Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III

William C. Hayes

Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Apr., 1951), pp. 82-112.

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http://www.jstor.org Thu Oct 25 06:12:06 2007 INSCRIPTIONS FROhI THE PALACE OF AMENHOTEP I11

WILLIAM C. HAYES

I. THE JAR-LARELS-CO~~Z~U~~~~(7rp, "wine"; srnzt, "ale"; Karnak and a group of carved bracelet n-ith the first Sed-festival are from the plaques from the tomb of Amenhotep 111 older, southern quarter of the palace com- in the western branch of the Biban el plex, that is, from the Palace of the Icing, lI016k.~~All the dated monuments re- the Rliddle Palace, the Test Villas, the ferred to above are unanimous in giving southern rubbish mounds, and the South Regnal Year 30 as the year In n hich the TTillage(see Fig. I). A score or so examples first Heb-sed TI as celebrated, and a number of Types 92 and 99 were found in the of them also provide us nith civil calendar ruins of the North Palace, TI-hichhad evi- dates of various stages in the progress of dently been built and vas in use by its the festival. Thus, n e knon from the Soleb royal occupant (the king's eldest daugh- and Icheruef texts that rites connected ter, Sitnm6n'.')65as early as Regnal Year nith it mere performed on Alonth 4 of 30. Proyet, Day 26, on Month 2 of Shomu, In contrast to the first Heb-sed, our Day 1,and on Month 2 of Shomu, Day 27, knowledge of Amenhotep 111's second and from the inscription of Amenhotep, Sed-festival in Year 34 rests entirely upon son of Hapu, that the concluding day of the evidence of the palace jar-labels. It is, the feast was Month 3 of Shomu, Day 2- ho~rever,a copious body of evidence, 380 all in Regnal Year 30.6Yf Borchardt is of the 404 lahels dated to Year 34 contain- correct in believing that the festival began ing the phrase "for the repetition of the on the first day of the regnal year-that is, Heb-sed of His Majesty." Nost of these on the anniversary of the king's accession 380 inscribed jar-fragments, to he sure, to the throne (Month 3 of Akhet, Day 2)'j3 were found in or near the forecourt of the -its celebration n-ould have extended Amfin temple,66an area n-hich \\-as suh- over a period of eight months16"vith sup- jected to far less use and disturbance than plies, cult-statues, etc., being sent in prob- the other portions of the palace complex; 60 See \\lnlock Bull Ti M 4 1912 p 186 Lanslng, and their number probably represents a Bull .W M -1 lIarch 1918 Supplt?ne?~t p 8 and aboTe p 35 n 2 These inscrlptior~sulll be repro- much larger percentage of the total con- duced and discussed in the thrd article of thls serles 64 Six months if we accept the alternative initial In LD, I11 PI 86 a read 1 for I In the name of the date referred to in the preceding footnote. The state- palace ment of Frankfort (Ki?~ushipand the Gods, p. 70) that 6' Hayes Bull .W W 4 1048 pp 272-79 the whole Seil-festival lasted only five days is puzzling.

0" See Borcharclt, ZAS LSXII 58-59 The conclud- since we know that a single ceremony, the "Illumir~at- 111g date (Month 3 of Shomu Daj 2) appears to be irlg of the Thrones," required that length of time for partially preserved also in the tomb of Kheruef its cornpletiorl (see TVilson, JdOS. LVI. 294). (Fakhry op czt p 495) 6' See above, p. 36, n. 6.

b1 ZrlS, LSSII, 54-55 58-59 The tradlt~orlal " Two hundred and ninety in a durnp in the south- date Month 1 of Prolet Dal 1, he regards not a4 east corner of the court, 41 in adjacent rubbish heaps, the opening clay of the festiral ~tselfbut as the day on 31 in the vicinity of the North Palace. 15 ir~unre- ~rh~chthe preparations for ~t uere announced. corded locations, and 3 in the Middle Palace. trihutions to the festival than is the case year represented the sum total of the with those recovered for the first and temple's period of full-scale activity-a third Heb-sed's. Although this and the concllision borne out by its empty store- curious absence of any reference to the rooms and by the heaps of rubbish from second Hcb-sed in contemporary tomb and the festival left standing in its courtyard. temple inscriptions6' should be borne in The third Heb-sed is referred to in only mind ~vhenestimating the relative impor- 27 jar-labels, 25 of n-hich are datecl to tance of the three festivals, it is nererthe- Year 37" (Types 59, 164, 165) and 2 to less obvious that the second ded-festival Year 38 (Type 142). Even if it is assumed Ivas regarded as a noteworthy occasion that the other 61 jars of Years 37 and 38 and was celebrated on a grand- scale. and all the 37 examples dated to Year 36 Other co~lsiderationsaside, there seems to vere intended for this festival, the decline k)e little doubt that the palace's temple of in the quantity of supplies, as compared Amfin, the court,yard in front of it,, and with those contributed to the first and the columned structures on the north of second Heb-sed's, is still a very abrupt one the court were constructed especially for -too abrupt to be attributed to accidents the celebration of this particular festival of modern excavation or similar extrane- and were not used to any very great ex- ous circumstances. It would appear, tent thereafter. The peculiar nature of rather, to he one of the several indications this group of building~~~-therelatively ~rhichwe possess that during the latter small t,emple proper, the except,ionally years'of his reign the power once n-ielded large and numerous storerooms, the prom- by Amenhotep 111 had to a great extent inent terrace, the tremendous courtyard, passed into the hands of his youthful co- and the multipiered festival hall in its regent, Akhenaten, who had now occupied usual position on the right side of the pro- the throne for almost a full decade anti cessional way to the temple69-sho~~-clear- ~ho,some four years prior to the date of ly that the n-hole complex was designed his father's third Sed-festival, had trans- for the celebration of a Sed-festival, as do ferred the seat of government and much of also the inscribed offering tables, archi- the court to Tell el Arnarr~a.'~The festival tectural elements, brick-stamps, jar-seal- was accorded a prominent place in the ings, and other objects found in it. Xot decoration of the tomb of Icheruef chiefly one dated object out of the hundreds because of the prominent role n-hich found in this area bears any date save Icheruef himself played in its celebra- Year 34,'O and it is reasonable to assume A honey-jar found here, undated but probably that this and perhaps part of the following of Year 34 (Label No. 2091, bore a much-faded, "It is not mentioned even in the tomb of Kheruef, earlier label of Year 9 (KO.1); but this can hardly be the scenes and inscriptions in which deal in some de- cited as an exception to the foregoing statement. tail sith both the first and the third Beh-seil's. Bor- 111spite of the date givenin the tomb of Kheruef. chardt's suggestion (dllerhand Kleir~iykeiten.p. 25) it is clear that this, not Year 36, was the year in which that the second or third fie&-serlInay have beerr repre- the fe~t~ivalwas actually celebrated. See Borchardt, sented in the much-damaged tomb of Ameuemhet zds, LXXII. 55 ff. Surere (KO. 48), though not improbable, is not sus- 72 See above, p. 37 and n. 14. Thereis no real basis ceptible of proof. for I3orchardt's theory (.4llerhand Kleiniqkriten, pp. 6s See Fig. 1 and the more detailed plan and 23-29) that Akher~atenu-as elevated to the coregency tlescription of the group given by Lansing, lor. cit. on the occasiorl of his fat,her's second or third Scd- Y'ompare, for example, t,he position of the festi- festival anti that the event is represent'eti on a block val hall of Amenhotep I1 in relation to the southern of relief in the Ashmolean Museum (Griffith, JE4, processional way leading to the temple of Xman at IX, 61-63, P1. VIII; Schafer, Sb. Berl. Ik , 1919, pp. Karrrak (Chewier, Ann. Srrc., XXXVI, P1. I). Label 477-84). His article, however, corltains much inter- No. 163 actually refers to the "Hall ([~c]sh[t])of t,he esting material on the Beb-sed's of Amenhotep 111 and flch-,seO . . . of His X3ajesty." on the history of the last years of his reign. EASTERKSTUDIES ti0n.7~Its detailed representation here jars associated nith the first Heb-sed con- may also be regarded as an expression of tained a beerlike beverage called srnzt loyalty-perhaps even as an act of con- (here translated "ale"), no srmf at all ap- scious propaganda-promulgated by an pears to have been contrihuted to either official whose o~rncareer Tras closely the second or the third yeb-sed. Instead, hound to the fading fortunes of the old n-e find that meat, only four jars of which king and whose unco-operative attitude have been recovered for the first Sed-festi- ton-ard the nelr Atenist regime resulted in val, constituted more than 83 per centi6 of the mutilation of his tomb and the erasure the provisions for the second (feb-sed, and of his figure and inscriptions from its \vine over 74 per cent of all the potted sup- ~valls.~~ plies sent in during Years 36-38 for the No nen- festival hall seems to have been third occasion of the royal feast, the meat prepared for the celebration of the third jars for these latter years totaling, in turn, Heb-sed, and, like those contributed to the only 16 examples. Although I cannot clte first Sed-festival, the inscribed jars assori- a parallel, the evidence polnts very strong- ated with it Irere almost all found in the ly to the conclusion that in the time of southern portions of the palace area-the Amenhotep 111 there was a particular hIiddle Palace, the \Test TTillas,the south- type of offering I\ hich I\ as prescribed for, ern rubbish mounds, and the South Yil- regarded as peculiarly appropriate to, or lage-~rlth a few examples of Types 59 traditionally associated with, each suc- and 164 occurring also in the North Pal- cessive {leb-sed-beer n ith the first, meat ace. 11 ith the-- second, 11 ine I\ ith the third, and An additional indication of the general SO on." locale in which all three Heb-sed's were The regular annual festivals of the celebrated is contained in an inscription Egyptian temple calendar do not figure on the base of a superb ehony statuette of prominently in the palace jar-labels; but Amenhotep 111 recently acquired hy the n e have inscribed fragments of six jars of Brooklyn Museum.'j On this little monu- \vine, nine jars of fat, and one jar of meat ment, n-hich may have come originally which n ere contributed to the great Feast from the palace itself, the king's name is of Opet (Nos. 48,7871, 138, 145, 146, and followed by the epithet "Lord of (Sed-)fes- 168). Labels 48 and 138 are dated to tivals in the House of Rejoicing." Regnal Years 36 and 35, respectively; and Before leaving the subject of the Sed- No. 138 contains also the calendar date festivals mention should be made of a of the opening day of the feast: Month 2 curious and interesting fact n-hich emerges of Akhet, Day 19.79Another feast-that from a study of the table of Figure 16. of the goddess TTTadjet ('?)-is mentioned Whereas over 81 per cent of the extant in No. 167; but this label, ~rhichnas re-

