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Reading Guide

Introduction Pharaonic Lives (most items are on map on page 10)

Bodies of Water Major Regions Royal Cities

Gulf of Suez Faiyum Oasis Akhetaten Sea The Levant Alexandria Nile River Libya Avaris Nile cataracts* Lower Egypt Giza Nile Delta Nubia Herakleopolis Magna Red Sea Palestine Hierakonpolis Punt Kerma *Cataracts shown as lines Sinai Memphis across Nile River Syria Sais Upper Egypt Tanis Thebes

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Chapter 1 Pharaonic Kingship: Evolution & Ideology

 Myths Time Periods Significant Artifacts  Predynastic Origins of Kingship: Naqada Naqada I The Narmer Palette Period Naqada II The Scorpion Macehead  Writing History of Maqada III Pharaohs Old Kingdom Significant Buildings  Ideology & Insignia of Middle Kingdom Kingship New Kingdom Tombs at Abydos  King’s Divinity

Mythology Royal Insignia Royal Names & Titles

The Book of the Heavenly Atef Crown The Birth Name Cow Blue Crown (Khepresh) The Golden Horus Name The Contending of Horus Diadem (Seshed) The Horus Name & Seth Double Crown (Pa- The Nesu-Bity Name Death & Resurrection of Sekhemty) The Two Ladies Name Osiris Nemes Headdress Red Crown (Desheret) Hem Deities White Crown (Hedjet) Per-aa (The Great House) The Son of Re Horus Bull’s tail Isis Crook Osiris False beard Maat Flail Nut Rearing cobra (uraeus) Re Seth Vocabulary Divine Forces demi-god heka (divine magic) Good God (netjer netjer) hu (divine utterance) Great God (netjer aa) isfet (chaos) ka-spirit (divine energy) maat (divine order) Other Topics Ramesses II making sia (Divine knowledge) an offering to Ra Kings’ power Ownership of land

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Chapter 2 The Story of the Two Lands

 Manetho’s Dynastic Foreign Incursions Additional Cities List  Early Dynastic Period  Invasions by Libyans Kadesh  Pyramid Age – Old and Asians in 20th Moroë Kingdom Century BC Napata  1st Intermediate Period  Hyksos conquests in  Middle Kingdom 17th Century BC  2nd Intermediate Period  Invasions of Sea People Peoples Deities  New Kingdom’s Golden and Libyans in 1217 BC th Age – 18 Dynasty  Nubian conquests led Hittites Amun  Sun Kings – Amarna by Kashta and Piye in Hyksos Aten Period 8th Century BC Libyans  Ramesside Period  Assyrian conquest led Nubians rd  3 Intermediate Period Esarhaddon in 671 BC Sea Peoples  Late Period  Babylonian invasion led  Demotic Chronicle by Nebuchadnezzar

after 607 BC Vocabulary

 Persian conquest led by Consider contrasting Cambyses II in 525 BC  God’s Wife of Amun images of kings in  mastaba different eras.  Macedonians and Greek conquest led by  nomarch Consider different Alexander the Great in  nome territory of Egypt in 332 BC  satrap different eras.  Walls of the Ruler

Egyptian Kings  Montuhotep II Most Significant Dynasties  Nectanebo II  Ahmose I  Psmatik I 3rd & 4th Dynasties  Ahmose II  Psmatik III 18th, 19th, & 20th Dynasties  Akhenaten  Pepe II 21st, 22nd, & 25th Dynasties  Amenemhat I  Piye 26th Dynasty  Amenhotep II  Ptolemy I Ptolemaic Dynasty  Amenhotep III  Shoshenq  Djoser  Sneferu  Hatshepsut  Ramesses I  Khafra  Ramesses II Other Individuals  Kamose  Ramesses III  Khufu  Tanutamani  Khababash (rebel)  Menes (Legendary)  Thutmose I  Kashta (Nubian king)  Menkaure  Thutmose III  Neferititi (queen)  Merenptah  Tutankhamun  Nitiqret (princess)

