2018 Fall Vol 24 No 2
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The Enigma of KV 55 by Theunis W. Eloff the Valley of the Kings Is A
The Enigma of KV 55 By Theunis W. Eloff The Valley of The Kings is a dry Waddi, or water course, in the hills on the West bank of the Nile at Thebes (Modern Luxor). It is here that most of the kings of the 18th and 19th Dynasties were buried. (c. 1567 – 1200B.C.). The existence of the valley has been known since antiquity and indeed several of the tombs have been open since ancient times. Excavating, or perhaps rather “Treasure Hunting” became popular during the 19th Century and it was only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that more systematic archaeology began to be practised. Concessions to dig in The Valley were granted by the Egyptian Antiquities Department, to only one excavator at a time. In the early 20th Century, this was to Theodore Davis, an elderly, cantankerous American Retired businessman with no knowledge of archaeology, but a desire for “Anticas”. At first, he was prepared to fund exploration but leave matters in the hands of more knowledgeable men like Edward Ayrton and others. Supervision of the excavations fell to the Director of Antiquities for that district, Howard Carter then J. B. Quibell. But, in 1905, the new Inspector of Antiquities, Arthur Weigall, offered Davis a new contract, advising him to employ his own archaeologist and to get involved himself with supervising the work. This proved to be disastrous. He interfered with the work of his excavators and regularly argued with and overruled them. Ayrton complained that he found it difficult to work with the man and when Davis was present work went more slowly, was very unpleasant and things often went wrong. -
In Ancient Egypt
THE ROLE OF THE CHANTRESS ($MW IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUZANNE LYNN ONSTINE A thesis submined in confonnity with the requirements for the degm of Ph.D. Graduate Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliations University of Toronto %) Copyright by Suzanne Lynn Onstine (200 1) . ~bsPdhorbasgmadr~ exclusive liceacc aiiowhg the ' Nationai hiof hada to reproduce, loan, distnia sdl copies of this thesis in miaof#m, pspa or elccmnic f-. L'atm criucrve la propri&C du droit d'autear qui protcge cette thtse. Ni la thèse Y des extraits substrrntiets deceMne&iveatetreimprimCs ouraitnmcrtrepoduitssanssoai aut&ntiom The Role of the Chmaes (fm~in Ancient Emt A doctorai dissertacion by Suzanne Lynn On*, submitted to the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto, 200 1. The specitic nanire of the tiUe Wytor "cimûes", which occurrPd fcom the Middle Kingdom onwatd is imsiigated thrwgh the use of a dalabase cataloging 861 woinen whheld the title. Sorting the &ta based on a variety of delails has yielded pattern regatding their cbnological and demographical distribution. The changes in rhe social status and numbers of wbmen wbo bore the Weindicale that the Egyptians perceivecl the role and ams of the titk âiffefcntiy thugh tirne. Infomiation an the tities of ihe chantressw' family memkrs bas ailowed the author to make iderences cawming llse social status of the mmen who heu the title "chanms". MiMid Kingdom tifle-holders wverc of modest backgrounds and were quite rare. Eighteenth DMasty women were of the highest ranking families. The number of wamen who held the titk was also comparatively smaii, Nimeenth Dynasty women came [rom more modesi backgrounds and were more nwnennis. -
Needle Roller and Cage Assemblies B-003〜022
*保持器付針状/B001-005_*保持器付針状/B001-005 11/05/24 20:31 ページ 1 Needle roller and cage assemblies B-003〜022 Needle roller and cage assemblies for connecting rod bearings B-023〜030 Drawn cup needle roller bearings B-031〜054 Machined-ring needle roller bearings B-055〜102 Needle Roller Bearings Machined-ring needle roller bearings, B-103〜120 BEARING TABLES separable Self-aligning needle roller bearings B-121〜126 Inner rings B-127〜144 Clearance-adjustable needle roller bearings B-145〜150 Complex bearings B-151〜172 Cam followers B-173〜217 Roller followers B-218〜240 Thrust roller bearings B-241〜260 Components Needle rollers / Snap rings / Seals B-261〜274 Linear bearings B-275〜294 One-way clutches B-295〜299 Bottom roller bearings for textile machinery Tension pulleys for textile machinery B-300〜308 *保持器付針状/B001-005_*保持器付針状/B001-005 11/05/24 20:31 ページ 2 B-2 *保持器付針状/B001-005_*保持器付針状/B001-005 11/05/24 20:31 ページ 3 Needle Roller and Cage Assemblies *保持器付針状/B001-005_*保持器付針状/B001-005 11/05/24 20:31 ページ 4 Needle roller and cage assemblies NTN Needle Roller and Cage Assemblies This needle roller and cage assembly is one of the or a housing as the direct raceway surface, without using basic components for the needle roller bearing of a inner ring and outer ring. construction wherein the needle rollers are fitted with a The needle rollers are guided by the cage more cage so as not to separate from each other. The use of precisely than the full complement roller type, hence this roller and cage assembly enables to design a enabling high speed running of bearing. -