$6 _2lrlet>-threeper cent ~f ne class nlth it the 39 'iBalihry, op, cit., pu. 460-88, PI. SSXIX. jars of anlmal fat a meat by-product Possibly also, and for the same reason, in the tomb of 4s with our modern nedding arlrurersarles the .%merlemhet Surere (So. 48). See Horchardt, .4ll~r- hand Rleiniyieitrn, pp. 24-25, P1. XI. ralue of the glfts seems to have ~ncreasedu~th each succeeding festlr a1 74 Falihry, op. cit , pp. 452-53. Davies' views on 8 One example has the w ords *-* this subject, as expressed in 1023 (Bull. ~lf.M.4, @ 91.. December, 1023, Part 11, p. 44; JEA, IX, 134). were added to the end of the label as transcribed In Fig 6 based to a great extent 011 the erroneous belief that '9 Meilznet Habu, I11 (Cn~r Chlcago, 'Or Inst Kheruef possessed, in addition to Tomb Xo. 102, an Pub1 ' XXIII) P1 154 calendar 1 743 Pap Harris earlier tomb which he abandoned in favor of the latter. I 17 a 5 In the time of Thutmose 111 the feast ap- 75Acc. So. 48.28. To be published in the near parent11 began four da>s earher (Irk IV, 742 824 future. see \Tolf, Dav schone FI*t ton Opet p 71) placed on the same, much-used jar by of the Egyptians of this era; but n-e may Nos. 168 and 96, was partially erased, anti note in passing that the six jars of fat re- only traces of the name of the festival are ferred to above n-ere all prepared between still visible. In adtlition to "Regnal Year the end of the first month of Shomu and 36," a wine-jar label, No. 42, appears to the end of the calendar year, a period contain the curious and interesting date which during the reign of Amenhotep I11 "llonth 1 of Proyet, Day of the Lifting- IT-oultlhave coincitled approximately n-ith up of the [Regnal :'] Year" (wfs k:t-sp ?)- our months of May, June, and July.82In- perhaps a variant form of the traditional scriptions dated to the five epagomenal date (Month 1 of Proyet, Day 1) for an- days are relatively rare before Ramesside nouncing the preparations for the Scd- times," and Lahels 143 and 143A, dated, festival.80Here again, hon-ever, the read- respectively, to the Birth(day)s of Osiris ing of the pertinent groups is extremely and Horus, are interesting in supplying us doubtful, for the inscription is not only n-ith goocl I4:ighteenth Dynasty writings much faded hut partially covered by a of these tlates (see Figs. 3 and 11). later label (No. 62).81 The evitlence providetl by the palace No special significance seems to attach jar-labels for the addition of a 37th and to any of the other civil calendar dates 38th year to the reign of Amenhotep I11 preserved in the jar-labels, the use of these is far more extensive than n-as implied in dates being in general attributable simply my note on the sr~bjectpublished tro to the extremely perishable nature of the years ago in C'hronique d'~~~ptr(1949), products to which they refer-protlucts page 96. There are, as indicated in Figure vhich had to be used, not a fen- years, but 16, no less than 78 inscribed jar-fragments a fen- days after they n ere prepared. Lack- tlated to Regnal Year 3784 and 16 to ing an artificial preservative, '(fresh (ani- Regnal Year 38,85tvith the likelihood of mal) fat," for example, n-ould go rancid additional examples of both tlates existing in a very short space of time, and it is not among the 217 unidentified small frag- iurprising to find most of the surviving ments. The fact t'hat t'hree t'ypes of labels calendar dates appearing on jars ~rhich (Nos. 142, 143, ancl 143A) are tlat'ed t'o once contained fat (Xos. 119. 138, 142 [2 what would correspond to the last three examples]. 143, 143 A). One jar of fat in- montl~sof Regnal Year 3gX6suggests the

tended for use in the Feast of Opet was, ZSee Borchardt, Dir .%filfcl zur zriflichrn Fcst- as we have just seen, prepared and labeled Zeiiung, p. 121; and Edgerton, dJSI,, LIII, 196 on the first day of the feast itself (Label See Ptii.. 1061; Sethe, 17rk. I, 25, 27: Crifith, Siiit. I, 207, 305, 312; Chace, Bull, and JIanning. 138). A jar of vegetable oil (b3b n th) The Rhinrl .MatIiemaiiral Papyrus, No. 87, PI 108: sealed in Regnal Year 8 and a jar of $[t]- Ihvies and Gardiner. TILP Tonlh of .4menemhet (.\-a. 8f), pp. 96-98; Davies, Tombs of A%fenkl~~p~rraro?il), oil are both tlated to Month 3 of Proyet, etc., PI. SXIX: and, for the Rarnesside Period: Pay Day 5 (Nos. 197, 199), and a jar of Bnastasi VI, 58 (Gardiller, Bzh. .4r~.,TII); Pap. Ch. Beatty VIII vs . 11, 4 (Gardiner, 1Iii.r. Pap. Brit. "shelled beans" is stated to have been a IIIZLS.,3d Series): Ostr. Cairo 25515 (?ern$, Cat. qhi. contribution "from the Treasury of the MUP (-laire);Ostr. Deir el 3Iedineh 44, 143, 145, 156, 158, 206. 209 (?ern$, Uo<.uments de fouilles Insf. fr. I

(No. 219). The extant calendar dates are 81 Types 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 140, 141, 164, too few in number to provide dependable 165, 188, 220. 86 Types 61, 62, 142, 143, 144 information on the seasonal occupations 86 Absli~ningthe regrlal year to have begun on the 80 See above, n 63 anniversary of the king's accessiorl to the throne- See Cilron d'gy, No 47 (19491, Fig 9 (opp p Month 3 of Akhet, Day 2 (Gardiner, JE.1, XXXI, 961, C 27-28) probability that Amenhotep I11 lived long fat (91 jars), and meat (375 jars), the enough to witness the beginning at least other identified products (fowl, oil, milk, of his 39th year on the throne. honey, fruit, and incense) amounting all To the evidence of the I{-ell-known together to only 134 jars. "Lake Scarabs" that Amenhotep I11 and The jars of wine, though less numerous Queen Tiy were in residence in the Rlal- than the ale and meat jarslgl are more kata palace before the end of Regnal Year evenly distributed over the seventeen 11" we may now add that of three jar- regnal years covered by the dated labels, labels, two of which are dated to Year 8 t~voor more examples existing for every (Type 197) and one to Year 9 (Type 1). year of the last decade of the reign. 'Irp, The labels of the 8th year occur on frag- a word normally denoting the fermented ments of oil-jars found in the ruins of juice of grapes, is the only expression for \\-hat was probably the earliest building "\vineH occurring in the palace labels.92 of the royal group, the Palace of the King The superior vintages, imported into the (see Fig. 1). That of Year 9 was written Thebaid often from considerable distances, on the shoulder of a wine-jar re-used in are usually accompanied by their dates Year 34 (?) to contain honey and found in and by the names of the districts from the courtyard of the Amfin temple (No. 11-hich they came, the latter serving also, as 209). In vieu- of the complete absence of with our modern vintages, to identify the inscribed jar-fragments dated to Years types of wine in question. Sixty-eight jars 2-7 and the extreme scarcity of those contained the highly prized "wine of the hearing dates earlier than Year 30 of 90 See the references given above, pp. 37-38. To Amenhotep I11 there can be little doubt these \re may add Junker's detailed treatment of the Old Kingdom offering lists (Giza 11, 69-96), LIontet's that the date "Regnal Year 1" occurring Sciines cle la zie prirPe .., Hartmann's L'dgriculture on five examples of Label-type 6 refer, not dans l'anc. Egupte. Scharff's "Ein Rechnungsbuch des koniglicherl Hofes ..." (z;~s, LVII, 51-68), Stern's to the reign of this king, hut to that of his glossary to Papyros Ebers (Vol. II), Breasted's son and coregent, Akhenaten, who as glossary to The Eclwin Smith Surg?cal Papyrus (I, Amenhotep IV appears to have been ele- 511-76), Reisner's vocabnlary of The Nearst Medical Papyrus (14-481, Gardiner's Late Egypt?an A!4isce1- vated to the throne in or about the 28th lanies (Bibl. deg., VII), Cernf's publications of the year of his father's reign.ss Since all the Cairo and Deir el Rledirleh ostraka (Cat. gln. Mus. Caire, xos 25501-25385, and Documents de fouilles labels of this type Tvere found in the so- Inst. fr. Caire, Vols. 3-6), Erichsen's transcription called Middle Palace, it has been assumed of Papyrus Harris I (Bibl. dev., V), and. of course. the five 'volumes of the 1Forterhurii dcr ugyptischen that this large and handsome building Tvas Spraclle with the Belevstell~nfor Vols. I and 11. The the young pharaoh's residence before his indexes to Breasted's dnczent Records (Vol. V) are very helpful in corltrolling the numerolls products departure to Tell el Amarna.8" named in tomb and temple lists of the Eighteenth Dynasty and later times. The contents of the inscribed jars from 91 In sharp contrast to Amarna and other New the palace of Amenhotep 111 consisted for Kingdom sites where the wine-jars constitute an over- the most part of beverages, foodstuffs, and whelming majority of all those found (Imarna. Pls. XSII-XXV: City I, PIS LXIII-LSIV; City II. PI. unguents of ti-ell-known and frequently LVIII; Ran~esseunl, Pls. XIX-XSXVIII; ZAS, discussed types." Predominant among LVIII, 25-36; etc.). these 11-ere n ine (285 jars), ale (298 jars), q? I have found no examples of &lh. "new wine" (Y ), as at Tell el Amarna and elsewhere (dn~arna,Nos. 8' See above, p 35, n. 4. To the references cited 63, 64; City I, 74; City 11, Nos. 31, 32; Gard.. On . there add Steindorff, z.'~s, XXXIX, 62-65; Roeder, A 564; Lucas, Materials, p. 37 [Hdh is the product dcg. Inscllr. Berlin, 11, NO. 19600; Petrie, Scarabs and which Lucas discusses llrlder the heading "Grape C!/lin(lers,PI. XXXI, 8; Lansing, Bull. MA!41.1d, 1936, Juice"]; etc.): nor of palm-wine, date->vine, or any pp. 12-14. of the other varieties known to the dynastic Egyptians 88 See above, p. 37 and n. 14. (see Lucas, op. cit., PP. 31-33; Klebs, Reliefs . . . rli,s 89 See above. p. 35 and n. 5. neuen Reichcs, p. 61). ~SSCRIPTIOKS FRO31 THE P Western River," a product of the famous No. 69), "wine of the abode (st) of 'I . . ." vinevards located in the northtl-est Delta (No. 26)) "wine of the Place1' (p: bw(f):lO' along the lower reaches of the ancient So. 72), and "wine of the orchard ('f Hf) Canopic arm of the Nileg3 (Nos. 10, 11, of Sebma~re:" (No. 60) ;Io2 and in many 20, 21, 33, 46, 47, 54, 55, 57, 61, 66); and examples the wine is designated as coming fifteen others, "n-ine of Tjel" (T37-w), from from a royal or private estate (pr), a the region adjoining the well-knolvn hor- temple foundation (Hw~),or a particular der fortress on the site of modern Tell Abu vineyard (I;:mw). Since the estates and Sefah in the extreme northeast corner of foundations produced other commodities the DeltaN (Nos. 5, 51, 52, 74, 75, 76). hesides \vine, they are more advantage- "Wine of Khor" (Syria)" ~n-asrepresented ously considered in a later section dealing by 8 jars (No. 77), "n-ine of the Oases"96 1.c-ithsources in general (below, pp. 96 ff.). by 3 jars (Nos. 19, 73), "\vine of Per- Together with or in lieu of a designation tvesekh" (a locality in the oasis of of source, the nature, purpose, or quality Kharga ?)97 by 2 jars (No. 49), and "wine of a \vine is often indicated by an adjective of Per-hebyt" (the modern BehhPt el or adjectival phrase. Sineteen slender, Hagar in the central Delta)gsby 3 jars one-handled jugs of Syrian (1) typeLo3con- (No. 31). TTineyardsin the neighborhood tained "blended ('?) nine" (~rpsnd: No. of the great city of iilemphis contributed 85); two jars, dated respectively to Years at least 7 jars of wine (Sos. 3, 17, 25, 58) 24 and 28, "wine for a happy return" (") and probably more.99 Individual labels (~rprz h3y nfr:lOVos.2, 4); another, of list '(IT-ineof the New Land" (t: rn3~f:~OO Year 33, "wine for (lit. of) taxes" (irp n

9:: Gard., On., A 405-6: JE.i, XXXIV, 19-22. htr(w): So. 29); and nine examples, all '" Ciard., On., A 419; .JE.i, V, 242 ff.; TI, 99 ff. probably of Year 38, "\vine (for) offer- The rare tree- or place-name, p3 ndb~i,,occurring in ings" (LTP7713 (w):Io5 NOS. 62, 63). In both examples of Label No 52, is found also in a wine- jar label from the Kanresseun~(PI. XXI, KO. 167) and tn-elve cases the nine is described as perhaps on an ostrakon from the Dira Abul Naga, "good" (rzfr) and in twenty instances as 11ow in Tlrussels (Speleers. Re(. IILS(.T.,No. 187). Y5Gard, On.. .A 567. "very good" (nfr-nfr), these notations of

