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Modern Authentication: an Exhibition
Modern Authentication An Exhibition 4.609: The Art Museum: History, Theory, Controversy 2 Modern Authentication Introduction Since the Romans imitated Greek sculptures, copying has been an ingrained aspect of art. These early replications were born out of a desire to disseminate and educate, as burgeoning artists even today rely on imitating to refine their technique (Lenain, 2012). But motivations began to change during the Renaissance, when demand for art increased and suddenly art became a commodity (Savage, 1963). Art created with a deliberate intent to deceive, hereafter termed forgeries, have infected the art market, with current estimates that up to 40% of art on the international market is fake (Holving, 1996). Combating this rise in art forgery has lead to the concurrent development of the field of authentication. At the most basic level, authentication requires identification of the materials used, the style they were used in, and effects of time on the art. The historians, curators, researchers, and art dealers who are tasked with this responsibility begin with empirical examination of the materials, techniques, and condition of a given piece of artwork to attribute it to a specific time, place, and artist (Savage, 1963). Often this is much more difficult that it sounds. Although contextual information such as provenance, sociopolitical history and context, or a strong understanding of art history and theory can be helpful, authenticators are increasingly relying on scientific techniques to identify forgeries (Aldrich, 2012). This exhibition explores the parallel development of the arts of forgery and authentication. Beginning with contextualization and connoisseurship as a basis to assess authenticity, we then move on to more empirical and scientific analysis. -
2018 Fall Vol 24 No 2
Volume 24, Number 2 December 2018 The President’s Papyrus Published twice per year since 1993 Greetings Amarnaphiles, Copyright 2018, The Amarna Research Foundation Best wishes and happy New Year to all our members! I do not know what will happen on the political front around the world, but Table of Contents I am certain that 2019 will not be any less exciting than 2018 was Article -- Author Page when it comes to new discoveries in Egypt. The search for the mummies of Speaking of which, just look at the array of articles in this latest Akhenaten and Nefertiti - Sun. We are most honored to be able to publish a very fascinating Aidan Dodson 2 article by noted author and Egyptologist, Dr. Aidan Dodson. And of course, we are most fortunate, once again, to have another The solar observation and wonderful article by Professor Barry Kemp and Researcher Paul offering platform at the front of Docherty about the Great Aten temple. the Great Aten Temple – Barry Kemp & Paul Docherty 7 Furthermore, we are also delighted to have an article by our very own Vice President, David Pepper, about the daughters of The daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti - Akhenaten and Nefertiti. David Pepper 17 Think about it! Your membership in this organization entitles you to receive cutting edge, up to date, information about the Amarna Officers and Directors period. This is made possible by your membership dues and donations. What we do as an organization is only possible by your President – Floyd Chapman Vice President – David Pepper continued interest, support and loyalty to the Foundation’s Secretary – Anita McHugh mission. -
Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Atenism: Controversy and Evidence. by Garry Victor Hill
1 Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Atenism: Controversy and Evidence. By Garry Victor Hill 2 Akhenaten, Nefertiti and Atenism: Controversy and Evidence. By Garry Victor Hill Revised and Expanded Edition Frisky Press Armidale Australia 2020 3 Contents Copyright Statement p. 4 Sources p. 4 Introduction p. 6 The Enigma of Akhenaten and Nefertiti p. 9 Amenophis III: His Era and His Influence p. 33 Akhenaten and Nefertiti Rule p. 57 The Amarna Years p. 79 The Beginnings of Decline at Amarna p. 100 Images and Reality: Akhenaten and the Royal Family p. 117 The Last Years at Amarna p. 140 Appendices p. 201 Bibliography p. 223 Illustration Acknowledgements p. 233 About the Author p. 243 4 Copyright © Illustrations: Where creators are credited in the original computer source they have been acknowledged in this work, both in captions within the text and in a list of acknowledgements after the bibliography. Many of the pictures are from Wikipedia/Wikimedia and/or Creative Commons. Others are in the Public Domain. Even so, all illustrations included here have also been put through the internet’s requested permission steps. Nothing that failed that process has been used. Illustrations are also allowable under Australian law through two rules, first the government grants permission for using illustrations for review purposes. Teachers are also allowed to use images for study and to use websites. The author is a qualified registered Australian teacher and this e-book has been used in two schools and three universities without financial or personal gain. Even bearing in mind their current allowability, readers and researchers should not lift pictures from this work. -
The Amarna Princess
The Amarna Princess Bolton Museums, Art Gallery & Aquarium have succeeded in raising the funds to purchase an important piece of Ancient Egyptian sculpture so that this can remain in Britain and in particular so that it can be enjoyed by people in the North West of England. The sculpture is carved in translucent Egyptian alabaster (calcite), is 52 centimetres high and represents a royal female of the Amarna Period (c.1350-1334 B.C.), with head, arms and lower legs not surviving. The body wears an elegant, pleated robe with fringes and side streamers and is that of a princess with the remains of the sidelock of youth on the shoulder. The back pillar shows that she was once part of a double statue. She is one of the daughters of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and his chief queen, Nefertiti, whose beautiful features are revealed on the famous, painted limestone bust of her which is in Berlin. Elements of the extreme style of the sculpture suggest a date early in Akhenaten's reign. This may be the eldest daughter, Meritaten, but the piece is not inscribed so the exact identity is uncertain. Akhenaten and Nefertiti's third daughter, Ankhsenpaaten (later Ankhsenamun) became the wife of Tutankhamun, who succeeded Akhenaten on the throne and was probably his son, but perhaps not by Nefertiti. Although various sculptures survive from Akhenaten's reign, pieces like this are rare and of great significance. A similar torso on a smaller scale and less extreme in style in red quartzite, probably of Nefertiti and later in the reign is in the Louvre in Paris. -
Scattered Finds Scattered
Scattered Finds ‘Scattered Finds is a remarkable achievement. In charting how British excavations in Egypt dispersed artefacts around the globe, at an unprecedented scale, Alice Stevenson shows us how Alice Stevenson ancient objects created knowledge about the past while firmly anchored in the present. No one who reads this timely book will be able to look at an Egyptian antiquity in the same way again.’ ‒Professor Christina Riggs, UEA Scattered Between the 1880s and 1980s, British excavations at locations across Egypt resulted in the discovery of hundreds of thousands of ancient objects that were subsequently sent to some 350 institutions worldwide. These finds included unique discoveries at iconic sites such as the tombs of ancient Egypt’s first rulers at Abydos, Akhenaten and Nefertiti’s city of Tell el-Amarna and rich Roman Era burials in the Fayum. Finds Scattered Finds explores the politics, personalities and social histories that linked fieldwork in Egypt with the varied organizations around the world that received finds. Case studies Archaeology, Egyptology range from Victorian municipal museums and women’s suffrage campaigns in the UK, to the development of some of the USA’s largest institutions, and from university museums in Japan to new institutions in post-independence Ghana. By juxtaposing a diversity of sites for the reception and Museums of Egyptian cultural heritage over the period of a century, Alice Stevenson presents new ideas about the development of archaeology, museums and the construction of Egyptian heritage. She also addresses the legacy of these practices, raises questions about the nature of the authority over such heritage today, and argues for a stronger ethical commitment to its stewardship. -
