Prayers of Renunciation EGYPTIAN GODS
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1The Emergence of Law in Ancient Egypt: the Role of Maat
1THE EMERGENCE OF LAW IN ANCIENT EGYPT: THE ROLE OF MAAT NJ van Blerk* ** ABSTRACT In this article, the emergence of ancient Egyptian law out of religion and specifi cally arising from the concept of maat is discussed, as well as the important role played by religion, and specifi cally maat, in the ancient Egyptians’ understanding and development of the law. An attempt is made to indicate that the ancient Egyptians indeed had law and to explain what the ancient Egyptians understood by law, followed by a discussion of the development of ancient Egyptian law and key jurisprudence elements of ancient Egyptian law. KEYWORDS: Ancient Egypt; emergence of Egyptian law; importance of religion; hp; hpw; maat; jurisprudence; justice; balance; impartiality; tradition; precedent; custom 1 Introduction Law has existed as long as organised human society, but its origins are lost in the mists of prehistory.1 The advent of writing left a record from which the living 1 See Westbrook 2003a: 1. * This article is based on ch 4 of my PhD thesis titled “Aspects of succession law in ancient Egypt with specifi c reference to the testamentary disposition”. ** Lecturer, LLB, MA, D Litt & Phil; Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies, University of South Africa. Fundamina DOI: 10.17159/2411-7870/2018/v24n1a4 Volume 24 | Number 1 | 2018 Print ISSN 1021-545X/ Online ISSN 2411-7870 pp 69-88 69 NJ VAN BLERK institutions of the past may be reconstructed. In many instances the emergence of truly legal concepts was derived from religion, although over time law emerged -
ROSETTA/OSIRIS Observations of the 67P Nucleus During the April 2016 flyby: High-Resolution Spectrophotometry
ROSETTA/OSIRIS observations of the 67P nucleus during the April 2016 flyby: high-resolution spectrophotometry accepted in A&A, DOI:10.1051/0004-6361/201833807 C. Feller1 [Corresponding author: clement.feller-at-obspm.fr], S. Fornasier1, S. Ferrari2, P.H. Hasselmann1 , A. Barucci1, M. Massironi2, J.D.P Deshapriya1 , H. Sierks3, G. Naletto4,5,6, P. L. Lamy7, R. Rodrigo8,9, D. Koschny10, B.J.R. Davidsson11 , J.-L. Bertaux7, I. Bertini4, D. Bodewits12, G. Cremonese13, V. Da Deppo6, S. Debei14, M. De Cecco15, M. Fulle16, P. J. Gutiérrez17, C. Güttler3, W.-H. Ip18,19, H. U. Keller20,21, L. M. Lara17, M. Lazzarin12, J. J. López- Moreno17, F. Marzari4, X. Shi3, C. Tubiana3 , B. Gaskell22, F. La Forgia4 , A. Lucchetti13,S. Mottola21, M. Pajola13, F. Preusker21, and F. Scholten21 1LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Sorbonne Université, 5 Place J. Janssen, Meudon Cedex 92195, France 2Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS) G. Colombo, University of Padova, Via Venezia 15, 35131 Padova, Italy 3Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg, 3, 37077, Goettingen, Germany 4University of Padova, Department of Physics and Astronomy “Galileo Galilei”, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy 5University of Padova, Center of Studies and Activities for Space (CISAS) “G. Colombo”, Via Venezia 15, 35131 Padova, Italy 6CNR-IFN UOS Padova LUXOR, Via Trasea, 7, 35131 Padova, Italy 7LATMOS, CNRS/UVSQ/IPSL, 11 boulevard d’Alembert,78280, Guyancourt, France 8Centro de -
CLEAR II Egyptian Mythology and Religion Packet by Jeremy Hixson 1. According to Chapter 112 of the
CLEAR II Egyptian Mythology and Religion Packet by Jeremy Hixson 1. According to Chapter 112 of the Book of the Dead, two of these deities were charged with ending a storm at the city of Pe, and the next chapter assigns the other two of these deities to the city of Nekhen. The Pyramid Texts describe these gods as bearing Osiris's body to the heavens and, in the Middle Kingdom, the names of these deities were placed on the corner pillars of coffins. Maarten Raven has argued that the association of these gods with the intestines developed later from their original function, as gods of the four quarters of the world. Isis was both their mother and grandmother. For 10 points, consisting of Qebehsenuef, Imsety, Duamutef, and