Gard . On . -\ 568. See also under A 564; .4 ,narnn. 101 lrb., I. 450 ff. Cf. Gauthier, Diet. iPog., 11, 19, X\;o 94; ('it?]I, P1 LXIlI. K: Citu 11, Nos. 29, 37: 33-34. Pap. I%onla~18, SSSIII. 6, 7 (Scharff, 2-38, LVII, 10% In a second example of this label the word :t 54) ; Pap Harris I, 7, 10: Pap. Anastasi IV, ro., 14, 7: has its usual determinative, LT.Cf. Hayes. up. rit . Davies, Tomb of Kekh-~nt-Ke'. P1 XLIS; Tomb of No. 129;and for writings of 't [lt \~itho~rtthe genitival Puyrnrr&. P1 XX.YI; Tonibs of Mrnkiieprrrasonb, adjective, Pap. Anastasi 111, ro., 2, 5; 2, 12: Pap. . . . . pp. 8-9, Pls. TI. TIII: Fakhry, Bahria Oasis, Ilainer. 53, 6. pp. 14-15; Sethe. z.~s, LTI. 44-54. It is not clear 10s City I, PI. LI. Type SLI, p. 139; Schiaparelli. which, if any, particular oasis or group of oases is Ton~ba... dell'architetto ("ha. Fig. 124: Carter, Tomb of referred to here. Kharga or I3aharia wonld seem to be the most likely. Tvt.ankl~.dmen.111. 149, P1. L, C: Lucas, Matrrial.~, p. 28, n. 4. The label in every case is written on the '"C'f. Gauthier, Dirt. coo., TI. 73; I, 206; Gol- shoulder of the jug at the base of the handle. The enischeff. Ilrc trai,.. -XI-.87-R The puzzling firla1 de- three jars containing "wine of the Oases" (Nos. 19, clear in botlr examples of this label. 73) were also of this type ""anthier. op. eit., 11, 110 11. "\Tine for a good going-down" or possibly '" I e . those on which 1Iernl)his is not specifically "\vine which goes dolrti ~vell."This curious, tho~~ghby ~neutioned.but which were contributed by well-knou-11 no rneans unique, expression is ciiscussed by Peet in 3Iernphite fonndatioris or officials (e g.. Xos. 34, 35, JE.1. XIV, 182. In three of the five occurrences of the 59. 79). Cf. dniarna, P1. XXV, 3.0. 93: Czty I. P1 LV, phrase known to me (which include one on a wine-jar S. sealing from the palace and the incomplete example of Label 3.0. 2) the verb h' (or h:y) has as its determi- 11'" Garcl., On , A 60:Spiegelberg, z.~s, LTIII, 30; native the walking legs A.On the use of m]\ A with Hayes, Ostrakn arril .\-amr Stones, p. 34. Ramesside irU jar-labels from Kantir in the Delta list "wine . . . the meaning "return (to Egypt)" see my note in JE.1, from the New Land on the west of Pi-Ra'messe-mi- XXXX7,48 (h).

AmGn" (Hamza, -17171. Seri., XXX, 43-45). ''I5 C7t2 I, 162, 11. 8: City 11, 105, P1. LVIII (17). quality or grade being applied for the one particularly favored by women. To most part to otherwise unidentified vin- distinguish it from "beer" (hnht), with tages (Nos. 28, 86, 87, 88) or to wines which it was obviously closely related donated by private individuals (Nos. 15, (though occasionally stored and served 53, 78). TIT-enty-sixjars bearing on their in a semisolid state),logI have adopted shoulders the single word irp presumably the arbitrary translation "ale." In the contained wine of inferior quality, coming palace jar-labels the word srmt is always perhaps from local vineyards in the neigh- determined by the jar 6 and is always borhood of Thebes itself. followed immediately by the word dbhw, The absence of inscribed jars of ordi- clearly a direct genitive rather than an nary beer (hnbt) is almost certainly at- adjective or a participle, since in no case tributable to the fact that this common does it agree in gender with srmt, knon-n beverage, undoubtedly consumed in quan- from other sources to be a feminine noun. tity by the inmates of the palace, was I take the construction to be similar to produced day by day in breneries at- that of Lrp rn3 (ul),"wine (for) offerings," tached to the palace itself, making the and suggest the translation "ale (for) labeling of the vessels containing it not offerings," or perhaps "ale (as) required only unnecessary but absurd.lo6Converse- offerings," giving dbhw some of its basic ly, ne may suppose that another type of meaning."O The expression srmt dbhw oc- bren, srrvlt, for which ne possess the frag- curs in tvo labels from Tell el Amarna,"' ments of almost three hundred elaborate- and in Papyrus Ebers (43, 17) n-e find the ly labeled jars (Kos. 90-llf), was not a phrase hnkt ndmt nt dbh(w), n-hich is not local but an imported product, made per- translated in full by Ebbell,"? but 11-hich haps of ingredients n-hich n-ere not ob- apparently means "sweet beer of (the tainable in the neighborhood of Thebes. type prescribed for) offerings." The very One jar of srmt (Label 103 var.) \\as con- frequent use of 6 as the determinative tributed by the mayor (h3tpc) of Tjebu, of dbhw as TI-ellas of srrnt must be an ex- capital of the Xth Nome of Upper Egypt ample of what Gardiner in dealing n ith a (modern Kau el Iiebir :Gard., On., A 461). comparable use of the n-ord dbhw has Otherwise we have no definite indications termed the "attraction of determina- of the geographical locations of the vari- tive~.""~In one example of Label 105 ous royal and private estates which fur- (Fig. 9) the srrrlt is listed as coming from nished srmt, and can only note that a a building or chamber called t3 !3t, a 11-ord number of the donating officials-the otherwise unknown to me,n4but obvious- 04 Vizier Huy, the Steward of Memphis ly equivalent to n, '(the store- Huy, the Priest and Steward hleryup- kn tahI0'-held office and probably resided room," TI-hichreplaces it in tn-o other ex- in northern Egypt. Among the chief amples of the same label. sources of srmt n-ere the estates of the "18 Sixty examples in all See also Iiizai. na. Sos. queens (see NOS. 94-98, 112),Io8 a fact 70. 98. n lag Gard , On.. A 363, Sethe, Drn,riatische Teite, ~rhichmay indicate that the beverage as pp. 213-14. lo6 The same seems to have held true elselr here, 110 See Tb., V, 440-41, especially p. 441. Belegst. 9. neither Tell el lmarrla nor an) of the other sltes re- ferred to ln nn 18-39 having ylelded a slngle inscribed '11 Amarna, Sos 69, 70. Griffith (p 34) does not jar of hnkt-beer translate dbhu.. lo7Sos 103 92 arld 101 (2 examples of each do- '12 The Bbers Papyrus. 55. nated by the Sterrard Huy) 109 See below, gp "3 JEA. 9111, 77. 100-101. 114 See, however, C~tyI. No. 20. The frequent mention of "beer (knkt)of n Il/ls'ws'). Since in eT7ery example the fat is Kedy" in documents of the New King- stated to he from the stockyard (?kt) of dom115has perhaps unduly influenced my one of Amenhotep 111's officials, the refer- restoration of the first ~vordof Label 118. ence is clearly to a breed or type of cattle This, too, may have been srmt, an example rather than to a direct importation of of srrnt of Kedy occurring in Ostrakon beef-fat from the land of the hlesh~resh. Deir el hledineh 273."'j Since "the Over- Nevertheless, this well-dated group of in- seer of the Fortress" referred to in our scriptions constitutes the earliest recorded label Iras almost certainly the com- reference to relations between the Egyp- mandant of the northeast border station tians and this particular Libyan people, and customs house at Tjel (see Pios. 76- antedating by a century the mention of 77 and belo~r,p. 101) it is probable that the Alesh~reshin Papyrus Anastasi I.I19 the beverage in this case was actually im- Papyrus Harris I (10, 8) lists 971 Mesh- ported from the land of qedy and was not T\-eshattached to a herd of cattle called merely a drink of Kedian type. On the "UsermacrBc-mi-Amtin(1.p.h.) -is-the-con- land itself, situated to the north of Syria, queror-of-the-hlesh~resh-at-the-Raters- see Gardiner, Onomastics, A 251. of-PerE-"; and the activities of the Liby- Ninety-one of the inscribed jars from ans as cattle-breeders are attested from the palace had contained animal fat (3)117 an early period.120 which, to judge from the invariable de- The expression ~wfdr occurring on frag- terminative 8,had heen poured into them ments of 375 jars (Labels 155-69) is prob- in a liquid state, probably while still hot ably best translated "dressed meat," that from the rendering, and which in almost is, meat "removed" (dr) from the honesl2' every case is described as "fresh" (w?_d)or, and cut into thin strips or slices n-hich he- more rarely, as "sweet" (n_drn:Pios. 150, fore potting must have been hung in the 151, 153).l18 Label 143 lists "fat of prime sun and thoroughly dried in the manner meat of the cattle stable" and Label 148 of the Peruvian charquz, or "jerked" "fresh fat of goats (of) the cattle stable meat, of more recent times.122This meth- of the Scribe Huy." Most interesting are od of preservation is suggested, first, be- fifteen labels of Regnal Year 34 (Types cause it is simple and particularly effec- 130 and 132) wherein the fat is specified tive in a hot, dry climate like that of as being that of "hleshnesh bulls" (h-:(w) Egypt, and, second, because there is no

115 Pap. dnastasi 111, 3, 6; 111 A, 5; IV, 12, 11; 16, 1'9 17, 4 (Gardiner, En. Iiier. Teits, Part 1). In his 1; 16, 4; V, 4, 1 (Gardiner, Bibl. den., V11). discussion of the AIeshwesh, Gardiner (On.. A 240) "6L. 2. ?ern$. Documents rle fouilles Inst. fr. rejects Holscher's identification of them (Ay. Forsch., Caire. VI. P1. IS. IV. 60. 70) with the MBu of the time of Thutmose I11 (Cri.. 1V. 792, h-o. 2821, and our present Eight- 1'' Wb.. 1, 239 (8-12). To the references cited there eenth Dynasty writing of the name shows that he is add: dmarna. p. 34, P1. XXIV, Nos. 71-73: Breasted, right in doing so. For further references see also Erlu,in Smith Surgical Papyrus, Glossary, p. 521: GanttLier, Dzct. gdoy., 111, 19. Chace, Bull, and Manning. The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Probl. 66, P1. LSXSVIII: <:aim Stela '2" Bates, Tt,e ?.'astern Libyans, pp. 93-96; Breas- 34183 (Lacall, Stkles); Pap. Sallier IV rerso, 2. 8 ted, ITzstory, p. 47; Capart, ,Irlenlpi,is, p. 210.

(Gardiner, Bibl. dey., VII); Pap. Ch Beatty VI recto, 12' Gunn in C'zty I,p. 167. 5, 4; IS recto, 7, 8 (Gardiner. Hier. Pap B.M., 3d Iz2 TTebster'~ -\-eu, International Dictzonary (1917), Series); Ostr. Cairo 25602 recto, 3 (?ern$, Cat. ydri. pp. 373, 1160. See also the paragraphs on meat Mus. C'aire): Ostr. Deir el AIedineh 46 cerso, 10: 195 recto, 5; 204 rerso, 3: etc. (Cern$, Doc. Fouilles Imt, fr. preservation in the Encyclopaedia Britannzca (11th ed.), X, 613; and, for ancient representations of pieces ('air?, III-VI); Gard., On . A 574 (1); Lucas, Ma- (Y): ttrials, pp. 382-83, 390. of meat hlmg on lines to dry Klebs, Heidelherger Ak. Wiss, Phil.-11LstKlasse, 3te Bbh., p 79; 6te Bbh., usOn the close dating of some of the jars of fat see P 104; 9te Abh., p. 91; Winlock, Bull. ,%fMA, Dec , above. p. 87. 1920. Part 2, p. 26, Fig. 10. indication in any of our labels that the show it to have been a fairly extensive en- meat was salted, pickled, or subjected to closure or complex capable of containing any other type of preservative process. It within itself, not only a "(butcher-)shopn may also be noted in passing that in these (web, or ~cbt),~~~but also a "(slaughter-) inscriptions iwf (det. ) probably court" (S~JW).~~~Three of the seven ex- Ill amples of Label 136 substitute t3 st, "the means, not simply "meat," but "pieces," place," for t3 3ht, "the stockyarcl"; and in or '(cuts," '(of meat." In no case are Ire Label 161 (4 examples) the ~wf tb. from told from what type of animal the meat the 3lJt of the King's Scribe Kha is fur- \\-as obtained,'" and in only two instances ther described as "a meat-offering-puri- is iwf dr follo~redby a qualifying expres- fied (?) by (lit. of) the High Priest" sion: "good" (nfr) in Label 162 and "(as) (w byt130 n p3 hm-ntr tpy). tribute of the heart (?)"Iz4 (m:~(c'u)zb) in A scene frequently represented in pri- Label 166. That, as at Tell el Amarna,Iz5 vate tombs of the New Kingdom shows most of the meat mas prepared locally is n-aterfon-1, chiefly geese, being plucked, indicated by the fact that the donors Irere, cleaned, cut into sections, and dried, \\-ithout exception, either chamberlains preparatory to being packed into big (z~ny-hnt)of the palace itself or other of- pottery amphorae.l3l Fragments of seven- ficials known to have held office at teen such amphorae found in the ruins of Thebes. One label (No. 168) mentions a the palace hear labels (Nos. 170-81) de- butcher attached to the estate of the kina:- A but otherwise all the inscribed jars of scribing the contents of the jars as 5 n meat found in the palace inclosure came which is apparently to be read 3ptl mr, from the stockyards (:hi) of private indi- "channel-bird," "pondfon-I,"'33 and un- viduals. derstood to mean also "(meat of) pond- U Lansing's translation of (the fo\:-l." The latter meaning is indicated by -L. 2 Labels 171-73, \[-here the group is deter- s8Q4$1 of the Amarna as mined by or O and demanded by ii~tock-yard1112iis confirmed, first, by the , :, fact that it is mentioned in the palace Labels 177-80, where in each case it is jar-labels as the source of only two folio\\-ed by the genitival adjective n(y), proclucts-meat ancl animal fat; and, 128 Vb., I, 284. See also Labels 128, 141, 186. second, by the fact that over forty of TVh.. IV, 229. See also Label 128. these labels (Types 135, 136, 140, 160) '""V'h., I, 284 (11, 14). In tlus contest iccbyt car1 hardly be regarded as a variant \*-riting of ,ccb!, 1-3 Probabl3 chleflk beef-cattle See Imarna, 90s "shop"; and the supposition that cuts of meat in- 44 45 Czty I Sos 75-84, Cztu 11, Ko 33 tended as festival offerings were sometimes conse- 198 I e., as a voluntary gift frorn a loyal subject. I crated by the high priest (of Aimfin?)seems a pla~~sible cannot cite another instance of this expression, \*-hich one. An objection is the masculine form of the is, however, clearly legible in the present label. genitival adjective n (u).