Causing His Name to Live Culture and History of the Ancient Near East
Causing His Name to Live Culture and History of the Ancient Near East Founding Editor M. H. E. Weippert Editor-in-Chief Thomas Schneider Editors Eckart Frahm, W. Randall Garr, B. Halpern, Theo P. J. van den Hout, Irene J. W inter VOLUME 37 William J. Murnane 1945–2000 Causing His Name to Live Studies in Egyptian Epigraphy and History in Memory of William J. Murnane Edited by Peter J. Brand and Louise Cooper LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Causing his name to live : studies in Egyptian epigraphy and history in memory of William J. Murnane / edited by Peter J. Brand and Louise Cooper. p. cm. — (Culture and history of the ancient Near East, ISSN 1566-2055) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17644-7 (hard cover : alk. paper) 1. Egypt—History—New Kingdom, ca. 1550-ca. 1070 B.C—Sources. 2. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.— Sources. 3. Inscriptions, Egyptian. 4. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Brand, Peter James. II. Murnane, William J. III. Title. IV. Series. DT87.C34 2009 932’.014—dc22 2009020675 ISSN: 1566-2055 ISBN: 978 90 04 17644 7 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
Art and Identity in the Age of Akhenaten
Art and Identity in the Age of Akhenaten A thesis presented to The School of Historical and Philosophical Sciences At the University of Melbourne In partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Arts) by Rebecca Clifton February 2019 Supervised by Professor Louise Hitchcock Associate Professor Andrew Jamieson Words: 99,676 Abstract In this thesis, I investigate expressions of identity in the art of the Amarna Period, focusing on two main areas: firstly, artistic representations of the royal family and the Aten and, secondly, artistic representations of Amarna’s elite within their tombs. I argue that rapid social and theological change under Akhenaten had significant implications for not only conceptions of deity and kingship but also for artistic self-expression amongst Akhenaten’s officials. I illustrate this by comparison with earlier Eighteenth Dynasty tomb decoration. 2 Acknowledgments For the opportunity to write this thesis and for support in doing so, I am indebted to many dear and respected friends, family, mentors, and colleagues. Above all: To my supervisors, Louise Hitchcock and Andrew Jamieson, who graciously read tens of thousands of words at a time, soothed my academic anxieties, and always encouraged me to do things my own way. To my beloved partner, Holly; my dearest friends, Emily and Gabbi; and my whole family. Your love and support is everything. You are everything. I am so humbled by what we have all achieved the past three years. 3 Contents Introduction Part A: The Researcher 6 Part B: The Research 9 Chapter -
Amarna Studies and Other Selected Papers
ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS KATE BOSSE-GRIFFITHS AMARNA STUDIES AND OTHER SELECTED PAPERS ed. by J. Gwyn Griffiths UNIVERSITY PRESS FRIBOURG SWITZERLAND VANDENHOECK & RUPRECHT GÖTTINGEN 2001 2 © 2001 by Universitätsverlag Freiburg Schweiz Paulusdruckerei Freiburg Schweiz UV ISBN V&R ISBN 3 CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 PART 1. MATERIAL RELATING TO AMARNA (1) The Memphite Stela of Merpta¤ and Pta¤mose. 15 JEA 41 (1955), 56-63. With 2 Pls. and 1 Fig. (2) Bead Collars with Amarna Amulets in the Wellcome 27 Museum of the University of Wales, Swansea Actes du XIXe Congrès International des Orientalistes. Égyptologie I. Paris, 1975, 20-24. (3) The use of Disc-beads in Egyptian Bead Compositions. 31 JEA 61 (1975), 114-24. With 5 Pls. (4) A Beset Amulet from the Amarna Period. 51 JEA 63 (1977), 98-106. With 2 Pls. and 4 Figs. (5) Two Lute-players of the Amarna Era. 64 JEA 66 (1980), 70-82. With 2 Pls. (6) The Fruit of the Mandrake in Egypt and Israel. 82 Fontes atque Pontes. (Festgabe H. Brunner; Wiesbaden, (1983), 60-71. With 2 Pls. and 4 Figs. (7) Finds from the ‘Tomb of Queen Tiye’ in the Swansea 97 Museum. JEA 47 (1961), 66-70. With 1 Pl. (8) Gold Leaf from ‘the Shrine of Queen Tiye’ in the 108 Swansea Museum. DE 6 (1986), 7-10. (9) The Great Enchantress in the Little Golden Shrine of 111 Tut‘ankhamœn. JEA 59 (1973), 100-108. With 2 Pls. and 2 Figs. (10) Further Remarks on Wrt §k3w (The Great Enchantress) 124 JEA 62 (1976), 181-2.