sign in sign up
<<
Home , Aegina Treasure, Anta das Pedras Grandes, Apollo 11 Cave, Arene Candide, Azykh Cave, Bannerstone

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Barbara Ann Kipfer

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology

Second Edition Barbara Ann Kipfer Old Saybrook, CT, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-58291-3 ISBN 978-3-030-58292-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-030-58293-7 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58292-0

1st edition: © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2000 2nd edition: © Springer AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

Archaeology is the study of man’s life and activities through material remains. It is used to uncover the history of prehistoric times and peoples without written records. Part of archaeology is creating written records about a time without written records or with incomplete written records. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology was written to prepare the author for work as an archaeologist who will help others research, write, and edit their data and who will write useful and publications for other archaeologists. An archaeologist’s work involves locating, collecting, cleaning, sorting, identifying, and measuring objects found in and on the earth and sea. The ultimate goal of the archaeologist is to reconstruct the culture that produced the objects. Therefore, a vital part of an archaeologist’s work is in up and presenting the data and the reconstruction based on the data. The scientific and technical and techniques of archaeology have increased tremen- dously. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology will provide the student, layperson, and professional archaeologist with clear definitions of complex terms and procedures. It contains descriptions of various types of dating, excavation, tools, and artifacts as as key individuals in the . It also covers terms borrowed from anthropology, computer science, botany, demography, economics, geography, geology, mathematics, pathology, statis- tics, surveying, physics, biology, and chemistry. This dictionary has been compiled with the aim of introducing anyone who is interested in modern archaeology to the terminology, concepts, and basic aims of the techniques. This is a general and specialized dictionary of archaeology; cultures and artifacts are described as well as terms describing techniques applied to archaeological material. This book will come as a welcome repository of all the fascinating discoveries in the various fields of research, from the antiquity of the Far East, , and Middle East to Pre-Columbian cultures of the Americas. For the general reader, the volume will not only be a ready reference, but a fascinating library or bedside book to enrich one’s comprehension of man’s beginnings and subsequent civilizations. The dictionary is comprehensive, with coverage of the whole world, beginning with the first hominids of some three million years ago, and continuing through to protohistoric and historical archaeology. One will find here an entry for every site that has contributed uniquely to the essential body of information upon which the current major classifications and interpretations of are based – and for major types, and major cultures and their phases and subdivisions. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology has been carefully constructed to provide balance and depth of treatment. The main subject areas of investigation were artifacts, branches of archaeology, chronology, culture, features, flora and , geography, geology, , people, related fields, sites, structures, techniques and methods, terms and theories, and tools. Archaeology continues to develop at a fast rate. Certainly during the compilation of this dictionary, further improvements in techniques, newly discovered radiocarbon dates, and new terms have arisen. Further refinements and new data will undoubtedly occur. It is clearly not possible to include a reference to every fact or term of archaeological importance in the world. In alone, more than half a million archaeological sites have been recorded, tens of thousands have been excavated, and thousands of named artifact types and culture complexes

v vi Preface have been described in the literature. This is still the largest collection of archaeological terms described in a one-volume reference. Interest in archaeology is more keen and widespread now than at any time in the past, so much so that the dividing line separating the specialist and the general reader is narrowing. Newspaper articles and books keep the reader informed of the latest archaeological techniques and discoveries. The result is that the intelligent amateur wants to know more and more and is sometimes prepared to wrestle with serious professional works, which the Encyclopedic Dic- tionary of Archaeology also is. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology is more modern and comprehensive than any other work of reference in the field available in one volume. It contains over 7,000 entries covering themes, concepts, and discoveries in archaeology. It is written in nontechnical lan- guage and tailored to meet the needs of archaeologists and students as well as the general reader. Every effort has been made to make the dictionary an authoritative, up-to-date, and useful compendium of basic information about archaeology. I have benefited greatly from the of all the archaeologists and scientists from whose works this dictionary has been distilled: they will doubtless recognize their contribution. As a professional lexicographer, it is important to write wholly new entries, but it is essential to rely on the works of other lexicographers for information. Many dictionaries, encyclopedias, reference manuals, atlases, etc. of archaeology were consulted for this compilation. List of Topics