125 City I, p. 187. 181 Klebs, op. rit., 9te Abh., pp. 79-80; Davies, 126 dmarnn, 33, Xos. 44-57 passim; City I, 187, Towzb of SaX111, p. 70. P1. 26; Two Rawzessiilc Torr~hs, h-0s. 75-84; City 11, 108, Nos. 32-33. In the present p. 62, PI. 30. writing the sign @Iis apparently used purely 132 The occasional substitution of ofor nI take phonetically. In view of its frequent occurrence in to be a scribal error. The bird should perhaps have these inscriptions it is difficult to agree with Griffith been transcribed (Gardiner, JE.1, SV, 52): but (Amarna, p. 33) that 3h(y)twas "a name chosen for its alliteration \*-ith Akhenaten. Akhetaten, etc." It is in these labels there is usually no tick over the back of perhaps related to the word jbt, "fertile land," of the hieratic sign. Wb.,1,18 (9),or to two late words, ,h, "slanghter"(Y), Compare the connnon 'pdw n mu, "uaterfo\vlW and :kt, "knife ' (lor, rit., Belegst. 14, 15). (Pap Harris I, pas,zm) For the exact rneaning of 127 BTLII.~M.Vlil, March, 1918, Supplern~nt,p. 10. nu see Gardiner, JEA, XXIX, 43-44 ALACE OF AMEKHOTEP111 93 the name of a type of bird, and in several officials named in this group of inscrip- rases by a number. Thus, Label 177 would tions were associated either with Memphis 1ead: "I7ery good ponclfon 1-meat of msyt- or, in the case of the King's Scribe Huy, l~irds"; Label 179 : "Good pondfon 1-meat with Athribis in the Delta.139Looking of srt-geese"; and so on. The fact that jars, ahead to Label 21.5 (Fig. 15), ne find presumably of the same size, would con- Memphis named as the location of an tain 30 s(:)!-geese (No. 180) and 70 ?tzsyt orchard of b%t-trees; and a jar-sealing (No. 178) suggests that the latter, not from the palace (to be reproduced in a identified in Jl'b. (11, 143), mas a rela- later article) hears the legend "R:&-oil of tively small bird-probablv a snlall duck. the Fortress" (i.e., Tjel in the northeast In several Instances the pondfowl 1s speci- Delta)."O fied as "butchered" (sft),IT4and in lour "Oil oi tF,(w)" (KO. 197, 2 examples) is cases a royal estate or donating official is not documented elsewhere, but tF, ui itself named (Xos 171, 172, 174, 175). Label is kno\~nto have been an aromatic plant, 176 lists "pondfonl of the tax(-collectors: the seeds of which \\ere used in the manu- hfr[ul]"),I3j.. . , 100; pondfonl, 100; .. ."; facture of perfume.141The close dating of and Lahe1 182, "r-goose . . . (of) the hoth jars containing this oil suggests that, 1)rrtcher . . ." like animal fat (p. 87), it was a substance Among the vegetable oils b?k, char- which n ould not keep for a long period of acter~zedas "sweet," "fresh," or "best," time. The common nhJ~(No. 200), two and represented by 22 jar-inscriptions of jars of which were contributed to the Types 183-96. is by far the most common. king':: second Sed-festival in Year 34, ap- Once thought to have been olive oil, this pears to have been sesame oil.'" Sjt, product has been convincingly identified "resin" (Nos. 108, 190), !~knw, "per- by Loret and Keimer as Ben oil, that is, fume"(?), "spice" (?) (No. 201\, and rrzrlzt, oil made from the seeds, or nuts, of the I(grease," "ointment" [KO. 202), are in- nloringa tree (Monnga arabzc'a, syn. cluded among the so-called Seven Sacred aptera) Although b?k-trees nere gronn Oils and have been the subjects of con- in nestern Thebes,13' all indications point siderable rli~cussion.'~3One jar of sji dated to northern Egypt as the source of most to Regnal Year 30 (No. 108) \I-as prepared of the oil of this type. The Lake of the (presumably for the first $1~6-sed)by "the Bird (

134 Three unpublished jar-labels from Deir el 13s Helck, I. nte?i XI\ , 34 On the other officials Uahrl 111 the Zletropolitan 2luseum list &s anti (the \ izler I-luy, the Steuard >Ieryuptah, the King s Herald Amenemontst) see belou, pp 10&101 (2 examples) 4 1 See pp 88-89, 101 \\%&- 73 II b , 111 201 119) Comparp the evpresslon M b . \- 325 (10-141, Loret, Rcc tral .X\ I, 141 il'h (C pd(ii) n dbh-htp 5 nc lctr r tncr ~npt rX . 14. Kelmer, Guriunpflaiczen, pp 18-20, 86-87, 134- I\ 770) and Pap Harm I, 12 b G 35 In ~tatnigthat tthh 1s encourktered first In Dl11 1 5 l.oret KEC frat . TII, 101-6 Kelnler Oariun- XIS ' Kelmer (p 19) was apparent11 unauare of pjtan~un pp 30, 93 hdmz, 11, 92-94 See also Gardl- the belles of irlscrlbed nhh-jars found at Tell el ncr Nter Papurl B 41. 3d Seriei p 49, rt 3, l~ucas, Amartla ( 4 ma-nu, p 33, hos 32-42 ( zty I 168, 11 Zfatercnl,, pp 107 384 2)

1 Irh I\, 73, Ko 10, Plmy xu 46 '4' Il'b, I1 111, 111, 180, IT' 118, Gard, On, p ia*Po\slbly a ?arlant urltlng of 5 kbh the Lake 8, n I, Jequler, E'rrvps d objut,, pp 14Fff , 2loret. of the l\7aterfo~+l,a bod1 of water in or near IIeho- Rztzrrl de fultt dzltn, pp 190-200, etc polls (Gauthier Dl,t yuog 1, 128 \. I, 153 Splegel- 3'4 The fact that the 5econd jar of aft (S-o 199) berg, Z IS, LXI\. 81) though Abh waterfosl so hears the same calendar date (Xfonth 3 of Prrryet, far as I knrr~r,1s ne\er urltterl wlth the sign of the Day 5) as the jars of t!t(t~)-oil(So 197) is probably bird alone a coincidence. Milk (zrtt), too perishable to store and Greatest of Seers Amenemhet, who con- readily obtainable locally, is represented tributed five of our seven jars of honey, by only two inscribed jars (Labels 203-41, is otherwise unknown, but the prominence one of which n-as contributed by the 11-ell- of honey in the Heliopolitan section of known official (Amenemhet) Surere. Papyrus Harris I makes it probable, Of seven jars of honey (bit),ld5 six though by no means certain, that he Tras (Labels 205-8) were found together in the high priest of RBC-Xtumat Heliopolis.14" great house "Ho.3.TVn (see Fig. 1). The The incense (snlr) used by the dynastic serenth (Label 209), previously used as a Egyptians was composed of gums and vine-jar (Label I), is from the forecourt resins lvhich were for the most part im- of the Aman temple. All probably date to ported either from western Asia or from Regnal Year 34.1d6 The specification central Africa.ls0 It is therefore not sur- "clear" (stf) applied to the honey of Label prising to find that four of six jars of in- 205 requires no explanation, paleness and cense (Labels 211, 213-14) x-ere furnished t'ranslucency having always been the by a ship's captain in command of a marks of the finer grades of this product. transport (rnnS~)l~~plying the eastern "Red honev," as in Labels 206-8, is more Mediterranean or the Red Sea in the difficult to explain unless n-e assume that pharaoh's service. The contents of t11-o of the adjective _ds'rt is used here, as not in- these jars was "purified" (swcb) by a Chief frequently, to describe a substance which of Embalmers (~3wt[ul] ?) whose name is n-as actually yellow or golden in color.147 lost. Label 212 lists incense from the hall, TTe have, in any case, to do n-ith two or court ([slhw), of Th~~tmose,l~~nhich, types of honey, one light, one somen-hat like that of No. 210, \\as apparently con- darker, but both presumably of the best tributed to the first Scd-festival. Some of quality. The title hw(y) occurring twice in the incense itself still adheres in a thick Label 209 is probably to be translated brown resinous crust to the inner surfaces literally as "drover," or "herdsman," and of the jar-fragments. not regarded as the equivalent of bzty, Gnder the heading "Fruits and Cereals" "beekeeper"; for honey is one of the chief (Fig. 15) are grouped the inscribed frag- by-products of flowery pasturelands and ments of sixteen jars which once contained therefore a logical contribution of men in seeds, or pods, of the moringa tree (prt charge of herds of cattle and sheep.'" The b3bt:153 NOS. 215-16), dates (bnr:15' Nos. 143 Wh., I, 434 (6-12). See Lncas, Materials, pp. 35-37; Klebs, op. rif., 9te Abh, pp 61-62; and cf. 149 The title u3r 7n3u' occurs also at this period at Amarna, p. 34, Nos. 58-62; C'ilv 11. 106, Xos. 38-40; Hermonthis, Thebes. This, and Amarna. On the riagel, Fouilles Inst. fr. C'aire. 5, 18, Nos. 28, 30; meaning of t,he title see Gard., On,, A 118; 11. 267*. Rameaaeurn. KO.319 To the treatises on apiculture in 1" Lucas, Materials, pp. 110-19. ancient Egypt by Fraser, ITartmann, and others must, l*l Wb., 11, 89 (7-10). See City 11, 106, Xos. 34-38; be added IiuBny's interesting article in JSES, IX, Rarnesseum, Nos. 305, 316: an unpublished jar-label 84-93 in the hIetropolitan XIuseurn (Field Xo. 23001.165); 146 The date of No. 206 is painted in large red and cf. the oil-jar labels from Petrie's excavations at lueroglyphs on the shoulder of the jar with the Tell el Amarna (Amarna. p. 33, Nos. 38-42). hieratic label written in black ink above and to the 162 Probably the chamberlain (irnv-hnt) of that left of the painted rectangle as indicated in Fig. 14. name. See Fig. 22. 14; See Lefebvre, JE.4, XXXV, 72-76. A rose- I53 See above, p. 93 and nn. 136 ff. The existence at colored honey, produced by artificial feeding, is this period of a word for moringa-oil (b3k) and the known; but honey by nature dark enough to be ob7-ious lack of a single word for the fruit of the tree described as "red" is usually of inferior quality and in show clearly that the rnorirlga was used almost ex- some cases even poisonous. clusively as a source of oil. Later the word bik with 148 This item and the information incorporated in the determinative o is used also to mean moringa- the preceding footnote I owe to the excellent article on pods (Pap. Ch. lieatty V,rt. 8, 10). "Honey" in the Encgclopaedia Britannira (11th ed.), Tt'b., I. 461 (12 ff 1; Gard., On.. R 257; A 605; XIII, 663 ff. 11, 223" fP. ISSCRIPTIONSFROM THE P.IL.\CEOF AMESHOTEP111 95 217-IS), shelled beans (iwryt hf:155 KO. tions," or the like (TTb., 111, 390-91; 219), and bB:-grair~'~~(Nos. 220-22). With Card., Gmmm., 8 117); and t,he sign t,he exception of the beans, these product's appearing alone on three jar-fragments is are listed \~-ithothers of relat'ed types in perhaps an abbreviat,ed form of the ~ord two successive lines of Papyrus Chester k:, food^ (m7b.,V, 91). Xfr-nfr, "very Beatt'y and occur with some fre- goodn (KO. 228), requires no comment; quency in other documents of the Rames- and the t,hree single signs of Labels 229- side period and the earlier Nen- Kingdom. 31 \rere proba]31y simply ident,ifying Labels 217 and 219, written on coarse, marks of no general significance. t'hick-walled jars roughly cylindrical in Only six jars bear notations of quan- shape, depart from the usual form for tity: 2, 6, and 50 (hnw:160 Nos. such dockets. The heading "contents:" 232, 86, 233), 29 "gallons" (hk:t:161 KO. (121~im.f) occurring in No. 217 is normally 234), 6 mn-meas~re~l~~(No. 60)) and 9 found, not on jars, but on the lids of gnw (KO. 42). The last,, a n-ine-measure boxes, as frequently in the tomb of appearing also in t\vo hieroglyphic jar- Tut,~ankhamtin.The first line of t'his label labels from the palace, is perhaps ident,i- (hp. "prescript'ion" ?), though clearly cal wit,h the gnw of T.17b.,T', 174 (6), a n-ord written, is to me incomprehensible, and normally used to describe a t,all stand for 1 am puzzled as t'o whether t'he "cakes supporting a ban-1 or a combined bowl and (3h),15"" of the third line refers to the stand,163 The unnamed product form in which the dates were prepared or in hk:t (Label 234) \\-as probably a pain constitutes a completely new entry. or granular substance; but ot'hern-ise the Its determinatives indicate that 's'r statement,s of amount are confined to jars (Label 223) is a variant of the common \\-hich contained or may have containetl :ir(t), ik.(i), "roast (of meat)."159 Sbbt \vine. The numerical evidence is too (Label 224) is defined in m'b., IT.', 439 (101, scanty and too erratic t,o permit any con- as "mash (of barley) from which beer n-as clusions the capacities of the made." It occurs, follo\ving irp, "\vine," jars from lrhich these inscribed fragment,s in a list of comest'ibles on Ostrakon Cairo came or (especially in the cases of the ((2 25611, vs., 4. The Storeroom of Pharaoh nnci "29 gallons1') even t,o justify (No. 225) is probably the building referred the that the notations had to simply as i? 'i in the variants of Lahel any direct bearing on the capacities the 105 (p. 99). - (KO. 226) is a known jars. A word about the jars them~e1ves.l~~ Eighteenth Dgnast'y writing of hri, mean- These were chiefly big amphorae of the ing "necessary supplies," "dues," "ra- '6" (lf, .47?larna, No. 77; C'zty 11,Kos. 18 (wine),

