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BOEKBESPREKINGEN MORENZ, L.D. — Bild-Buchstaben Und Symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung Der Schrift in Der Hohen Kultur

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BOEKBESPREKINGEN MORENZ, L.D. — Bild-Buchstaben Und Symbolische Zeichen. Die Herausbildung Der Schrift in Der Hohen Kultur 8367_BIOR_05_5-6_01 30-01-2006 09:10 Pagina 423 451 BOEKBESPREKINGEN — FARAONISCH EGYPTE 452 conclusions, d’une longue bibliographie et de ses abrévia- tions, d’un index thématique et de plusieurs lexiques, ainsi que d’illustrations, de leur table et d’une carte d’Egypte. Les divers chapitres comportent des excursus offrant le point de vue de l’auteur sur des questions effleurées durant son ana- lyse du matériel. Dans son Introduction (pp. 1-9), l’auteur indique les jalons du processus de développement de l’écriture en Egypte et la multiplicité des causes de son apparition. Il souligne de façon lucide la difficulté de sa tâche et retrace les grandes étapes de la recherche égyptologique en la matière. Dans le Chapitre I (pp. 10-57), Morenz explore la codifi- cation par l’image de l’information linguistique en soulignant le fait que l’écriture constitue une technique de notation spé- cifique parmi d’autres modes de notation visuelle tels que représentations, «symboles» et autres codes desquels elle se distingue avec difficulté à l’origine. Il propose donc une défi- nition de l’écrit tenant compte de la situation de communi- BOEKBESPREKINGEN cation particulière dans laquelle l’écrit prend place. L’auteur mentionne la production d’images sur céramique qui a pré- cédé l’écriture, dès le 5ème millénaire av. J.-C., et dont le FARAONISCH EGYPTE répertoire formera la base iconographique utilisée par l’écri- ture hiéroglyphique. Morenz indique ensuite les principes de cette écriture, les types de signes (suivant la terminologie de MORENZ, L.D. — Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Schenkel 2003) et leur répertoire, tout en mentionnant des Zeichen. Die Herausbildung der Schrift in der hohen modes graphiques de notation antérieurs à l’écriture (calculi, Kultur Altägyptens. (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205). emblèmes sacrés, marques de potier, sceaux) qui ont parfois Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2004. (23,5 cm, laissé leur empreinte dans le système scriptural. Il poursuit XXII, 373). ISBN 3-7278-1486-1 (Academic Press Fri- avec la question de l’investissement phonétique de l’image bourg); 3-525-53062-5 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht); et de la difficulté pour le chercheur d’établir la valeur pho- ISSN 1015-1850. € 72,-. nétique des premiers signes. Au cœur du processus de créa- C’est un fascinant voyage au pays du signe que nous pro- tion de signes phonétiques réside le principe du rébus, un sys- pose Morenz, une nouvelle exploration d’un matériel qui s’est tème qui privilégie les lexèmes monosyllabiques et les signes considérablement enrichi depuis quelques années grâce à la unilitères. L’auteur insiste sur le rôle stimulant de la notation découverte par Dreyer (1998) dans la tombe «Uj» d’Abydos des noms propres, a fortiori étrangers, dans le processus de du corpus d’inscriptions le plus ancien connu à ce jour en phonétisation, postulant l’origine étrangère de certains topo- Egypte. Dans un remarquable effort d’analyse et de systé- nymes. Enfin, il conclut le chapitre avec la graphie des matisation des données égyptiennes et dans leur comparaison chiffres et la question de l’apparition de l’écriture dans les avec celles d’autres cultures (contemporaine pour Sumer, antiques cultures des Balkans, de l’Indus, de la Chine, de postérieure pour les Aztèques et les Mixtèques), Morenz nous l’Amérique Centrale et de la Syrie. offre un modèle de développement de l’écriture hiéro- Le Chapitre II, le plus long de l’ouvrage (pp. 58-213), est glyphique égyptienne du 4ème au début du 3ème millénaires av. consacré à l’interprétation systématique par l’auteur des plus J.-C. anciens exemples d’écriture hiéroglyphique issus d’Abydos, L’ouvrage débute par des indications chronologiques et d’Hiérakonpolis et de Coptos, ou liés à Bouto et à Crocodi- une introduction, et il est divisé en cinq chapitres suivis de lopolis. Le matériel le plus riche provient de la tombe «Uj» d’Abydos (Naqada IIIa). L’auteur résume les données publiées par Dreyer (1998) et Hartung (2001) quant aux empreintes de sceaux administratifs (proto-écriture) et aux 82) It is interesting to note in this connection Niccolò Machiavelli's label statements sur étiquettes trouvés dans la tombe, et pro- warnings, supported by historical examples, against the employment of cède avec son interprétation du matériel. Il y lit toponymes, mercenaries and auxiliary troops in the 12th and 13th chapters of The Prince. noms et titres de personnages au pouvoir, institutions admi- 83) A possible course would be through an onomastic investigation of nistratives et sacrées, références à l’idéologie royale. Passant the army personnel, although I have some doubts about the validity of this ensuite au matériel provenant des autres sites, il discute method for a trustworthy reconstruction of ethno-cultural situations (see n. empreintes de sceaux et un manche de couteau d’Hiérakon- 32 above). Perhaps archaeology may supply more reliable clues on demo- graphic shifts in Late Bronze Age Anatolia. Note, e.g., Tudhaliya's sword polis (Ash. E.4975), les colosses ithyphalliques de Coptos discovered at Hattusa, which commemorates his victory over Assuwa. Con- (Ash. 1894.105 et Le Caire JE 30770), la palette des trary to earlier assessments of an Aegean origin, it now appears that the villes/libyenne (Le Caire JE 27434/CG 14238) provenant sword was manufactured in (western?) Anatolia. For refs. see H. Genz, d’Abydos qui concerne selon lui Bouto et sa région, la mas- Archäologischer Anzeiger 2004/1, 80, and add P. Taracha in G. Beckman, R. Beal, G. McMahon, eds. Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner sue du Roi Scorpion (Ash. E.3632) découverte à Hiérakon- Jr. (Winona Lake, 2003), 367-376. polis, et une impression de sceau provenant d’une tombe de la nécropole de Tarkhan. Enfin, Morenz abandonne la pré- *) Mes remerciements au Dr. Wasserman de l’Université Hébraïque sentation par site pour envisager de façon globale les monu- de Jérusalem pour son aide précieuse concernant la culture mésopota- mienne. ments (et certains objets de modeste dimension) offrant une 8367_BIOR_05_5-6_01 30-01-2006 09:10 Pagina 424 453 BIBLIOTHECA ORIENTALIS LXII N° 5-6, september-december 2005 454 représentation du souverain et issus du contexte du temple, rébus. A ce stade existent déjà pictogrammes, classifica- ou centrés sur la représentation d’un site religieux (pp. 162- teurs et phonogrammes, y compris des signes unilitères (la 213). Il s’agit d’objets rituels tels que les grandes palettes et majorité des phonogrammes unilitères sont établis dès la les massues cérémonielles, de sceaux, de manches de cou- 1re dynastie); teaux, d’étiquettes royales constituant de brèves annales – vers 2800-2700 av. J.-C. (2ème et 3ème dynasties), premier (règnes d’Aha, Den et Djer), de reliefs figurant sur les murs texte complexe comportant verbes, particules, pronoms, du temple de Gebelein, de pétroglyphes, d’objets en céra- prépositions, etc. et développement parallèle de l’écriture mique ou en pierre, de statues, et de la Pierre de Palerme. cursive hiératique. Morenz souligne la puissante interaction entre la représenta- Il ajoute que si le stade préscriptural est probablement tion et le texte, la nécessité pour le lecteur d’effectuer un atteint en Mésopotamie avant qu’il ne le soit en Egypte, sa choix constant entre la représentation, l’emblème et le signe dimension phonétique est très réduite, et la notation phoné- scriptural, et le fait que l’écriture sert non seulement des buts tique des éléments grammaticaux tels que particules et pré- administratifs, mais aussi des objectifs religieux, propagan- positions intervient d’abord en Egypte. distes et pseudo-historiques. Il discerne l’usage dans ces Dans ses conclusions (pp. 287-292), l’auteur indique que monuments de la technique du rébus, notamment dans la for- l’apparition de l’écriture intervient lorsque la société acquiert mation d’adjectifs de phonogrammes dans la notation nisbés, une certaine maîtrise du langage et de la pensée, et atteint un de noms étrangers, de logogrammes, de signes classificateurs, niveau de développement de la structure sociale, administra- de jeux de mots et d’images relevant de la «poétique tive et de l’imaginaire (conceptualisation) propice à son visuelle», de la pratique de la transposition honorifique, et invention. de chiffres. Ainsi que le reconnaît l’auteur à plusieurs reprises, le sujet Le Chapitre III (pp. 214-249) est consacré à l’analyse de est difficile et fertile en conjectures, mais il parvient à nous l’écriture naissante en Egypte, tant du point de vue de ses en dresser un tableau cohérent, même si l’on peut discuter formes et fonctions que du contexte historique de son appa- (sans espoir de parvenir à des conclusions définitives) nombre rition. Quant à la forme des signes, l’auteur traite des ques- de ses prises de position (quant à l’utilisation d’une langue tions de référence culturelle, variabilité, adaptation au sup- «non-égyptienne» et au vocabulaire de l’égyptien d’avant la port et à la fonction, conventions en matière d’orientation, naissance de l’Etat, à la nature de certains signes, à leur déve- placement et coloration; du cas particulier de la figure loppement et à leur valeur phonétique). Il suffit d’évoquer les humaine en tant que signe; de la part de créativité laissée au tentatives d’identification des signes représentant des oiseaux scribe; des modifications opérées au fil du temps dans le aux stades proto- et préscripturaux pour démontrer la diffi- répertoire des signes; des jeux de la «poésie visuelle»; de culté du sujet. Dans l’équation étudiée, l’étendue de l’incon- l’attachement progressif d’une certaine valeur phonétique au nue est immense. On peut regretter dans un ouvrage consacré signe; de l’évolution du système scriptural en vue de la nota- à l’écriture le manque de précision dans le rendu des hiéro- tion de messages plus complexes (du n’in- label statement glyphes qui émaillent son texte (une grande partie des signes cluant que noms propres et titres, au texte complexe dès la utilisés figurent dans les polices de caractères hiéroglyphiques) troisième dynastie).
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