Hapi, the protectors of the organs stored in the canopic jars which bear their heads, these are what group of deities, the progeny of a certain falconheaded god? ANSWER: Sons of Horus [or Children of Horus; accept logical equivalents] 2. According to Plutarch, the proSpartan Kimon sent a delegation with a secret mission to this deity, though he died before its completion, prompting the priest to inform his men that Kimon was already with this deity. Pausanias says that Pindar offered a statue of this god carved by Kalamis in Thebes and Pythian IV includes Medea's prediction that "the daughter of Epaphus will one day be planted... amid the foundations" of this god in Libya. Every ten days a cult statue of this god was transported to Medinet Habu in western Thebes, where he had first created the world by fertilizing the world egg. -
Historical Deception Gives an Excellent Overview of All Things Egyptian
About the Author Moustafa Gadalla was born in Cairo, Egypt in 1944. He gradu- ated from Cairo University with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering in 1967. He immigrated to the U.S.A. in 1971 to practice as a licensed professional engineer and land surveyor. From his early childhood, Gadalla pursued his Ancient Egyp- tian roots with passion, through continuous study and research. Since 1990, he has dedicated and concentrated all his time to re- searching the Ancient Egyptian civilization. As an independent Egyptologist, he spends a part of every year visiting and studying sites of antiquities. Gadalla is the author of ten internationally acclaimed books. He is the chairman of the Tehuti Research Foundation—an interna- tional, U.S.-based, non-profit organization, dedicated to Ancient Egyptian studies. Other Books By The Author [See details on pages 352-356] Egyptian Cosmology: The Animated Universe - 2nd ed. Egyptian Divinities: The All Who Are THE ONE Egyptian Harmony: The Visual Music Egyptian Mystics: Seekers of the Way Egyptian Rhythm: The Heavenly Melodies Exiled Egyptians: The Heart of Africa Pyramid Handbook - 2nd ed. Tut-Ankh-Amen: The Living Image of the Lord Egypt: A Practical Guide Testimonials of the First Edition: Historical Deception gives an excellent overview of all things Egyptian. The style of writing makes for an easy read by the non- Egyptologists amongst us. Covering a wide variety of topics from the people, language, religion, architecture, science and technol- ogy it aims to dispel various myths surrounding the Ancient Egyp- tians. If you want a much better understanding of Ancient Egypt, then you won’t be disappointed be with the straight forward, no-non- sense approach to information given in Historical Deception. -
The Egyptian Book of the Dead
. 240 BC THE PAPYRUS OF ANI (THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD) Translated by E.A. Wallis Budge A Collection of Sacred Magick | The Esoteric Library | www.sacred-magick.com HYMN TO OSIRIS "Homage to thee, Osiris, Lord of eternity, King of the Gods, whose names are manifold, whose forms are holy, thou being of hidden form in the temples, whose Ka is holy. Thou art the governor of Tattu (Busiris), and also the mighty one in Sekhem (Letopolis). Thou art the Lord to whom praises are ascribed in the nome of Ati, thou art the Prince of divine food in Anu. Thou art the Lord who is commemorated in Maati, the Hidden Soul, the Lord of Qerrt (Elephantine), the Ruler supreme in White Wall (Memphis). Thou art the Soul of Ra, his own body, and hast thy place of rest in Henensu (Herakleopolis). Thou art the beneficent one, and art praised in Nart. Thou makest thy soul to be raised up. Thou art the Lord of the Great House in Khemenu (Hermopolis). Thou art the mighty one of victories in Shas-hetep, the Lord of eternity, the Governor of Abydos. The path of his throne is in Ta-tcheser (a part of Abydos). Thy name is established in the mouths of men. Thou art the substance of Two Lands (Egypt). Thou art Tem, the feeder of Kau (Doubles), the Governor of the Companies of the gods. Thou art the beneficent Spirit among the spirits. The god of the Celestial Ocean (Nu) draweth from thee his waters. Thou sendest forth the north wind at eventide, and breath from thy nostrils to the satisfaction of thy heart. -
A Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the Fitzwilliam
~ O=Jl."'~~] lJlC01~~~] ~ O~!>hl!>hl-;] lJl G~~~] S:O=~f1"'~~] CAMBRIDGE LIBRARY CO LL E C TION Books of enduring scholarly value Cambridge The city of Cambridge received its royal charter in 1201, having already been home to Britons, Romans and Anglo-Saxons for many centuries. Cambridge University was founded soon afterwards and celebrates its octocentenary in 2009. This series explores the history and influence of Cambridge as a centre of science, learning, and discovery, its contributions to national and global politics and culture, and its inevitable controversies and scandals. A Catalogue of the Egyptian Collection in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Since the first donations of Egyptian artefacts to the Fitzwilliam Museum, including most notably the sarcophagus lid of Rameses III donated in 1823, its ancient Egyptian holdings have grown steadily. This collection, now one of the most important in Britain, was catalogued for the first time by Sir Ernest Alfred Thompson Wallis Budge (1857–1934) of the British Museum’s department of antiquities. Budge was a leading authority on ancient Egypt and had himself acquired several pieces for the museum in Egypt in 1886-7. The collection as listed in this 1893 publication included 577 objects: sarcophagi, coffins, canopic jars, mummies, scarabs, sculptures, and other decorative objects. Budge provided transcriptions and translations of the hieroglyphs that appear on the objects with his descriptions of each item. Although the collection has been augmented by many further gifts and purchases, Budge’s catalogue remains a valuable record of the collection in the late Victorian period. Cambridge University Press has long been a pioneer in the reissuing of out-of- print titles from its own backlist, producing digital reprints of books that are still sought after by scholars and students but could not be reprinted economically using traditional technology. -
LESSON PLAN Egyptian Mummies: the Myth Unwrapped
LESSON PLAN 4th – 8th Egyptian Mummies Grade Level: The Myth Unwrapped Duration: 50 minutes BACKGROUND Wisconsin Standards: 5000 years ago, Ancient Egyptians by their mummification process. Social Studies - Geography perfected the art of mummification, While learning about the gods and A.4.4; History B.4.1,3; creating not only lasting preservation goddesses of ancient Egypt, students Behavioral Sciences of their dead, but also intimate will know where in the world they E.4.8,11; snapshots of their lifestyle and can find mummies. By the end of the E.12.10; spiritual beliefs. Through a dynamic program, students will understand Language Arts - Oral 50 minute interactive program, the significance of mummification C.4-12.3 students will witness the step-by-step to ancient Egyptians as well as mummification process and find out understand the role mummies played National Standards: why, though Egyptians were not the in cultures of the past and present. Technology - Technology first to mummify, we are fascinated Communication Skills NT.K-12.4 Common Core State Standards: FOCUS QUESTION English Language Arts Standards • What is a mummy? And what can we learn from them? - Speaking & Listening: CCSS.ELA - Literacy - SL.4-8.1-3 STUDENT OBJECTIVES MATERIALS Students will be able to: • Pens/Pencils • List 3 countries in the world where • Paper for notes mummies have been found. • Learn what makes a mummy unique. TEACHER PREPARATION • Discuss why ancient Egyptians • Gather materials mummified their dead. • Name three ways mummies were used for non-scientific purposes. • Explain the step-by-step mummification process. • Identify Egyptian gods and goddesses and explain how ancient Egyptian spiritual beliefs relate to the mummification process. -
Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Silver Screen: Modern Anxieties About Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Caroline T