1.5 li'h., 1, 56 (14): 11, 489 (14);,Jequier, null, ~~,~t.50: Ran~~sseunz. Sos. 307 (wine), 319 (honey). 320 fr. SIX, 155-56; ~ ~ idnn.~ ,yrlr.,t ~XLII,~ ,and 322 (nhh-oil); etc. The hnw (hin) was equivalent 174; pap. ~ ~111 A, ~1; pap. ~~~~~i~ 1,~ 39. 13t to 0.46-0.503~ ~ liter. Seei Wh,. 11, 493; Gardiner, EQ. (Heliopolis); 55 b. 7 (1\1~~~hi~).the second ex- Gra~nm. $ 266. 1, and the references cited there; arnple of Label 219 the verb hf has its more common LUC~and Row-e, Ann. Seri... XL, 69-92. "s=.= determinatives '6'The hk'f. primarily a grain measure, equaled LA' 10 hnu,.or 4.6-5.03 liters. See Wh.. 111. 174: Gardiner, '56 I.i7b..I, 478 (10 f.); Gard., On.. R 256: -4 50-2: loc, cit.; Lucas and Rowe, lor, cit p. 14; 11. 225* ff. 1"" Il'h . 11. 66; Gardiner, lor. cif. lai Recto, 8, 9-11 (Gardiner, Hier. Pap. Brit. Mz~s., 163~e~~i~~,op, czt,, P, 64: ~ ~ ~ibl,,j3dfude,~ ~ t ~ , 3d ser., 49. P1. 26). 9 (-4mada Stela. 1. 14); etc. See also the word gnt las I.i7b.,I. 12 (10ff.); JBquier. op. cit., pp. 67-68; (Il'b., V, 173 [2]). "a vessel for wine."

Gard., On., R 267, p. 15, n. 2. l64 See the references cited above. pp. 37-38, nn. 18- 15s I.i7h.,I, 21 (8): .JBquier, op. cit.. p. 226. 42. types found in the tombs of Khac and is preserved on the interior surfaces of Tut~ankhaman;'~~but included also large some of the wine jars and a glossy brown and medium-sized jars with wide mouths crust on those of the incense and resin and no handles, carinated jars with or jars; but most of the sherds n-ere clean on ~vithouthandles, rough cylindrical jars of the inside, and in no case is there evidence very coarse, thick pottery, relatively that a jar was intentionally lined with n small drop-shaped jars of smooth red resinous coating to render it imperme- n are, and slender one-handled jugs with able.169 tall, thin necks.166 The \vine-jars (am- phorae) from the Delta vineyards, light The royal or temple estates, or parts and thin-walled, were made of a drab thereof, which Yurnished the palace with pottery, rough and striated on the outside, jars of wine, ale, meat, fat', fowl, honey, smooth and dull reddish-bron-n in color on or beans are as follows: the interior surface. Those from the oases a) The House of hlenkhepruri? (Thutrnose and the neighborhood of Alemphis were IV) (Wine: Sos. 31, 32, 45-9 examples) heavier with a glossy outer surface n-hich b) [The House of the King's] Mother, Mute- ranges in color from a deep pink to a pale muya (may she live!) (Wine: So. 64-1 example) green depending on the amount of heat to c) The House of SebrnncrB: (1.p.h.) (Wine: which the vessels had been exposed in the Sos. 1, 10, 20, 30, 42, 67; ale: Sos. 91, 114; course of firing. The same n are was used fat: So. 127-50 examples) for the srmt, fat, meat, fowl, and honey d) The House of An~enhotep(1.p.h.) (Wine: jars, the srmt jars being heavy and usual- Sos. 43, 44; ale: No. 111; fat: Nos. 121, ly green in color, the fat and meat jars 122, 126, 133; meat: So. 168-15 ex- of medium weight and either pink or amples) buff. A hard, very pale green pottery e) The House of "YeI~macre~(l.p.h.)-(is-)the- similar to the modern hulleh ware is found Splendor-of-Aten" (Wine: Nos. 9, 11, 21, among the jars which had contained oil 54, 55; ale: So. 99; fat: So. 145-25 ex- and fruit and a soft, coarse tan ware amples) f) The House of "Amenhotep(1.p.h.)-(is-)the- among those which had contained in- Splendor-of-Aten" (Wine: Yo. 54 var.- cense. Some of the vine, meat, and in- 1 example) cense jars jvere adorned with painted g) The House of "Splendor-of-Aten" (\Vine: bands-chiefly floral patterns-and bore No. 21 ; ale: Xo. 108-15 examples) painted hieroglyphic labels, mere scraps 11,) [The House of the King's] Great [Wife], Tiy of which have been recovered.167Only one (may she lire!) (Ale[?]: No. 98-1 ex- stamped cart~uche'~~was found-a small ample) oval deeply impressed into the handle of i) The House of the King's Daughter, Pita- an amphora before firing and unfortunate- mun (may she live!) (Ale: Sos. 94 var., 96, ly quite illegible. A pale bronnish residue 97, 112, 113; fat: Yos. 125, 137, 139; No.

16.' Sclllaparelli Tomba dell a?chztetto C ha F~gs 258-21 examples) 122 137 141-42, Carter Tomb of Tut ankh 4,nen, j) The House of the King's Daughter and I11 P1 50 King's Great Ifrife, Sitarnun (may she Ihb City I. Pls. 48-.54. Types 919, XX, XXIII, 99V, XLI. SLIII, XLIV, LXXVI, LXXVIII, live!) (Ale : Yo. 95-30 examples) LX-XXVI; Citu II, Pls. 51-53, Types SIII 12, XIV 1, k) The House of the King's Wife nay she XV 13, XVIII 1: Schiaparelli, up cit.. Figs. 121. 123- live!) (Wine: Yos. 7, 18; ale: So. 94; fat: 24. Xos. 129, 147; fowl: SO.172; honey: No. '6' Cf Schiaparelli, op. cil , Figs. 123-24, 141-42: Petrie. Six Ternplcs at Thebes, P1 5. 207-26 examples)

Is8 See UruyPre, Fouzller Inst. fr. Caire, XVI, 343. 1" See Lncas. Materzals, pp. 27-29 I) The House of the Treasurer (JfTine:KO. 48; temples of the gods (m, n). "The House of meat : No. 157-7 examples) NebmacrF' described in Label KO. 1 as ))I) The House of Amiin (Wine: 10s. 66, 71- being "in" such-and-such a complex or 7 examples) locality172may refer to a specific building n) The House of REc (Wine: So. 84-3 ex- or domain or simply to that portion of the amples) king's "property" located in a particular o) The Mansion of Nehma~ri? (Wine: So. 6- 4 examples) place. This, in any case, is the sole ex- p) The Rfansio~lof I'haraoh (1.p.h.) (iJ7ine: ample among the hundreds of extant Nos. 23, 31, 47, 51, 59-15 examples) labels in JJ-hich pr is qualified hy a des- q) The Mansion of [Pharaoh]"o (1.p.h.) in ignation of locality. In Labels 10, 11, 54, Memphis (Kine: Sos. 3, 58-3 examples) and 66 it is of course the wine, not the r) The Mansion (Wine: Kos. 24,35,36,70-7 "house," which is said to be of "the JTest- examples) ern River," these inscriptions merely rep- r) The Storeroom of I'harnoh (No. 225-1 resenting an inversion of the normal order example) of the phrases as preserved in Labels 20, t) The Storeroom (Ale: No. 105-4 examples) 21, 47, and 55. 11) Tlie Orchard of SebniavEi (Wine: No. 60 Turning to the estates themseh-es and -3 examples) their royal onners we note at the outset 11) Tlie (Slaughter-)Court of Hetep-ib (Fat: So. 128-1 example) (a) that certain properties which had he- ir) The Treasury of the Ka (Beans: So. 219- longed to the deceased Thutmose IT* JT-ere 2 ex:tmples) still functioning under his name as late as the thirty-sixth year of his son's reign In (a)-(n) of the foregoing list the word (Label 45) .Ii3 The [IThutmose I (see Daressy, lor. cil.; -4?11~71.111, 147; Erman, ZRS,SXSI, 125. Hennett, JE.-1, SXV,9, 12. n. 25). self.u4We are, I think, justified in assum- by the High Treasurer of Upper or Lower ing that Queen Tiy was the "King's Egypt in his capacity as sectional chief of Wife" referred to in (k). Othernise we the fiscal branch of the national govern- should be faced with the surprising fact ment. Though subject to the king in his that this great lady is mentioned on only official status as head of the government, one of fourteen hundred inscribed jars they were distinct from his personal es- found in her husband's palace (No. 98= tates and those of his family. The proper- h). Even with the addition of the (k)- ties of this class referred to in the jar- labels Tiy's contributions ~vould have labels were apparently those controlled amounted to only half of those provided by the Treasurer of Upper Egypt, who by the estates of Amenhotep 111's other in 22 examples of Label 100 is identified queen, Sitamfin (2, 3). The interpretation by name as a Theban official, Ptahmose.lii of this evidence which suggests itself is The estates of Amfin and Re. (nz and n), not that Tiy had lost favor n ith the king, which included vineyards in the Delta, for n-e knon that this never occurred, but belonged presumably to the principal that from Tear 30 on~vard-the period temples of the two gods, at Karnak and covered by the labels in question-her Heliopolis, respectively. own interest was shifting gradually from Unlike C? with its broad and some- her husband to her son Akhenaten and, what indefinite range of meaning, , after Year 33, from the palace at Thebes itmansion," is almost invariably used dur-1 to the new palace at Tell el Amarna. The ing the New Kingdom to describe a par- vie~vthat Sitamfin was Amenhotep 111's ticular temple-us~ially a mortuary tem- daughter as well as his wifeli5 is borne out ~le."~In the present inscriptions the term by the 21 labels listed tinder (z), where evidently refers, not only to the building she is referred to only as "the King's itself, but also to the "domain," or Daughter," a title obviolisly intended to "foundation," on which the temple de- describe her relationship to the reigning pended for its s~pport.'~~Labels 3 and pharaoh, not to one of his predecessor^.^^^ 58 (q) tell us that the domain in question The Pr 2rny.r s&wt (7) comprised proper- mas that of the temple [of Amenhotep ties 911-ned by the state and administered 1111 at hlempl~is;'~~and a statue-inscrip-