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Chapter 3 Becoming Pharaoh

 Birth of a Prince Other Topics Deities & Spirits  Wet Nurses & Tutors  Children of the Royal  Ceremonial dress &  Amun, Amun-Re Nursery grooming  Bes  Princely Life  Circumcision  Nekhbet  Co-Regencies  Royal insignia (also  Wadjet  Usurpation & refer to Chp, 2) Assassination  Royal succession  Ankh  Royal Accession  Royal tutors  ka-spirit  Coronation Ceremony  The Teachings of  Maat  Royal Titulary Amenemhat for his Son

Senwosret

Individuals Vocabulary

 Amenhotep III  child of the royal  Hatshepsut nursery  Khaemwaset (prince)  didactic text  Great Royal Wife  Ramesses III  Thutmose III  Harem  Sitre (wet nurse) Tutankhamun Scarab Beetle  wet nurse

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Chapter 4 Being Pharaoh

 Awakening in the Other Topics Individuals Palace  Morning Ablutions  Design of royal palaces  Amenhotep III  Royal Wardrobe  Clothing & grooming of  Amenhotep (Son of  Breakfast & Morning king Hapu) Duties  The Duties of the Vizier  Den  Entering Before  The Loyalist  Hatshepsut Pharaoh Instruction  Nefertari (queen)  Moment of Audience  Presence & person of  Thutmose III  Lawmaker & Judge the king  Tutankamun  Managing Egypt  Royal marriages  Royal Women  Sed festival  Queens as Kings

 Rituals & Festivals  Interacting with Gods  Finances & Food Vocabulary  Royal Health  Royal Banquets  ankh  Recitations  arreyet  Pharaonic Pets  courtier  Sports & Games  game of senet  harem (Egyptian)  metu  vizier  Window of Appearance King Hatshepsut  wehedu

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Chapter 5 The Pharaoh on Campaign

 Early Warfare Other Powers  Preparing for War  Mustering & Arming  Cities & kingdoms of Troops Khepesh Sword the Levant  King & His Army Symbolic & Military Functions  The Hyksos  Talking Tactics on  Kingdom of the Campaign Other Topics Hittites  Military Camps  Kingdom of Kush  Diplomacy  Armor & weapons  Kingdom of Mitanni  Did Pharaohs Fight?  The Egyptian navy  Libyan Tribes  The Battle of Kadesh  Khepesh swords  Nubians  After the Battle

 Mut-Is-Content & Victory- In-Thebes  The Narmer Palette  Ramesses II  Ramesses III  Sherden warriors

Modern Interpretation of Egyptian Wall Art

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Chapter 6 Royal Cities

 Temple, Palace, & Temples Kings Cosmos  The Lost City of Itj-  Great Temple to the  Akhenaten Tawy Aten (Akhenaten)  Psmtik I  Memphis  Karnak & Luxor  Ptolemaic Dynasty  Thebes (Luxor) Temples (Thebes)  Tutankhamun  Akhetaten (Tell el-  Ptah Temple & the Apis Amarna) Bull (Memphis)  Pi-Ramesses (Qantir)  Temple of Baset  The King on the Move (Babastis)  Royal Cities of the New Kingdom o Tanis (San El- Vocabulary Other Topics Hagar) o Bubastis (Tell  barque shrine  Canals Basta)  facade  Funerary complexes o Saris (Sa El-Hagar)  Pharaoh & His People  hypostyle hall  Palermo Stone  kiosk (carrying chair)  Temple design  obelisk  pylon

The Ineb Hedj (White Walls) of Ancient Memphis

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Chapter 7 The Pharaoh in Death