ARTIFACT Amorphous Abingdon Ampulla Abrade Amulet Absorption Amulet capsule Abydos, Tablets of Amygdaloid Acanthus Anaglyph Acid Etching Ancestor Bust Acinaces Anchor Acisculus Anchor Aclis Andesite Acoustic Vase Angon Acratophorum Aniconic Acrolith Animal Bell Acroterion Animal style Activity Set Ankh Acute Anklet Additive Annular Additive Annular Ring Nail Adena Point Ansa Adsorption Ansa lunata Antefix Adze Hammer Anthropoid Aeginetan Marbles Anthropomorph Aegis Anthropomorphic Aegyptiaca Antiquities Aeolipilae Antler Comb Aestel Antler Sleeve Agate Glass Anvil Agateware Anvil Technique Aggregate AOC Beaker Aging Apothecary Jar Aiguille Apotropaic Alabastron Appliqué Albarium Apulian Album Aquamanile Alembic Arc Style Alexandrinum Alfred Jewel Ardagh Chalice Alkaline glaze Aretine Ware All-Purpose Argonne Ware Altarpiece Ark of the Covenant Alternate Flaking

vii viii List of Topics

Armlet Banshan Pottery Armor Bar Hammer Technique Armorican Bar Iron Armorican Coin Bar-Gorget Armorico-British Dagger Bar-Shaped Ingot Arris Barb Barbed and Tanged Arrowhead Barbed Dowel Pin Artifact Barbed Point Artifact Type Barbed Wire Artifact Typology Bark Beater Arundel Marbles Barrel Aryballos Barrel Arystichos Bas-Relief As Basal Edge Askos Basal Notch Assemblage Basal Thinning Astrolabe Basal-Looped Spearhead Atlantean Column Baselard Atlatl Baseward Flaking Atlatl Weight Attapulgite Basketry Attic Black-Figure Ware Basse-Yutz Attribute Bâton de Commandement Aureus Baton Perce Auricle Battering-Ram Auriculate Authentic Bayeux Tapestry Autonomous Invention Bayonet Avonlea Point Beacharra Ware Awl Ax Trimming Flake Bead Rim Ax-hammer Axhead Beater Axhead Roughout Beehive Quern Axis of Detachment Belgic Pottery Axle Bell Ayampitin point Bell Glass B Ware Bellarmine Backed Bladelet Bellows Backplate Belt Backstrap Belt Hook Badge Bending Bag Benton Flaking Balance Benty Grange Helmet Ball Bevel Ball Clay Bewcastle Cross Ballista Bi Disk Baluster Jug Biconical Bann Flake Biconical Drilling Biconical Urn Banshan Biconvex List of Topics ix

Biface Bevel Bow Biface Bevel Flaking Biface Serration Flaking Bow Brooch Bifacial Bow-Drill Bifacial Flaking Bowl Bifacial Thinning Flake Bowtie Bifacially Worked Box Bifid Razor Box Flue Bifurcate Box Tile Big Horn Medicine Bilaterally Barbed Bracer Bilaterally Symmetrical Bracteate Bill Hook Brad Binder Bradawl Bipoint Bradshaw Figures Bipolar Reduction Branding Iron Birch-Bark Brazier Birdpoint Brazing Birdstone Break Biscuit Breastplate Bit, Horse Breton Arrowhead Bivalve Brick Bivalve Mold Brick Bond Black-Burnished Ware Brick-Relief Core Bridle Blade Tool Briquetage Bladelet Britannia Metal Block Broadsword Blowpipe Bronze Blue Willow Pottery Brooch Blunt Brush Boat Bucket Boatmaking Buckle Bobbin Buckley Earthenware Bodkin Bucranium Body Budares Body Plug Buddhagupta Stone Body sherd Bulbar Depression Bolas Stone Bulbar Surface Bolt Bulla Bombylos Bullet Bone Bunt Bone Hammer Urn Adze Borer Burin Facet Boshanlu Burnish Boss Burnisher Bossed Bone Plaque Burnt Bottle Butcher Mark Bottle Kiln Butt Beaker Bouffioulx Stoneware Butter Churn Boundary Marker Butteris x List of Topics

Button Casting-On Technique Button and Loop Fastener Castor Box Caccabus Casual Tool Cache Catafalque Cache Blade Catalog Cadus Catalog Number Caelatura Catch-Plate Point Categorization Caique Catlinite Cauldron Calamus Cauldron Chains Calcareous Clay Art Calcareous Concretion Cavetto Rim Calcite Cavetto Zone Calculi Celtic Art Caldron Centripetal Calendar Round Ceramic Calendar Stone Ceramic Artifact Caliche Ceramics Calix Ceremonial Object Callaïs Cestrum Came Chacmool Cameo Chafing Dish Cameo Glass Chain Campanian Pottery Chain Mail Campanulate Bowl Chalice Canaanean Blade Chamber Pot Canaanite Amphora Chamberstick Candelabrum Champlevé Candle Channel-Rimmed Jar Candlestick Channeled Canister Chape Canopic jar Characteristic Points Carboy Charcoal Carder Charger Carding Comb Carp's Tongue Sword Charm Carrowkeel Ware Chasing Cart Chasing Tool Cartonnage Chatelaine Cartouche Chattel Art Cartridge Cheddar Point Carve Cheddar Ware Carved Stone Ball Cheekpiece Casing Nail Cheese Press Cask Chekan Cast Chelsea Sword Caster Chest Punch Casting Chevron Casting Flash Chevron Flaking Casting Jet China Clay Casting Seam Chisel List of Topics xi