I r IIIthejar-labels the riame \ h-n~3't-R'-!hn(u)- Itn tion of the Priest and Ste~ardRIeryuptah 1s alaays determined b~ the slgn n clearly urltteri in Leiden indicates that ((theAlan- and bv no stretch of the ima~l~latlonlnter~retable as $$. Thn(u.)-'It n (Labels 21, 1081, ofteri transcribed 1:s Had she, as Engelbach suggests, been the daughter of Thutmose IT, her relationship to Amen- elsewhere 'Itn-[hn, is clearly an elliptical writing of the hotep I11 would have been that of King's Sister, a full name, which makes no sense if translated "Yeb- title which she never bears. The theory that Amenho- maCrE'-Ate11-gleams" and is urnlikely to have mea~lt tep I11 was not the sori of Thutmose IV. but his "SebmaCre'-(is-)the-Shining-Ateri, '' brother, was long ago disposed of by \\*elf (z.48, Yefersekheru, the owrier of Tomb 107 at Thebes, LXV, 98-100). was Steward of the House of Sb-m3't-Rc-[hn(w)-'Itn 1:'Bnthes. ZAS, LXXII, 63, KO. 7. (LD. Tezt, 111, 252)-presumably the same estate referred to here. 176 Wb.. 111. 2; Gardiner. JE.4, V. 132; apud Petrie A discussion of the various names associated in one and others, Tarkhan I and Memphis I., 35-36; Wil- way or another with the RIalkata palace I should like hour Papyrus, 11. 11, 34, 66, 73, 135. to reserve for the riext article when the important li9 Compare the use of the word 11u.tin royal temple evidence of the jar-sealings and brick-stamps will be decrees of the late Old Kingdom (Hayes, JEd. available. XXXII, 5. 9, arid the references cited there).

''5 See Yewberry, P8B.I. XSIV, 24; Helck, IRQ BAR, 11. $ 880. 11. a; Gardiner, apud Petrie Cnters., XIV, 11, 31-32; Varille, .47171. Serr., XL. and others, lor, cit. See also Petrie and others. LMeydum 651-57: Hayes. Bull. MM.-1, 1948, pp. 272-79; and, and LMenrpi~ls(111). 39. P1. 29: rlniarna. p. 23. PI. 13. for a corltrary opinio11. Engelbach, Ann. Serc., XL, 18; p. 30. PI. 21. YO. 1; Gauthier, Lirre drs rois. 153-57. 11. 320, L. sion of Pharaoh" (p) was simply another Amarna.n6 By analogy n-ith hwt-k:, name for this temple.lgl In the labels "tomb chapel," "funerary chapel1' (Gard., listed under (r) the same temple is referred 0?~,A 435), pr-hd-k3, "treasury of the to in abbreviated fashion as t: Hwt, ((the ka" (w), might be taken to mean the ~Ian~ion,"~~and apparently again, in treasury of the (king's) funerary founda- Label 6 (o), as "the Mansion of Neb- tion; or, assuming k3 to be the familiar macree.,) word for "food" (IVb., V, 91), might be The word et (('chamber," ('depart- translated "the Treasury of Food." Of ment")lE3 not infrequently, as in Label these two possibilities, the first would 105 (t), has the meaning of "store," seem to be the more likely. i'storeroom," especially one used for Following the death of Amenhotep I11 beve~agessuch as wine and beer.18"Te in the eleventh or twelfth regnal year of are not told what type of product came Akhenatenl" the produce of some of the from "the Storeroom of Pharaoh" of estates listed above was diverted from Label 225 (s), but this too may have been Thebes to Tell el Amarna. Thus, re find \vine or srnzt. ('The Orchard (~tbt) of at Amarna jars of wine dated to Year 14 Nebmacrec" (u) was perhaps situated from the House of "Splendor-of-Aten" near ('the Orchard of :AkheperkarEc1' (g)lg8and the House of Tiy (h),la9 and (Thutmose I) on a branch of the Nile another, of Year 15, from the House of (nhr) which flowed through a wine-grow- Nebmacr@ (c).lq0 Among the undated ing district of the Delta.'" As to the royal wine-jars at Amarna is one from the owner of the "(Slaughter-)Court of Hetep- House of NebmacrF191 and one from the ih" (v), there can be little doubt that House of Amenhotep (d).lE Two labels of Hfp-lb was an epithet of Amenhotep I11 Year 17 listing "wine of the House of the himself. We are reminded of the names King's TTife"lg3 probably refer to the Sehetep-RBc and Sehetep-Aten used as estates of Nefertiti rather than to those "perhaps heretical designations" of the of Tiy or Sitamfin, but form good parallels samz king in t,hree jar-labels from Tell el to our (k)-labels; and "the House of the '8' Roeser. Buschreihl~ng, VI, No. 27, PI. 15; King's Daughter, ?Ileryt[aten]" (Cify I, Anthes. ZXS. LXSII, 65. Merguptah was steward of a temple-domain which in this inscription is called Label R), may be compared with our "the Mansion of iVeb~nacrGi"and in Labels 34 and "House of the King's Daughter, Sitamfin" 59, "the Mansion of Pharaoh." (i).Corresponding to Label 64 (b) is a wine- 182 Q co~nparisonof Labels 35 and 215 proves beyor~da doubt that the temple (of Amenhotep 111) jar inscription from Amarna mentioning called t: Uu.t was located at Memphis. Two jar- . ,Ig4 sealings from Deir el Xledineh ar~dKurnet XIurai list the House of the King's Mother. . who respectively, "wine of Hikuptah" (Memphis) and in this case Tvas presumal~lyTiy. "[The "nine of the Mansion" (BruyBre. Fol~illes In8t. fr. "the ('aire, 11, 79) House of] 'Splendor-of-Aten,' "

183 Gard.. On..A 423, A 79. To the examples cited by House of the Treasurer," and "the Alan- Gardiner may be added the title s'11.t~n '1 hnkyt n sion of Nebma re<" occur also on the seal- Tkn(w)-'Itn (Cairo Stela 340S7). mear~ir~gperhaps. not "the Guardian of the Bedchamber . . ." as it is ings of wine-jars from Tell el Amarna.Ig5 usually translated, but "the Keeper of the Storeroom lR6:I marna. p. 34. 5, 21, 22. of Donations" in the palace of Amenhotep I11 (cf. '8' See above, p. 37 and n. 14 't hnkl: Gard.. 07z.. I. p. 22*). '88 City 11, No. 15. 184 Ii'b.. I. 160 (10-11): Cairo Stela 34069 (Lacau, 18hlnlarna. Xo. 14. Ig' Anlarna. NO. 7. Cat. Caire):Pap. Anastasi I. 9, 9 (Gardiner. Eg~ptian 'qO dmarna. So. 4. '92 City I, KO.22. Iiieralic Tpxts, I): rrk., IV. 1178. 6. '93 City I. Labels G and K. See also Amarna, Kos. 18. Hayes. O~trakaanct Same Stones. p 37. So 129 11. 90. The final group of this jar-inscription should hale lgl Uawson. JEd. S, 133. lg5.4?narna, P1. XXI. 1, 2, 24. 53: City II. PI. been transcribed z, not Mfin? LV71I, F. For ease of reference the names and/or King's Scribe, Khacernhet ("Khac." 20 titles of the 170 persons mentioned in the jars. Years 34, 37),202and the King's palace jar-jabels are listed alphabetically Scribe, Kheruef (3 jars. Years 30, 34).203 in Figures 17-23,'" The last two columns Other prominent officials, less well docu- of these tables indicate the frequency with mented than the foregoing, include the ~rhicheach name (or title) occurs among High Treasurer, Ptahmose (23 the labels and the dates of these occur- the King's Scribe, Ptahmose (Year 30),205 rences expressed in terms of regnal years the Greatest of Seers, Amenemhet1206the of dmenhotep 111. Since it is reasonably Priest and Steward of the Mansion of certain that the private individuals re- Pharaoh, Aferyuptah (25 jars),207the ferred to Jrere alive when the jars bearing King's Scribe, Amenmose (83 jars),208the their names were inscribed, the dates pro- King's Scribe, IpylZo9the King's Scribe, vide evidence on the periods of activity of Roy1210the Overseer of the Audienctl the persons concerned ~rhich,in the case Chamber, Tjaia:nlZ1l the King's Herald, of the king's great officials, is occasional- Amenem~net,?'~the Steward, Userhet12"' ly of some historical interest. The jar- and the [Stelward of the Mansion of labels sho~r,for example, that Amenho- Pharaoh, Nakl~tmin.~~~The obviously im- tep, son of Hapu ("the King's Scribe, portant, but some~rhat noncommittal Huy"), was already in charge of the es- title "King's Scribe" is borne in the jar- tates of Queen Sitamfin at the time of the labels by seven other men, none of whom first Sed-festival in Year 30 (Label 95) is readily identifiable: Arnenh~tep,~'~ and that he vas still active in Year 34 202 Porter-lloss. Top. Bihl.. I, 89-90, Tomb 57; nhen he contributed ten jars of wine, fat, Petrie, History, IT, 199-200. and meat to the second Heb-.sed (variants 20.1 Porter-lloss, op. cl't.. p. 152, Tomb 192; Davies. of Labels 39, 130, 158, 160). JEd, IX. 134-36; Fakhry. .-inn. Serr., XLII, 447-508. 2" .Ant,hes, ZAS, LXXII. 63. So. 7. In addition to this important digni- 202 Liorchardt. MDOG, No, 55 (December. 19141, tary,'" whose name and title appear on pp. 16 ff. This official, who was Steward of the House of NebmacrGc,subsequently moved to Tell el Amarna 86 jars from the palace, n-e have no diffi- and changed his name to Ramose. culty in recognizing among the distin- Otherwise urikriow-n to me. Presumably the high guished private donors: the southern priest of RBc at Heliopolis (see above, p. 94 and n. Vizier, Ramose (4 jars. Year 30),19Vhe 149). 20; Anthes. ZAS, LXXII, 65-66. See above, n. 181. northern Vizier, Amenhotep ("Huy." 3 zus Probably the Stenard Amenmose, the owner of jars. Year [30]),lWthe Chief Steward of Tomb 89 at Thebes. Porter->loss, op. cit., p. 120. lIemphis, Arnenhotep ("Huy." 10 jars. 211g Probably the son of the Steward of Memphis, Amenhotep, who later succeeded to his father's office Years 30, 31),200the Chief Stenard (of Hayes, JEA, XXIV, 24: Helck, op czt , pp 47 ff Thebes), Amenemhet Surere ("the King's 21'1 Perhaps the King's Scribe, Roy, who survivetl into the reign of Horemheb and who was the owner of Scribe, Surere." 2 jars. Year [30]),201the Tomb 255 at Thebes. Porter-;\Toss, op, cit., p, 159.