 First Royal Tombs Kings & Dynasties Vocabulary  Pyramid Age  Pyramid Decoration in  Amenhotep II  akh-spirt 4th & 5th Dynasties  Hatshepsut  ba-spirit  Middle Kingdom  Montuhotep II  canopic chest & Jar  Second Intermediate  Tutankamun  Duat (Netherworld) Period  25th Dynasty  ka-spirit  Valley of the Kings  19th Dynasty  muu dancers  After the New Kingdom  natron  Akhenaten’s Final

Resting Place  primeval mound Other Topics  Mummication & Royal  scarab

Funeral  shabti figurines  Burial Equipment  Mourning customs  seh-netjer (divine  Nubian pyramids booth)  Opening of the mouth  wabet (mortuary)  Scarab of Sobekemsaf II

Osiris Weighing a Heart against a Maat Feather

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Chapter 8 The Last Pharaohs

 Alexander & the First The Greco-Macedonians The Romans Ptolemies  Alexander’s Lost Tomb  Alexander the Great  Julius Caesar  Alexandria  Alexander IV  Mark Anthony  Fall of the Ptolemies  Octavian (Caesar  Roman Egypt  Antiochus IV Augustus)  Diocletian: The Last Pharaoh?  Ptolemy I  Vespasian  Ptolemy VI, Cleopatra  Hadrian II, & Ptolemy VIII  Septimius Severus Vocabulary  Ptolemy XI & Bernice  Caracalla

III  Diocletian  Coptic Christians  Ptolemy XII & Bernice  The Pharos IV  satrap  Ptolemy XIII &  The Sema Cleopatra VII  Ptolemy XV (Alexander IV)

Ptolemaic Alexandria & the Pharos Lighthouse

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Eras, Dynasties, & Kings

This chronological list of historical eras includes the dynasties of each era of Egyptian history as well as the most important kings associated with each dynasty. In order to answer the contest question, students need to recognize only these selected kings and only the boldfaced dynasties.

Early Dynasties 1st Dynasty Hor-Aha c. 3100 to 2584 BC Den 2nd Dynasty Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty Djoser c. 2584 to 2117 BC 4th Dynasty Sneferu Khufu Khafre Menkaure 5th Dynasty 6th Dynasty First 7th Dynasty Intermediate 8th Dynasty Period 9th Dynasty 2117 to 1781 BC 10 Dynasty Middle Kingdom 11th Dynasty Montuhoten II 2066 to 1781 BC 12th Dynasty Amenemhat I Second 13th Dynasty Intermediate 14th Dynasty Period 15th Dynasty (Hyksos) 1781 to 1549 16th Dynasty 17th Dynasty Sobekemsaf II Kamose New Kingdom 18th Dynasty Ahmose I 1549 to 1064 BC Thutmose III Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty as 18th Dynasty (Amarna) Amenhotep II the Golden Age of Amenhotep III Egypt Akhenaten Tutankhamun 19th Dynasty (Ramesside) Ramesses II Merenptah Seti I 20th Dynasty (Ramesside) Ramesses III Third 21st Dynasty Intermediate 22nd Dynasty (Libyan) Shoshenq I Period 23rd Dynasty 1064 to 664 BC 24th Dynasty 11

25th Dynasty (Nubian) Piye Tanutamani Late Period 26th Dynasty Psamtik I 664 to 310 BC Psamtik III Ahmose II 27th Dynasty (Persian) 28th Dynasty 29th Dynasty 30th Dynasty Nectanebo II 31st Dynasty (Persian) Macedonian Dynasty Alexander the Great Alexander IV Ptolemaic Period Ptolemaic Dynasty Ptolemy I 310 to 30 BC Ptolemy VI & his sister-wife Cleopatra II & his brother Ptolemy VIII Bernenice III & her co-regent Ptolemy XI Ptolemy XII & his daughter Berenice IV Cleopatra VIII & her brother Ptolemy XIII & her son Ptolemy XV Roman Period Julian-Claudian Augustus (Octavian) 30 BC to 313 AD Flavian Vespesian The Good Emperors Hadrian Severan Septimius Severus Caracalla Illyrian Diocletian