Chisel-Ended Arrowhead Colossus Chiton Comal Choker Comb Chokkomon Comb-Impressed Decoration Chous Commodity Chringa Common Brad Chroma Common Nail Chronological Type Communion Token Chronostratigraphic Sequence Compartmented Seal Chryselephantine Statue Complex Shape Chultun Composite Bow Cinerarium Composite Mold Cinerary Urn Composite Order Cire Perdue Composite Shape Composite Tool Clasp Compound Classic Example Compound Tool Classic, Classical Compression Clastic Rock Concave Claw Beaker Conchoidal Clay Pipe Conchoidal Flake Cone Claymore Cone Beaker Cleavage Cone Mosaic Cleavage Surface Configuration Clench Nail Cong Clinker Conical Clipped Wing Conoidal Theory of Flint Fracture Closed Find Contact Mold Closestool Contained Remains Closure Contracting Clouded Ware Convex Cluster Pot Cob Cooking Stone Coolamon Codpiece Copper Hoard Coffin Coprolite Cogwheel Coracle Coil Fracture Cord-Marking Coil Pot Cord-Ornamented Pottery Coiled Cordage Coiling Cordiform Hand Ax Coin Cordoned Urn Coin Balance Core Coin Hoard Core Rejuvenation Flake Coinage Core-Formed Glass Cold Hammering Cork Collar Corn Collared Urn Corner Notch Collateral Flaking Cornish Urn Colorant Corrugated Colossal Stone Heads Corrugated Fastener xii List of Topics

Cortical Spall Cortical Spall Corundum Corundum Cosmetics Cosmetics Cotter Pin Cotter Pin Countersunk Handle Countersunk Handle Cowrie Cowrie Crackle Crackle Crambeck Ware Crambeck Ware Crawling Crawling Creaser Creaser Cresset Cresset Cresset Lamp Cresset Lamp Crest Crest Crested Blade Crested Blade Creswell Point Creswell Point Critical Point Critical Point Cross-Hatching Cross-Hatching Crossbow Crossbow Crotal Crotal Crown Glass Crown Glass Cruciform Brooch Cruciform Brooch Cruse Cruse Crutch-Head Pin Crutch-Head Pin Crystal Crystal Cuirass Cuirass Cult Statue Cult Statue Cultic Object Cultic Object Cumbrian Club Cumbrian Club Cup Cup Cup-and-Ring Mark Cup-and-Ring Mark Cupisnique Cupisnique Cupule Cupule Curling Stone Curling Stone Currency Bar Currency Bar Curvilinear Curvilinear Cushion Stone Cushion Stone Cut Flooring Nail Cut Flooring Nail Cut Mark Cut Mark Cutlass Cutlass Cutlery Cutlery Cutting Blade Cutting Blade Cutting Tool Cutting Tool Cylinder Glass Cylinder Glass Cylinder Seal Cylinder Seal Dabber Dabber Dagger Dagger Dagger-Ax Dagger-Ax Dales Ware Dales Ware Damascening Damascening Danzantes Danzantes Dart Dart Dart Point Dart Point List of Topics xiii

Daub Dunting De Facto Refuse Duo-notch Dead Sea Duplex Head Nail Death Mask Dupondius Decanter Dyad Deflocculate Ear Delftware Ear Flare Denarius Ear Spool Dentate Eared Dentil Early Archaic Percussion Pressure Flaking Depas East Midland Burnished Ware Derbyshire Ware East Spanish Descriptive Type Eastgate Point Structure Ebbsfleet Diadem Ebbsfleet Ware Diagnostic Dice Edge Die Stamp Effigy Effigy Pipe Diggings Eggshell Ware Electroplating Dinos Elers Ware Diptych Direction Line Emblem Glyph Dirk Emblema Discoidal Enamel Discoidal Enameling Dish Encaustic Distaff Encrusted Urn Djed Pillar Engobe Document Engrave Dog-Tooth Ornament Envelope Dogu Erbenheim Sword Doll Escutcheon Etched Bead Domed Etching Domesday Book Etruscan Pottery Dorsal Ridge Everted Rim Dotaku Ewer Double Ax Excision Drachma Excurvate Drakenstein Urn Execration Text Drawknife Expanded Notch Dresden Codex Expanding Dressed Edge Fabricator Dressel Form Face Urn Drill Facing Drinking Horn Factorium Drinking Tube Fardo Dross Farnham Pottery Drum Fastening Feather Termination xiv List of Topics