211 This llemphite offlcial is otherwise unknown 1" In many cases the names and titles occur in examples of the label-tlpes not selected for transcrip- to me. tion In Figs 4-16 912 A llemphite of this name became King's First Herald and General of the Army under Horemheb (Y). 1" Helck. Cnters., XIV. 2-13. Ranke. ZLiS, LXVII, 78-82.

Ig8 Davies. The Tomb of the Vizier Rarnosc. 213 The owner of Tomb 47 at Thebes? Porter-310s~. op cit., p. 78. Ig9 TT7eil, T7ezipre, 85-86. B 12: Hieroul. Tezts B.M., VII, 11, Xo. 1068; Wolf, ZAS, LIX, 118, 11. 1. 21r Possibly the Nakhtmnin of Louvre C.203 who was a Scribe of the Army and Steward of Queen Tiy. 2"" Hayes, JEA, XXIV. 9-24; Helck, op. cit., pp. Helck, op, cit., p. 32. 15, 47 ff.: Davies, op. cit.. 1-3. 2'6 Probably not the son of Hapu, who is invariably 20' Helck, op. cit., p. 46 and n. 5. in these iriscriptior~scaller1 Huy. Ahmo~e,~'~Penamennefer, 3'Iep,21i Huy, amiin, Thutn~ose,~?~and others \\-hose son of Mey, Huy, son of Hatiayl2I8and names are lost (Fig. 23);22%nti the par- Tja. . . . The same is true of a dozen or so ticipation of officials of this class in the officials of lower rank: the Commander of celebration of the festivals themselves is Garrison Troops,?19Ineny, the Deputies,220 \yell attested.?27 Thutmose, the com- Xmenn-ahsu and Reci, the Overseer of mander of the Fortress at Tjel, is an inter- ('attle, JTTadjmose, the Scribe of the esting addition to the roster of officials of Treasury, Panehesy, the Scribe of the the reign of Amenhotep I11 and to the IIouse of Xmiin, Khacem~~ast,the Ca- succession of ('overseers" of this key (.letlZz1Nemy, and the Scribes, Nebamiin, border -station, very few of n hose names Xebsu . . . ,222 Komac, Huy, Khac, and appear to he His name is pre- Tjay. An exception is the Overseer of the served in eight examples of Label 77. In Treasury, Sobkmose, who is known from Kos. 76 and 118 he is identified simply by a number of monuments including his his title, "The Conlmander of the Fort- tomb-chamber from Rizeikat, now in ress" (p3 imy-r htrn). The Mayor of Sen- 'k'~rk.?~~A hundred and thirteen jars Tjeb~,?~~M*osretnub, another "mayor" of animal fat and meat were contributed (h3ty-c) and an official named Paser, of the to the king's Sed-festivals by the palace "Lake of theBirdl' (S 3pd ?),23nare theonly Chamherlains (imy-[~nt),??"menmose, provincial dignitaries mentioned in the Pay, Penamfin, 3leryamfin, Hatiay, Ken- jar-labels. A miscellaneous group of minor

215 Referred to in Label 104 as "the King's Scribe officials, craftsmen, and farmhands in- of the Harim" (sS nsw n pr-bnt). Probably not "the cludes the Coppersmith(?),231ilmenpane- Scribe of the Cattle . . . of the House of the Treas- urer" of Cairo Stela 34049 (Lacau, Cat. C'aire). fer, the Storekeeper (zry ct), 3ler-. . . ,the 21: Possibly the owner of Tomb 14 at Tell el Chief of Embalmers (~3zut[u*]?), . . . , the .\mama (IIelck, op. cit., p. 16) or perhaps the King's Transport Captain (hry mniw), Yay, anti Scribe, Mesa, who served under Horemheb (Ann. Serc., IV, 213).Other officials of this name and period the Herdsmen (hu>[y]),Bakamfin, Menena, include a King's Envoy to Foreign Countries (Rieroul. and Huy. Tpzls R..bf., VIII, Xo. 12101, an Overseer of the .\Iagazines of Perunefer (Cairo Stela 34050). and a The names of 25 vineyard-masters Comman(ler of C'avalry (Davies, Tomb of the T7itier ((1 ry k:?nw)or master-vintners (hry k:rnyzc) Ranlose, p. 13, P1. VIII). "8 The fathers' names are added obviously to dis- are preserved in the TI-ine-jarlabels. That tinguish these two men from the great "King's Scribe, some of these foremen of the Delta vine- Huy." See also the untitled IIuy, so11 of Ka (Pig. 21, third entry) "j Sever1 jars of beef-fat and 46 jars of meat were 219 =Ifri~-ri (cCllt.On the title see Helck, op, cit., p. provided, by the Chamberlain, Thutmose, alone-a 39, n. 8; and further 0x1 the imcul-troops,Wb., I, 51 fact \r-hich suggests that he may have been identical (11):Rec. trat,., IXI\;VII, 204-5; Pap. .Inast,asi 111, vs., with the Overseer of Cattle, Thutmose. who appears 2, 8; 3, 6: etc. in t'he t'omb of Ranlose (Davies, op. pit., p. 25, P1.

2" 'Idnii,. Wh., I, 155 (6-9). Cf. Gard., On., A 89, XXTII). See also Ilieroyl. Terts B .bf,, VIII, Xo. .I95, .2 105. For exarnr)les of the title used alone, as 1642. here, see Helck, op. pit., p. 55; Cairo Stela 34037, 9. 226 Illcluding probably the 'Ifnj/-bnt, Amelrhotep 221 Brd (n) k'p See Helck, op. pit., pp. 34-36. (son of the 'Im?l-bnt, Yuty), whose tomb at Thebes is published by Loret, Mkm. Miss. fr. ('aire, I,23-32, 2?2 -IScribe, Kebsa, was the owner of a IYew King- Pls. 1-111. tloru stela in Cairo (50.340201. The name Kebsu- menu, though common in the Middle Kingdom, ap- z2' Borchardt, ZAS, LXI, 39.40,47; Falibry. Ann. 1)ears to be rare in the xew Kilrgdom before the Seru., XLII, 491. Ramesside Period (Ranlie, I'ersonennamen. I, 186). 225 Helck, op. cit.. pp. 24-25. Or1 Tjel see above, p. '21 Hayes. Burial ('hambe, of the Treasure, Sohk- 80 and n. 94. n~osP(2f.V.1 Papers. To. 9). 220 See above, p. 90.

011 the title see Gard , On., under A 83;JBquier, 230 See above, p. 93 and n. 138. Bull. Inst. /r. C'aire, XIX, 177; Scharff. ZAS, LTII, 2"Hmu rn hZ: (1): Label 159. The reading 60; Daressy. Ostraca (Cat. yen. Mvs. Caire, xos. 25001-25385), Iridex 111, p. 110. ~JULis extremely doubtful. 102 JOURSALOF YI EAR yards were Asiatics is shown bp such PuyemrCc of butchers who are not actually names as Nhoru(y), "the Syrian," and carrying, but preparing cuts of meat Sahariny, "the h-aharinian."232Othern ise (~fp),~~~and in a jar-label from Tell el the names are of common Egyptian type: hmarna we find a comparable title: Pau, Per$, Ptahmey, Ptahnefer, Ma', zmy-r iwf, "Overseer of Meat ."236 The title Nebu, Nefermenu, Nakhte, Hat, Hatiay, hjrp-~_doccurs fifteen times in the palace Hori, Shemsu, Thut[mose], etc Of these labels (Nos. 130-31,134,136,142-43) and names none occurs nith certainty on the the names of six of the men who bore it Amarna 1vine-ja1-s~~~and only one (Na- are preserved :Yuamfin, Yuenamenref (?), khte) on those from the tomb of Tut- Wosrethotep, ru'efermenu, Hup, and Tjai- anl~hamiin.~~~ nefer. Many of the butchers (sft) who pre- Though unaccompanied by names, pared the contents of the meat-jars can some of the titles listed in Figures 22-23 be assigned on the evidence of the labels are interesting and significant in them- to the stocltyards of particular officials. selves. "The First Prophet" (p: hm-nlr Thus, the Butchers Kaya (48 jars) ant1 tpy) and the "Greatest of Seers" (wr m3w) Hori ~vorkedexclusively for the Chamber- ~vere,as already noted, the titles of the lain, Thutmose; Nefer, Hotpe, and Simiit high priests of Amiin and Re:, respective- for the King's Scribe, Huy (Amenhotep, ly, while the title "Overseer of Prophets1' son of Hapu); Penya, ;\ley, Ka, and (imy-r hmw-ntr) was regularly borne by Kebeb for the King's Scribe, Khar(emhet) ; the senior priests of Blonthu, Sekhmet. Paacn for the Chamberlain, Amenmose ; and other more or less local divinities.23: Any for the Chamberlain, Hatiay; Ptah- The high priest of Amiin from the 20th mep for the King's Scribe, Roy; Hat for year of Amenhotep I11 onward n-as the Chamberlain, Kenamfin; Amennefer RIeryuptah,238and it is probably he to for the Chamberlain, Penamfin ; JIenena \vhom the expression p: hm-ntr tpy refers for the King's Scribe, lley; and Henu for In addition to the frequently cited "Over- the Priest and Steward, lleryuptah. The seer of Treasures" (imy-r s_d:wt), we find "unidentified" butchers include Wosret- in Label 47 an "Overseer of Treasures in hotep, Pair, Payotef, Pahu, Llachuy, the llansion of Pharaoh," that is, thc~ llerymery, Hacpy, Semen, and Sennefer. chief treasurer of Amenhotep 111's temple The title of the specialists nho pre- foundation at Memphis. Label 116 ap- pared the animal fat of Labels 130 ff. is pears to preserve part of the puzzling, probably to be read hrp-c_d and translated though fairly common, title "Overseer o: ((purveyor of fat," or "controller of fat," the Gate" (imy-r r~yf),~~~and a single although the hieratic form of the first sign mention of the "Chief of the Ergastulum" of the title requires the transcription (hry tFnc)240occurs in Lahel 211. "Door- f keeper of the House of Sitamiin" (Lahel (or ?).rather than (see Figs 2, 3, Nos. Y- 235 Davies, Tomb o/ Puyemr&.11, P1. LII. 130, 143). The verb brp, "bring," '(pre- 236 City 11, 106, No. 32 sent," '(purvey," is used in the tomb of 237 E.g.,Helck, op. cif.,pp. 43 (No. 181, 47 (1.3).Set: Kees, Kulfurgesci~ichtu,pp. 245 ff. 232 Cf (2fy I, 167 (J) ZAS LVIII 32-34 238 Anthes, ZAS,LXXII, 68; Lefebwe, Hzstoir. 233 The nanies Pa and Hati of the Amarna ilf,s Grands PrBfres. pp 24G41. 5 12. labels (C'zty I Label L, C'Z~IJ11, No 8) are posslblg to 239Hayes. .Inn. Sprv., XXXIII. 12; Virey, Rec. be equated hith our Pau and Hatlag trar , VII, 32 ff.