The Religious Reforms of Akhenaten and the Cult of the Aten
The Pharaoh’s Sun-Disc : The Religious Reforms of Akhenaten and the Cult of the Aten The 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Akhenaten, known to many as the “Heretic King,” made significant changes to the religious institutions of Ancient Egypt during his reign in the 14th century BCE. The traditional view long maintained that these reforms, focused on the promotion of a single solar god known as the Aten, constituted an early form of monotheism foreshadowing the rise of Western Biblical tradition. However, this simplification ignores the earlier henotheistic tendency of Egyptian polytheism and the role of Atenism in strengthening the Pharaoh’s authority in the face of the powerful Amun-Ra priesthood, as well as distinctions between the monotheism of Moses and Akhenaten’s cult. Instead, the religion of Akhenaten, which developed from earlier ideas surrounding the solar deity motif, can be seen as an instance of monotheistic practice in form but not in function, characterized by a lack of conviction outside the new capital of Akhetaten as well as an ultimate goal of establishing not one god but one ruling power in Egypt: the Pharaoh. This will become clear through an analysis of the background to Akhenaten’s reign, the nature of his reforms and possible motivations, and the reality of Atenism vis-à-vis later Biblical monotheism. The “revolution” of Akhenaten, born Amunhotep IV,1 evidently had significant implications both during and after his reign. The radical nature of his reforms is clearly visible in the later elimination of his name and those of his immediate successors from the official list of rulers.2 However, it is possible to see the roots of these changes, and perhaps of the Pharaoh’s motivations, in earlier developments in the importance and form 1 Greek Amunhopis IV. -
Print and Web Resources (PDF, 191KB)
Print and Web Resources GENERAL RESOuRCES PBS. The Time of the Lincolns. www.pbs.org/ wgbh/amex/lincolns/ J. Paul Getty Museum. “The Elements of Art.” www.getty.edu/education/for_teachers/ Wilson, Jackie Napolean. Hidden Witness: building_lessons/elements.html African-American Images from the Dawn of Photography to the Civil War. New York: J. Paul Getty Museum. “Explore Art.” St. Martin’s Press, 2000. www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/ Metropolitan Museum of Art. “Timeline of Art Celebration and Satire History.” www.metmuseum.org/toah/ Berman, Patricia G. James Ensor: Christ’s Entry Teaching Tolerance. www.tolerance.org into Brussels in 1889. Getty Museum Studies on Art. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2002. Breaking the Chains, Rising Out of Circumstances Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: BBC. “Ancient History: Romans.” www.bbc.co.uk/ Exploring the French Revolution. chnm.gmu. history/ancient/romans edu/revolution/ Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Soldiers, Sailors, Slaves, and France in Australia. “Emblems and symbols of the Ships: The Civil War Photographs of Henry P. French Republic.” www.ambafrance-au.org/ Moore. Concord: New Hampshire Historical spip.php?article468 Society, 1999. PBS. Freedom: A History of US. www.pbs.org/ National Gallery of Art. “Marriage A-la-Mode: 4. wnet/historyofus/ The Toilette.” www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi- bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/ PBS. Napoleon. www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/ wa/work?workNumber=ng116 home.html National Gallery of Art. “Princess Rákóczi.” ReadWriteThink. “Satirical Techniques www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/ Definitions.” www.readwritethink.org/lesson_ WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/ images/lesson936/SatiricalTechniques.pdf work?workNumber=ng3883 Waldron, Ann. -
The Functionality of the Mace When Associated with Women in the Dynastic Period
Women and Weapons in Ancient Egypt The functionality of the mace when associated with women in the Dynastic Period Rebecca Dean, The University of York, [email protected] Project Background The Experiment Continued Mace-head from female Upper part of east face of burial at Abydos, Hatshepsut’s Karnak North bottom left corner (Peet obelisk. The female pharaoh 1914, Pl. III). Hatshepsut is depicted holding a mace in the bottom right corner (Stevenson Smith 1942, 48). Harrogate mace-head displaying The visible cut made by the conical Damage to the conical mace- similar damage to that sustained mace-head on pig head number three. head from hitting the pig head. by the mace in the experimental Photo courtesy of Dr J. Fletcher. Photo courtesy of Dr J. Fletcher. work (Dean 2009, 92). The pig head struck with the with the globular mace-head appeared to sustain little damage, though it was possible to feel a slight crack in the skull through the skin. The pig head that The mace is a weapon that has endured throughout Egyptian history, from Predynastic times was struck with the conical mace-head again revealed damage. The part of the skull just through to the era of Roman rule (c.3500 BC to early centuries AD). The mace was a common above the eye-socket was definitely broken, with the skin split open over the same area. The and prominently depicted artefact in Pharaonic Egypt, as both a weapon and piece of regalia replica conical mace-head was also damaged during the striking of the pigs’ heads. -