University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons College of the Pacific aF culty Articles All Faculty Scholarship 10-1-2003 Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Silver Screen: Modern Anxieties about Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Caroline T. Schroeder Cornell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facarticles Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Schroeder, Caroline T. (2016) "Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Silver Screen: Modern Anxieties about Race, Ethnicity, and Religion," Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 7 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol7/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of the Pacific aF culty Articles by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Religion & Film Volume 7 Article 1 Issue 2 October 2003 12-14-2016 Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Silver Screen: Modern Anxieties about Race, Ethnicity, and Religion Caroline T. Schroeder Ithaca College, [email protected] Recommended Citation Schroeder, Caroline T. (2016) "Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Silver Screen: Modern Anxieties about Race, Ethnicity, and Religion," Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 7 : Iss. 2 , Article 1. Available at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol7/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Religion & Film by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@UNO. -
Ancient Egyptians Believed in an Afterlife
Note To the Teacher This kit is designed to help your students learn more about Ancient Egypt by viewing images from the Walters Art Museum collection. The scope ranges from the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties ca. 2061-1640 BCE) through the Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BCE). You will find ten images of objects from Ancient Egypt. In addition to the images, there is a timeline, essays about the museum objects; lesson plans for elementary, middle grades and high school, and bibliographies with resources to assist you in your class presentation. Resources include: a vocabulary list, books for you and your students, websites, videos and other art tools. TRK Borrowing Policy Please… 1. Return this kit in person or by mail on or by its due date. A valid credit card number is required to borrow Teacher Resource Kits. A $25.00 fee will be charged for kits that are returned up to one month late. Borrowers will be assessed the pur- chase cost of kits borrowed if materials are returned more than one month late. The box the TRK was sent in can be reused for its return. 2. Keep your TRK intact and in working order. You are responsible for the contents of this kit while it is in your possession. If any item is miss- ing or damaged, please contact the Department of School Programs at 410.547.9000, ext. 298, as soon as possible. 3. Fill out the TRK Evaluation so that kits can be improved with your input and student feedback. Please return the Teacher Resource Kit to: Department of School Programs Division of Education and Public Programs The Walters Art Museum 600 North Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21201-5185 Copyright Statement Materials contained in this Education kit are not to be reproduced or transmitted in any format, other than for educational use, without specific advance written permission from the Walters Art Museum. -
Ancient Egyptian Dieties
Ancient Egyptian Dieties Amun: When Amun’s city, Thebes, rose to power in the New Kingdom (1539-1070 B.C.), Amun became known as the “King of the Gods.” He was worshipped as the high god throughout Egypt. Able to take many shapes, Amun was sometimes shown as a ram or goose, but was usually shown in human form. He is fundamentally a Creator God and his name, Amun, means “The Hidden One.” Amun-Re: Originating in the Middle Kingdom, (2055 - 1650 B.C.), Amun-Re is a fusion of the Gods Amun and Re. He combined the invisible power of creation and the power visible in heat and light. Anubis: Usually represented as a black jackal, or as a human with a canine head, Anubis was a guardian of mummies, tombs, and cemeteries, as well as an escort of the deceased to the afterlife. Atum: According to the most ancient Egyptian creation myths, Atum is the creator of the world. He also brought the first gods Shu (air), Tefnut (water), Geb (earth), and Nut (sky) to Egypt. He is also god of the setting sun. Atum was represented in many forms such as a human, a human with the head of a ram, and a combination of an eel and a cobra. Bastet: Originating as early as Dynasty II (2820-2670 B.C.), Bastet was represented as a cat or a woman with a lioness’s head. She eventually became Egypt’s most important “cat goddess.” If Bastet took the form of a cat she was considered content, but if Bastet was a lioness she was considered an angry goddess. -
