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In Ancient Egypt

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In Ancient Egypt THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis. Wornen of the Third iniermediate Period werc neri* al[ from priestly families ai Thdes and the large number indicates îhmn@h of the cul! of Amun. The title occurs spotadically after the Thini intermediate Period, but is knmîhrwgh tbe Ptolemaic cra. From the earliest ocnurences of the tiîk until the lala il is dear that the utle was closety assaciaieci with the aie religious hierarchy. It has been show tbat during the New Kingdom the Jmrywt pariicipated in siate teligious rites inciuding pmcaSions, da@ temple riîuais, and the Sed-festival œremony. This association with the state religious apparatus also had political implications. The aulhor bas interpreted the fluctuating numbers of wown who held (he titie, dong with their historical conteza, to conclude that, at times, the Btle may have been used by the religiws atthorities as a tool 10 involve more Fdmilies in the temple systems and the local or national priwer sinictures. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank a nurnber of people for their help and support. Friends and fdlyare foremost on the list, but special note must be made of Diane Flores and Troy Sagrillo who have helped with editing, references, and moral support throughout. Thanks also go to my cotnmittee members, Dr. bnLeprohon, Dr. Krzys Grzymski, and most especially Dr. Nick Millet of the Royal Ontario Museum who has been a source of help, encouragement, and humor during ail my years of study in Toronto. Thanks are additionally due to Dr. Gay Robins of Emory University for acting as the outside reader on the comrnittee. Dr. Richard Wilkinson of the University of Arizona was also of enormous assistance in the process of writing this work while away fiom Toronto's research library. Other individuah who went out of their way to send me references for the database include Dr. Rene van Walsem of the University of Leiden, Drs. Federicco Rocchi of Bologna University, and Drs. Marleen De Meyer ofthe Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. Antoine Hirsch of University of Toronto was of great assistance in cornputer matters. Financial assistance fiom the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities' Missy Eldridge Scholarship Fund was also helptiil. LIST OF ABBREWATIONS USED Journal abbreviations follow the standard used in the Lexikon der ~gyptologie(LA) BM -- British Museum Bruyére, Rapport -- B ruyére, B. 1933. &port sur les fouifies de Deir el Mtdiwh (1930) and L952 (19.15-1946, 1946-1947). Cairo: IFAO. CAA -- Corpus Ai~riqttitatirmAegypfiacurum CAT. MON. - Mariette, A. 1880. Catalogue général &s Momments d'Abydos décorrverts pendvil les furiilles de cette ville, Paris: L'imprimerie nationale. CG - Catdogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Chicago Assyian Dictionary - Oriental Institute. 1956. The Assyriian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of fhe Universil),of Chicago. Chicago: Oriental Institute. DB # or DB #s -- a reference or references to individuals named in the database D.L. A. -- Daressy's list number hmBab el Gusus cache EEFEES -- Egypt Exploration Fund/Society ERA -- Egyptian Research Account HTFES -- Hieroglyphic Te~t~fr'ornEgypiiun SteIue etc. vols 7-1 2 KRi -- Ramesside Ikripriom, K.A. Kit chen. Mird LA -- Lexikon der Agvpiologir W.Helck and E. Otto, eds., 7 vols. Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz. Lieblein no. -- entry number in Lieblein, 1. 1979. Diciionaire de Noms Hiiroglyphiq~trs /'Hierqi'yphischesNmen- Worierhch.Hildesheim: Olms. Originally published 187 111 892, Leipzig. LD -- Derlkmeler nits Aeppten unù Aeihiopien. C.R Lepsius. 6 vols. LRL -- Wente, E. 1 Wa. htekamesside Lefters. SAOC 33. Chicago: L'iversity of Chicago Press. and Eemg J. 1939. Lare Ramesside Leriers. Bnisuels: Fondation Égyp;ologique Reine Élisabeth. PM -- Topographicd Bibliogrqhy of Ancien1 Egvptian Hierog&hic Texts, reliefs, ad Pnintings. B. Porter and R.L.B.Moss 2nd ed. 7 vols. TT -- designation for Theban tombs (followed by number) Urk. II -- Sethe, K., 1904. Hierogrvphische Urhnden der Griechisch-R&iscknzeit II. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche. Urk. IV -- Sethe. K. and W.Helck. 