The Newsletter of the Friends of the Egypt Centre, Swansea
Price 50p INSCRIPTIONS The Newsletter of the Friends of the Egypt Centre, Swansea Whatever else you do this Issue 28 Christmas… December 2008 In this issue: Re-discovery of the Re-discovery of the South Asasif Necropolis 1 South Asasif Necropolis Fakes Case in the Egypt Centre 2 by Carolyn Graves-Brown ELENA PISCHIKOVA is the Director of the South Introducing Ashleigh 2 Asasif Conservation Project and a Research by Ashleigh Taylor Scholar at the American University in Cairo. On Editorial 3 7 January 2009, she will visit Swansea to speak Introducing Kenneth Griffin 3 on three decorated Late Period tombs that were by Kenneth Griffin recently rediscovered by her team on the West A visit to Highclere Castle 4 Bank at Thebes. by Sheila Nowell Life After Death on the Nile: A Described by travellers of the 19th century as Journey of the Rekhyt to Aswan 5 among the most beautiful of Theban tombs, by L. S. J. Howells these tombs were gradually falling into a state X-raying the Animal Mummies at of destruction. Even in their ruined condition the Egypt Centre: Part One 7 by Kenneth Griffin they have proved capable of offering incredible Objects in the Egypt Centre: surprises. An entire intact wall with an Pottery cones 8 exquisitely carved offering scene in the tomb of by Carolyn Graves-Brown Karakhamun, and the beautifully painted ceiling of the tomb of Irtieru are among them. This promises to be a fascinating talk from a very distinguished speaker. Please do your best to attend and let’s give Dr Pischikova a decent audience! Wednesday 7 January 7 p.m. -
ROYAL STATUES Including Sphinxes
ROYAL STATUES Including sphinxes EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD Dynasties I-II Including later commemorative statues Ninutjer 800-150-900 Statuette of Ninuter seated wearing heb-sed cloak, calcite(?), formerly in G. Michaelidis colln., then in J. L. Boele van Hensbroek colln. in 1962. Simpson, W. K. in JEA 42 (1956), 45-9 figs. 1, 2 pl. iv. Send 800-160-900 Statuette of Send kneeling with vases, bronze, probably made during Dyn. XXVI, formerly in G. Posno colln. and in Paris, Hôtel Drouot, in 1883, now in Berlin, Ägyptisches Museum, 8433. Abubakr, Abd el Monem J. Untersuchungen über die ägyptischen Kronen (1937), 27 Taf. 7; Roeder, Äg. Bronzefiguren 292 [355, e] Abb. 373 Taf. 44 [f]; Wildung, Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewußtsein ihrer Nachwelt i, 51 [Dok. xiii. 60] Abb. iv [1]. Name, Gauthier, Livre des Rois i, 22 [vi]. See Antiquités égyptiennes ... Collection de M. Gustave Posno (1874), No. 53; Hôtel Drouot Sale Cat. May 22-6, 1883, No. 53; Stern in Zeitschrift für die gebildete Welt 3 (1883), 287; Ausf. Verz. 303; von Bissing in 2 Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung xxxviii (1913), 259 n. 2 (suggests from Memphis). Not identified by texts 800-195-000 Head of royal statue, perhaps early Dyn. I, in London, Petrie Museum, 15989. Petrie in Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland xxxvi (1906), 200 pl. xix; id. Arts and Crafts 31 figs. 19, 20; id. The Revolutions of Civilisation 15 fig. 7; id. in Anc. Eg. (1915), 168 view 4; id. in Hammerton, J. A. -
Crossroads 360 Virtual Tour Script Edited
Crossroads of Civilization Virtual Tour Script Note: Highlighted text signifies content that is only accessible on the 360 Tour. Welcome to Crossroads of Civilization. We divided this exhibit not by time or culture, but rather by traits that are shared by all civilizations. Watch this video to learn more about the making of Crossroads and its themes. Entrance Crossroads of Civilization: Ancient Worlds of the Near East and Mediterranean Crossroads of Civilization looks at the world's earliest major societies. Beginning more than 5,000 years ago in Egypt and the Near East, the exhibit traces their developments, offshoots, and spread over nearly four millennia. Interactive timelines and a large-scale digital map highlight the ebb and flow of ancient cultures, from Egypt and the earliest Mesopotamian kingdoms of the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, to the vast Persian, Hellenistic, and finally Roman empires, the latter eventually encompassing the entire Mediterranean region. Against this backdrop of momentous historical change, items from the Museum's collections are showcased within broad themes. Popular elements from classic exhibits of former years, such as our Greek hoplite warrior and Egyptian temple model, stand alongside newly created life-size figures, including a recreation of King Tut in his chariot. The latest research on our two Egyptian mummies features forensic reconstructions of the individuals in life. This truly was a "crossroads" of cultural interaction, where Asian, African, and European peoples came together in a massive blending of ideas and technologies. Special thanks to the following for their expertise: ● Dr. Jonathan Elias - Historical and maps research, CT interpretation ● Dr. -
