr Gueida Esna Elkab HERMONTHIS – Ancient name Edfu West Thebes – Modern name Desert roads Kom Ombo 0 80 160 kilometres ELEPHANTINE 0 50 100 miles Sehel SYENE (Aswan) BERENIKE Bigga PHILAE TROGODYTIKE Cleopatra.indb xi 6/12/07 14:50:27 Palace Temple of Pharos Isis Lochia Lochias Lighthouse Location of Cleopatra’s tomb? Mediterranean Sea Temple of Isis Pharia Eastern (Great) Harbour Royal Necropolis Antirhodos Harbour Palace BASILEIA Pharos Island Timoneion City Wall Bridge Canal Poseidion Theatre ‘Alabaster Heptastadion Emporion Tomb’ Gymnasium Western (Eunostos) Caesareum Harbour Kibotos Apostasion Naval Dockyard Bridge (warehouses) Museion Agora Arsinoeion NEAPOLIS Canopic Way Canal Soma Canal RHAKOTIS Necropolis City Wall Serapeum Stadium Lake Mareotis N Cleopatra’s Alexandria Cleopatra.indb xii 6/12/07 14:50:28 Author’s Note B ­ Z7hB 7B6 ersonal names are a potential minefi eld for the student of ancient Phistory. I have aimed at clarity for those new to the Ptolemaic age, and can only apologise in advance to those who may feel that I have made irrational, inconsistent or unscholarly decisions. Th roughout the book I have favoured the traditional spelling Cleopatra rather than the more authentic but less widely known Kleopatra. Similarly, when using Roman names I have opted for the more familiar modern vari- ants: Caesar instead of Gaius Julius (Iulius) Caesar, Antony instead of Marcus Antonius, and so on. Octavian was, as Mark Antony so rudely noted, a boy who owed everything to his name. Soon after Cleopatra’s suicide, Octavian (initially Gaius Octavius; later Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) took the title Imperator and the name Caesar Augustus. To avoid confusion I refer to him as Octavian throughout. As a general rule, I use the ‘-os’ ending for those of Greek heritage, so that, for example, Cleopatra’s youngest son becomes Ptolemy Philadelphos rather than the Latinised Ptolemy Philadelphus, but I retain the ‘-us’ ending for those, like Herodotus, who are today widely known by the Latin version of their name. All dates are bc (bce) unless otherwise specifi ed. Th e dynastic Egyptians counted their years by reference to the current king’s reign, each new reign requiring the number system to start again at regnal Cleopatra.indb xiii 6/12/07 14:50:28 CLEOPATRA Year I. Th e Ptolemies continued this system. Th e Romans used a lunar calendar of 355 days but neglected to add in the occasional month that would keep the offi cial calendar in line with the seasons. On 1 January 46 Julius Caesar introduced a new Egyptian-inspired calendar of 365.25 days. His Julian calendar remains the basis of our own modern calendar. Th roughout the text I have used the loose term ‘dynastic Egypt’ to refer to the thirty-one dynasties before the 332 arrival of Alexander the Great. xiv Cleopatra.indb xiv 6/12/07 14:50:28 Introduction B ­ Z7hB 7B6 In the case of Cleopatra the biographer may approach his subject from one of several directions. He may, for example, regard the Queen of Egypt as a thoroughly bad woman, or as an irrespon- sible sinner, or as a moderately good woman in a diffi cult situation. Arthur Weigall, Th e Life and Times of Cleopatra Queen of Egypt 1 n approximately 3100 the independent city-states of the narrow INile Valley and the broad Nile Delta united to form one long realm. Lines of heroic, semi-divine kings emerged to rule this new land; lines of beautiful queens stood dutifully by their side. If occasionally the kings were less heroic, and the queens less beautiful, than they perhaps could have been, it did not matter overmuch. State propaganda – the convention of presenting all kings as handsome, wise and brave, and all queens as pale, passive and supportive – would ensure that both kings and queens were remembered as they should have been, not as they were.
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