Sales 2015 Políticas E Culturas No Antigo Egipto.Pdf
COLECÇÃO COMPENDIUM Chiado Editora chiadoeditora.com Um livro vai para além de um objecto. É um encontro entre duas pessoas através da pa- lavra escrita. É esse encontro entre autores e leitores que a Chiado Editora procura todos os dias, trabalhando cada livro com a dedicação de uma obra única e derradeira, seguindo a máxima pessoana “põe quanto és no mínimo que fazes”. Queremos que este livro seja um desafio para si. O nosso desafio é merecer que este livro faça parte da sua vida. www.chiadoeditora.com Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde Avenida da Liberdade, N.º 166, 1.º Andar 1250-166 Lisboa, Portugal Conjunto Nacional, cj. 903, Avenida Paulista 2073, Edifício Horsa 1, CEP 01311-300 São Paulo, Brasil © 2015, José das Candeias Sales e Chiado Editora E-mail: [email protected] Título: Política(s) e Cultura(s) no Antigo Egipto Editor: Rita Costa Composição gráfica: Ricardo Heleno – Departamento Gráfico Capa: Ana Curro Foto da capa: O templo funerário de Hatchepsut, em Deir el-Bahari, Tebas ocidental. Foto do Autor Revisão: José das Candeias Sales Impressão e acabamento: Chiado Print 1.ª edição: Setembro, 2015 ISBN: 978-989-51-3835-7 Depósito Legal n.º 389152/15 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES POLÍTICA(S) E CULTURA(S) NO ANTIGO EGIPTO Chiado Editora Portugal | Brasil | Angola | Cabo Verde ÍNDICE GERAL APRESENTAÇÃO 7 I PARTE Legitimação política e ideológica no Egipto antigo – discurso e práticas 11 1. Concepção e percepção de tempo e de temporalidade no Egipto antigo 17 2. As fórmulas protocolares egípcias ou formas e possibilidades do discurso de legitimação no antigo Egipto 49 3. -
Egyptian Temples
Originalveröffentlichung in: Christina Riggs (Hrsg.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt, Oxford 2012, S. 362-382 CHAPTER 22 EGYPTIAN TEMPLES MARTINA MINAS-NERPEL From the beginning of their rule in Egypt, the Ptolemies initiated a gigantic temple con struction and decoration programme, which the Roman emperors continued well into the second century ce. Temples were still decorated on a much smaller scale into the third and the beginning of the fourth centuries. The last known cartouche of a Roman emperor in a temple was inscribed under Maximinus Daia (305-13 ce) on blocks belonging to the temple of Horus at Tahta (Holbl 2000: 45 n. 177; 114, fig. 157). Otherwise, the latest evidence comes from Esna (Sauneron 1975:65-6, no. 495; 84-7, no. 503), where the temple of Khnum was still being decorated under Decius (249-51 ce). Stelae inscribed in hieroglyphs continued to be set up in Egyptian temples, for example in the Bucheum at Armant, of which the latest is dated to 340, the fifty-seventh year of the era of Diocletian (Holbl 2000:45 n. 178; Goldbrun- ner 2004:78-9,302). The temple of Isis at Philae, where hieroglyphs were carved in the tem ple of Harendotes as late as 394 (Winter 1982:1023), was the last to be kept open, being closed down under Justinian between 535 and 537 (Winter 1982:1026), when it was converted to a church (Dijkstra 2008). The Hellenistic and Roman periods of Egypt are often subsumed under the term ‘Graeco- Roman Egypt’. In his examination of Egyptian society under Ptolemaic and Roman rule, Naphtali Lewis (1970) correctly pointed out that this phrase should not be used to imply con tinuity between the two eras, since the changes in the governmental structure, social pat terns and politics, administration, and the economy were so fundamental in Roman times as to render the term misleading.