Reading King Tut Bio Wb 22.2.21
Monday 22nd February – cut each section out and stick them back in the order you think the biography should be! A When Did Tutankhamun Become King? Shortly before the death of Akhenaten, a mysterious person known as Smenkhkare ruled with him. Not much is known about Smenkhkare – not even whether they were male or female. Some people guess that Smenkhkare could have been Tutankhamun or another of Akhenaten’s children. Other people think that Smenkhkare was Akhenaten’s wife Nefertiti and that she helped him to rule. After Akhenaten’s death, a female pharaoh named Neferneferuaten ruled over ancient Egypt for two years. Some people think that this was also Nefertiti. It is thought by some that Nefertiti did this because Tutankhamun was too young to become pharaoh. However, in around 1332 BC, Tutankhamun became pharaoh at eight or nine years of age. It is thought that, at first, he became the ruler under his birth name of Tutankhaten because a royal staff was found with this name carved into it. B Was His Name Really Tutankhamun? Surprisingly, Tutankhamun was originally known as Tutankhaten. This is thought to have meant ‘the living image of Aten’. The Aten was the disc of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology. This meant that the name Tutankhaten had great religious meaning. However, Tutankhaten did not think that the Aten should be worshipped as the only god of ancient Egypt. Therefore, Tutankhaten changed his name to Tutankhamun. This showed everybody that he did not support the idea of just worshipping the Aten as a single god. -
Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign
oi.uchicago.edu STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION * NO.42 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Thomas A. Holland * Editor with the assistance of Thomas G. Urban oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber THE ROAD TO KADESH A HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE BATTLE RELIEFS OF KING SETY I AT KARNAK SECOND EDITION REVISED WILLIAM J. MURNANE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO STUDIES IN ANCIENT ORIENTAL CIVILIZATION . NO.42 CHICAGO * ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 90-63725 ISBN: 0-918986-67-2 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 1985, 1990 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1990. Printed in the United States of America. oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS List of M aps ................................ ................................. ................................. vi Preface to the Second Edition ................................................................................................. vii Preface to the First Edition ................................................................................................. ix List of Bibliographic Abbreviations ..................................... ....................... xi Chapter 1. Egypt's Relations with Hatti From the Amarna Period Down to the Opening of Sety I's Reign ...................................................................... ......................... 1 The Clash of Empires -
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...The Truth Is On The March... (Emile Zola, 1840-1902) by Edmond R. Mansoor ...In any event, I do not despair in the least of ultimate triumph. I repeat with more intense conviction: the truth is on the march and nothing will stop her! It is only today that this affair has begun, since it is only now that sides have definitely been taken: on the one hand, the culprits who want no light at all on the business; on the other, lovers of justice who would lay down their lives for it. I have said elsewhere and I say again, when the truth is buried underground, it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day when it bursts out, it blows everything up with it. We shall soon see whether we have not laid the mines for a most far-reaching disaster in the near future. (Emile Zola - Josephson, M. Macaulay, N.Y. 1928) ...Ce n'est pas, d'ailleurs, que je désespère le moins du monde du triomphe. Je le répète avec une certitude plus véhémente: la vérité est en marche et rien ne l'arrêtera. C'est aujourd'hui seulement que l'affaire commence, puisque aujourd'hui seulement les positions sont nettes: d'une part, les coupables qui ne veulent pas que la lumière se fasse; de l'autre, les justiciers qui donneront leur vie pour qu'elle soit faite. Je l'ai dit ailleurs, et je le répète ici: quand on enferme la vérité sous terre, elle s'y amasse, elle y prend, une force telle d'explosion, que, le jour ou elle éclate, elle fait tout sauter avec elle.