27"ee abo%e,nn 19 and 20 The name Pa3 is also 240 On the meaning of EnC see Gard., On , A 430: found in the Tutcankhamfiun labels (So 523) Hayes, JEA, XXXII, 9. 258) is written with the group u which of Subia, 3Ierymo~e,~"the King's Scribe, Gardiner"?' has recently propose(\ to read Horemheb (Tomb 78), the Sten-ards wn,rather than zry -2. Siiset and KefersekherulU8 the Police Of the twenty-four personal names Captain, Nebamfin (Tomb 90), and the which hare come to us \vithout Sculptors, Hu~(Tomb 54), Xetlnmfin, titles, six (hmenmose, Irery, Xey, Ke- and IP~~Y(Tomb 181). fermenu, Hatiay, and Thutmose) prob- ably belonged to dignitaries and crafts- Before concluding this rapid survey of men discussed in the preceding para- the palace jar-inscriptions we may note graphs. Five of the remaining names (Res, briefly a series of short hieratic labels wit- Panedjem, ILIeryre;, Huy [son of Ka], and ten on the insides of some t11-o score model Tepuy) were evidently those of more or bowls (u) and dishes of bro~vnand red less important ufficial~.~~~Most of these I pottery found in a single deposit in one of identify; but 3ieryrec may n-ell the fountlation trenches of the Xorth have been the ste~vartlof hmenhotep I11 Palace. Altogether similar model vessels, known from a stela in Vienna and sug- similarly inscribed, were discovered I)g gested by as the 011-ner of Tomb Theodore Davis in a shallou pit near the 226 at Thebes. A man named Hatiy Jcf. tomb of Tutcankhaman and are pub- Label 249) functioned during the reign of lished, ~vithphotographs, drawings, copies Thutmose 11- as "Ste\r-ard of the God's ancl transcriptions of the texts, by Rin- Wife" and \\as the owner of Tomb 151;244 lock in his JIaterials Used at the E7tzbalm- :tnd the unusual name 1l;enemsau (Label irzg of Kiag Tui-~nnkh-dn~~n.~@The in- 29) is borne by one of the "dutiful bar- scription in every case is simply the name hers" represented in the tomb of the of an item of food or drink whicl~ tt-.e TTizierEarnose.*" Among the other names model vessel-or its full size counterpart Amenemkhenyt r amfin-in-the -Cren -of- -\vas in theory supposed to have con- Ito~vers"? Label 250) is known only from tained. The items themselves appear to a fragmentary e~ampleof Middle King- haye been derived largely from the tradi- dom and names like Sethmose tional list, or table, of offerings handed (Label 253)-compounded with that of don-n from the Old Kingdom.250 the god Seth-are not common before the The e~tantlahels of this class from the Sineteenth Dynasty. Xorth Palace are of twenty-five different Sumerous as the officials named in the types (Fig. 23), six of which occur in palace jar-labels: are, we search among d~plicate."~Taking them in alphabetical them in vain for the names of some of the 2-7 \7arillr, Ann Sen . XL, 567-70, SLV.1-15, prominent men of the period: the Viceroy 33-31. 2s8 Hermann, op. cit., p. 38: Helck, op cit., pp. 1.5, Tiari1rs.7de Adrninzrfral1te Document,, p 91 32.- - ?*z As indicated by their positioris as the names of I\letropolitan 31useum of Art, So, donors in the jar-inscriptio~~sin which they occur. The P, 14, yII, x, rlalnes Bes, hIeryrEC,and Tepuy alternate in Labrl- types 92 and lo1 t,hose of the ~ i scribes,~ ~ 260 PUT.~ 10 ff.:. Jnnker.~ OZza 11. 69-96: Narille, Thr H,~~and amenmose,t,he vizier R ~ and the~ Tcmpl~,~ of~ Deir el~ Bnhari,, IV, Pls. XIC, CX. (2x11. Cihief Steward Huy. CXIII: lrlaspero, etudes iir rnythologir rf ash (?)";25v [7]); "p3wf-cakes" (I'l'b., I, 495 [6ff.]); and dsrf (a beverage, perhaps a kind of p3wt n Sty, "p3wt-cakes of the Nubianl'(?); milk: TI b., V, 616 17-12]). The last two ~nw7, "water, 7 (bo\vls?)"; ry~w14,"11-ater, labels, both fragmentary, n-ere evidently 14 (bo~vls?)";~~~mw nw mmy, "juice of the names 61 a plant (q)and some kind mmy -fruit";254r~r~w _drt.sn, "fish (and) of fruit or grain (0). their fins(?)"; rnpyt, "green vegetables" With the foregoing \Yere found t\vo (It7b., 11, 135 [2-81); hnkt ~gft,"beer, ~gft- fragments of red pottery dishes inscribed jars (?)";hnkt, '(offering-cake" (TT'b., 111, in one case n ith the cartouche of the king 118 19-151); hpnt2j5 nt hnkt, "jugs of ("[llmenhotlep, 1.p.h.") anti in the other beer"; "hnfw-cake" (R b., 111, 291 [121); with the personal name "Hatiay." srf, "hot drink" (R'b.,IT, 196 [16]); stw, [To be co~ltinuetl]

?x2 Cf. !~prn bit. It11r n bnr: Irh., 111. 261 (11). ~IETROPOI,IT.~N~IUSE[JM OF ART

253 AS elsewhere, the number 7 and its multiples NEWYORK were sacred in dynastic Egypt. See Sethe, l.on Zahlen 2jVtu' is evidently a variant or miswritirig of su,f unri Zahllcorten, pp. 33-37. (H'h., 111, 426 [12 ff.]; Ciard., On., R 259, R 263) See Described as a "granular fruit" by Keirner. Gard.. (In., A 503.

Carl~npJianzen,p. 149. 2" See Hayes, Ostraka and Sarrii, Stonts. 11. 40.

2;' Apparently a variant writing of Apnt, "jug" (for Z58 011 ilsr, "clear" (a road), see l1.b.. \-, 600 (a. I), beer; Ti.h., IT, 445 [21).See Ii7h., 111, 260. and with the meaning "purify," 11.1, . \-, 61.5 (13ff.) I PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE PALACE JAR-LABELS I I NAME LABEL TYPE

158

213, 214 ) 104, 143 134

143

130

239,240

103

159

24 7

191, 260

33

206, 207, 20;

250

101, 103, 132,220, 231

158

82 QZ6Z3 158 (4 z % 01 44, 111, l2l, (22, 126, 133, kba 4133a 158

B& 4- a o* I Bg 4-4 5 5 4z'J+44*~ 9 5 6 49+3,42? 103 I.Ji"o3 56 4a~lT4413 55

* "THE FIRST --a!' PERSONS MENTIONED I N THE PALACE JAR- LABELS

NAME PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE PALACE JAR-LABELS 1 NAME T I TLECS) LABEL TYPES EXX. YEARS 1 PERSONS MENTIONED I N THE PALACE JAR-LABELS I NAME TITLECS) LABEL TYPES EXX. YEARS

u444 e% 83 I 04 246 I k A- 3 fzz 160 2 34 -m 5 - 3 akr'hh- 5 5 3 37

kt53 ekt L M a e ~ 1 ~ @ Kz\\i?A 130 2 34 A- & &--oeii~$ 242 I

-0- m -w.&ctT 5 4 I 3 7 'ac3 -u&&c r-2 54 I 3 7 22'41 7-3 nni... -&Q;= 5 I I

-144% frM 3 3 I,3 0 10 3 4 o~%& tH 92 2 30 04 %? &UC~ 243 I \ @mpeg, - %:@ 92, 103 4 3 0 si QI@ a uJ&~Q 12 I 30 A a{$ l'24'9 15 8 4 3 4

,gf 4h44 #? -us'f@l a:\ 158 5 3 4 5 4&44& i=~w&&- 56 I 37 5 4h4h - 142, 254 3 38 21443 249 I E 4 4 ~ P3'9 158 I 34 b 15, 25,3D, 78, 95, s*, 101, 103, -44 @ FM t34t5e,1s~~~5i9~,24~ 86 (302DI2, 34 F- -44@ %% 103, 185 3 (30) & 2% 4 4 ~ &nl(*zlds) 17,79,92lOl I0 30,31 & -44@ & 148 I L 493 KZ 141 131, 134 4 3 4 k -449 qc!I 209 I

FIG. 20 PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE PALACE JAR-LABELS

NAME TITLECS) LABEL TYPES EXX. YEARS

ZQQ3%?244~ +@f 143A I 38 2z448$24&448 i6kp 142 2 38 z49@%-3%& 102 I 2 6 W%oB$ P33 158 2 3 4 hQ3 =u&J&cn 7 0 2 h49 i'3'9 15 8 3 34 4 0 a t8P l'?o4 158 I 3 4

(%=09).1~ 128 I 32 t2+-Q [-.~hia- 55 I 3 7 8 -5- @ 46J-f 3,0 5 S O IS 20 34, 37 B da U 6ki! 101 I 5-W.a -, 6~...~4z+ 27, 71 f3 32 ad - I I IL@ +6kp 39, 121 3 30, 34 %%hi@ I-'=> 160 6 34 (4 2 %?I 4: ?d~LPdOPu 336 9% 113,05, 137.06, 97,1.39 112, 5 1 (301, b4],36 $~ol-l$ 1&f 103,203 2 (30) 9 rn pc& [%,n!m 16 2 (3 01 [I2.?3~ l'z& 158 2 3 4 i&=@ !3'4 158 I 34 Urn 253 I w'h Rwhh~Y!,?I 5 6 I 3 7 dMh& 259 I

~8-l?@ IYVi 158 2 34 R e=l -4,s -tFmhZen 158 4 3 4 -Wh4!8cY, @ 2 9 2 3 3 ul@ 16 1 I 34

FIG. 21 I PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE PALACE JAR-LABELS 1 TI T LE(S1 LABEL TYPES EXX. YEARS I I02 26 w@b@ l'?+Q 158 4 8 34

u ~ W @ r;~u&&c n 54 I 3 7 3~44 @ $Tn 81 *u?i?%F 98 [i-ad]-- ' I _I_ 75 n.44,,4? 101 I %4z 35, 2!5 4 32, D4] %AQ4'3 245 I %4dZ 130 4 3 4 &$@ 36 %g if>> 169 2 I 24

7 7 8 - hehen-a %,, Ill pc$ +%188887 "r: 131, 158 54 34 k,~fip~& 131, 212,255 3 k\\!# I;=rl4_1112Jcn 54 %------" & %\\!2 109 32 pg------@ A &"ol@ 97 I C30) v- W mi &dl 258 I

# @ 8 ?I I I 3 5

&n& 92, 108 12 30,32 &3% I I6 I

%7j@gQ 115 3 (%h)&z&gm 76, 118 5

&@a!- 48,167, 205 8 34, 36 -69~"'-h~~~- 3 36 FIG. 22 PERSONS MENTIONED IN THE PALACE JAR-LABELS

NAME TI T LECSI LABEL TYPES EXX. YEARS

123, 130, 132, 158, 23 #*diifl a7 , 60, 3, ' 34, 37 2z[$l4 1 124 I (30) _a 2 175 I 1 7 ~ ,1 I647 I 1, 18, 94, C2#, 847, 34 C FZ :dl 172, 207 26 C30),31,33 211 I 2 3 5 -&n 150 1 I I .=.tiB$! I 4 1 3 35 Ru&&."(#) 5,21,50,58,65 12 1 2a,3oJa2,3e,37 vzz 182 I +& 39, 53, 95, 141, 15% "4171 10 <30\ 3.1, 38, 37

LABELS ON MODEL BOWLS AND DISHES FROM THE NORTH PALACE e?i 6-p ,ti I 119-B -111 0 -&GP ST 171-9 0 "11 It1 - +P;3--2AR' 03A%l il 0 07dA~ 7 0 eve= - ".-.., - lPl~, PPo- I 171,,&dl~-. IIII~=zz

0 A- 6!3: F~%xl -z i? 1 I I I a ,,I,6 u - -C - Two a a // oC;! 6-d- ? - " g Ill I& J9p pg I6Il .?Q w n dPdPk '18QKuE Z72

FIG. 23 FIG.2.-The T'ailcy of Al~ltelias,showing distril~tltionof surface tleposits in relation to Kshr 2Akil http://www.jstor.org

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You have printed the following article: Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III William C. Hayes Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Apr., 1951), pp. 82-112. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2968%28195104%2910%3A2%3C82%3AIFTPOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7

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48 The Constitutional Aspect of the Protection of Women in Industry Ernst Freund Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, Vol. 1, No. 1, The Economic Position of Women. (Oct., 1910), pp. 162-184. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1548-7237%28191010%291%3A1%3C162%3ATCAOTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7

50 The Reading of the Word for Regnal Year Alan Gardiner Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 8, No. 3. (Jul., 1949), pp. 165-171. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2968%28194907%298%3A3%3C165%3ATROTWF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z

55 Oriental Exploratíon Fund of the Universíty of Chícago. Second Preliminary Report of the Egyptian Expedition James Henry Breasted The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 25, No. 1. (Oct., 1908), pp. 1-110. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28190810%2925%3A1%3C1%3AOEFOTU%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y

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82 On the Chronology of the Early Eighteenth Dynasty (Amenhotep I to Thutmose III) William F. Edgerton The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 53, No. 3. (Apr., 1937), pp. 188-197. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1062-0516%28193704%2953%3A3%3C188%3AOTCOTE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P

145 Scènes Apicoles Dans L'ancienne Egypte G. Kuény Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2. (Apr., 1950), pp. 84-93. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2968%28195004%299%3A2%3C84%3ASADLE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0

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