1906-1958, UrhuIÉden der 18. Qyruxtie. Urkmden des aegyptische Altertums, vol. IV. Leipzig: J-C. Hinrichs'sche. Wb -- Erman, A, and H. Grapow. 1926. Würrerbuch der Aegypti.de Spruche. Leipzig: I. C. Hinnchs Buchhandlung. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS iv CHAPTER 1: MTRODUCTION i 1 .I GOAL STATEMENT i 1 .II QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED 2 1 .III METHODOLOGY AND SOURCE MATERIALS 3 1.111.1 METHODOLOGY 3 1 .HL2 RPESOF SOURCE MATERIAL 4 1 .II1.2.A TOMBS 4 I.III.2.B STELAE 5 I .III.Z.C STATUES 5 t ,111.2.D PAPYRI 5 1 .III.2.E FUNERARY EQUlPMENT 6 I.III.2.F LITERARY AND INSCRIPTIONAL MATERIAL 6 1.IV CONCLUSION 7 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDMG SM' 2.1 DEFMING THE TERM SM' 2.1.1 LMGUISTIC CONSIDERATIONS 2.1.2 COMPARISON WITH OTHER LANGUAGES 2-11 ICONOGRAPHY AND GESTURES 2.111 TERMS RELATED TO SMTHAT CLARIFY ITS DEFiNITION 2.11I.1 DISCUSSION OF .Y 2.IIL2 DISCUSSION OF THE HNR 2.11I.3 DISCUSSION OF THE "RHYTHM SECTION" OR SSPT DUN 2.111.4 DlSCUSSlON OF THE SISTRUM PLAY ERS 2. IV CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3: THE ROLE OF WOMEN AND MUSIC M CEREMONIES AND PROCESSIONS t.I MTRODUCTION 3.11 IMlTATMG THE GODDESS: CONNECTIONS TO MERET AND HATHOR 3.111 TYPES OF PROCESSlONS AND FESTIVALS 3.111.1 OPET FESTIVAL 3.111. I .A OPET RELIEFS Pi LUXOR COLONNADE 3.111.1.B TEMPLE OF RAMESSES III AT KARNAK 3.M 1 .C THE FAMILY OF HERIHOR AT KARNAK 3.111.2 BEAUTIFUL FEAST OF THE VALLEY 3.111.2.A THE TOMBS OF MENKHEPERRASONB 3.111.3 FUNERARY CONTEXTS 3.111.3.A THE TOMB OF NAKHTAMüN 3.111.3.8 THE TOMB OF KENAMLM 3.111.3.C THE TOMB OF RAMOSE 3.111.4 SED FESTIVAL 3.111.4.A THE TOMB OF KHERUEF TT 192 3.III.4.B THE FESTIVAL HALL OF OSORKON II 3.1115 DIVINE APPEARANCES 3.III.5.A THE TOMB OF KHONSU TT 3 1 3.III.5.B THE TOMB OF AMENMOSE TT 19 3.1II5.C THE TOMB OF PANEHSY TT 16. 3.111.6 ROYAL FAMLY PROCESSlONS 3.111.6.A GREAT COURT OF RAMESSES II AT LUXOR TEMPLE 3.111.7 TEMPLE RITUAL 3.1i1.7.A THE EESTiVAi. TEMPLE OF TUTHMOSIS III AT KARNAK 3.III.7.B TOkiE 9FMJNHOTEP-SA-SE TT 75 3.III.7.C TOMB OF MIN TT 109 3.IV CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 4: MSCRIPTIONAL EVIDENCE AND LITERARY SOURCES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.11 ROYAL DECREES 4.11. I TU TANK AM UN^ RESTORATIONSTELA 4.11.2 CANOPUS DECREE 4.111 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATlVE DOCüMENTS 4.111.1 P. BERLIN 10021 4.II1.2 AMARAH WEST STELA 4.111.3 TOMB ROBBEWES PAPYRl 4.111.4 ADOPTION PAPYRUS 4.IV STORlES 4.N.I SINUHE, P. BERLM 3022 4.1V.2 P. WESTCAR, P. BERLIN 3033 4.IV.3 NEFER-KA-RE AND THE GENERAL 4.V PRAYERS 4.V. 1 BANKES STELA NO. 3 4.V.2 AMARNA HYMN TO THE ATEN 4.VI LETTERS 4.VI.1 LETTERS CONCERNMG THE FAMILY OF BUTEHAMON 4.VI.2 LETïERS CONCERNING HERERE 4.V11 CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE TITLE SM~YT 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.11 OLD KiNGüûM ATTESTATIONS 5.M MIDDLE KINGDOM ATTESTATIONS 5.IV CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE EARLY USE OF SM. 5.V THE NEW KMGDOM 5.V. 1 THE 18TH DYNASTY 5.V. I .A HATSHEPSUT THROUGH TUTHMOSlS IV S.V. I .B AMENHOTEP III THROUGH HOREMHAB 5.V. I .C ANALYSIS 5.V.2 THE RAMESSIDE ERA S.V.2.A THE 19TH DYNASTY 5.V2.B THE 20TH DVNASTY 5.V.2.C ANALYSIS 5.W THE THIRD MTERMEDIATE PERlOD 5.W. I STATISTICS AND DISCUSSION S.VI.2 ANALYSIS 5.VII THE LATE AND PTOLEMAIC PERM;)DS 5.Vll. l STATlSTICS AND DISCUSSION 5.V11.2 ANALYSlS 5.VIII CONCLUSlONS CHAPTER 6: FAMILY WFLUENCE 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.11 THE HEREDITARY STATUS OF FEMALE TlTLES 6-11t PATTERNS OF INFLUENCE 6.111.1 MOTHERS AND DAUGHTERS 6.1112 MOTHERS-M-LAW 6.111.3 FATHERS AND DAUGHTERS 6.111.4 HUSBANDS 6.1ii.4.A MARRIAGE AS A PRECONDITION OF THE TITLE 6.W CONCLUSIONS 6.W.1 MHERLTANCE 6.1V.2 FAMLLY STATUS CHART 1 CHART 2 CHART 3 CHART 4 CHAPTER 7: THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SMW 7.1 TEMPLE HIERARCHY 7-11 RANK CHART 5 CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS 8.1 REITERATION OF QUESTIONS RAISED 8.11 FAMILY 8.U THE TEMPLE 8.111 SUMMARY APPENDIX A: MALE SMW CHART 6 APPENDIX B: THE EVIDENCE FROM ABYDOS APPENDlX C: LETTERS APPENDIX D: CATALOGUE OF SMCYWT KNOWN FROM THEBAN TOMBS APPENDIX E: NOTES ON THE DATABASE AND REFERENCES LIST CHART 7 CHART 8 1.I GOAL STATEMENT The goal of this study is to determine what it meant to be a Sm-r, or chantress, in ancient Egypt.
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