Feathering Flintlock Pistol Fecundity Figure Float Feel Flocculation Fertility Symbol Flowerpot Fetish Flue Tile Fetter Foliate Fettle Foliated Point Fibula Folles Field Specimen Fontbouïsse Figurine Food Vessel Filigree Foot Warmer Filler Footring Find Foreshaft Find Number Fork Fineware Form Attribute Finial Form Type Finishing Nail Cuticle Fire Brick Fossil Ivory Foundation Deposit Fire Founder's Hoard Fire Mark Fracture Mechanics Fire-Cracked Rock Fracture-Based Fire-Dog Fragmentation Fire-Effected Fresco Firebox Fretwork Fireclay Friability Firecloud Frieze Firestarter Frilling Hook Frying Pan Fit Fulcrum Flag Fumed Flagon Functional Type Flake Blade Funeral Urn Flake Knife Funerary Cone Flake Scraper Funerary Mask Flake Shaver Funerary Monument Flaking Tool Funerary Offering Flan Furrowing Flange Fusible Clay Flanged Ax Fustát, Al- Flared Gallo-Belgic Ware Flashing Garbage Flask Gauge Flat Axhead Gauntlet Flat Flaking Ge Flat Rimmed Ware Gem Point Flesh Hook Gemstone Flesher Fletching Geometric Flint Creek Flaking Geometrics Flint Scatter Gesso Flintlock Musket Gilding List of Topics xv

Gilt Gunflint Gimlet Gyrus Girth Beaker Hacksilver Girth Groove Haft Gisant Hairpin Gladius Haji Glaive Halaf Glandes Halberd Glass Halberd Pendant Glass Ingot Haliotis Glastonbury Ware Hammer Glevum Ware Hammer-Dressed Globular Urn Hammerhead Mortarium Glossy Hand Maul Glost Hand Stencil Glyptics Hand-Thrown Gold-Figured Handle Attachment Gold-Glass Handle Placement Gorge Hanging Bowl Gorget Hard Hammer Technique Gorgoneion Hard-Paste Gorytos Hardaway Point Gouge Hardness Grain Harness Grain Impression Granulation Harpoon Head Grape Cup Harrow Grappling Iron Hasp Grass-Tempered Ware Hasta Goods Hatchet Graveney Boat Heat Treatment Gravestone Heddle Loom Greater Peten Hei Tiki Greave Hell Gap Green Hell Gap Point Grimston Ware Helmet Grinder Ware Grinding Hemigkofen Sword Grindstone Herm Grog Hide Groma Hide Scraper Groove-and-Splinter Technique Hinge Grooved Hippo Guardapua Hoard Hobnail Guide Flake Hoe Guilloche Hofheim-Type Flagon Guisarme Hog-Backed Grave Cover Gun Holdfast Gun Flint Hollow Ware Gun Lock Hollow-Scraper Gundlingen Sword Holt Ware xvi List of Topics

Hook and Eye Jellinge Style Hopewell Point Jemdet Nasr Horizon Jermanovice Point Horizontal Loom Jetton Horizontal Transverse Flaking Jewelry Horns of Consecration Jolly Horse Bit Juan Knife Horsehoof Core Horseshoe Jug Huai Style K'uei Huang Kabal Hue Kachina Humbolt Series Point Kantharos Hunt Cup Kendi Huntcliff Ware Kensington Stone Hygroscopic Kerbschnitt Icon Kernos Ideofact Kero Ideotechnic Kettle Igneous Rock Kettle Drum Illite Key Imbrex Key Blank Imbrication Kheker Frieze Impact Fracture Khirbet Kerak Impressed Decoration Kick In Situ Kiln Incensario Klepsydra Incense Burner Kleroterion Incense Cup Kline Incise Knapper Incised Slate Knapton Ware Incurvate Knife Indented Knife-Trimming Index Fossil Knight Jug Infusible Clay Knobbed Inlay Kon-Tiki Inorganic Material Kore Inscribed Kotyle Kouros Intercultural Style Krater Interlace Krukowski Microburin Invent Kudurru Invention Kyathos Irish Bowl Kylix Iron Pyrites La Mouillah point Ironstone China La Tène art Isolate Labret Isolated Data Labrum Ivory Lacquer Jadeite Axe Lacquer Ware Jar Ladle Javelin Head Lagynos List of Topics xvii

Lamassu Lorica Hamata Lambeth Sword Lorica Segmentata Laminating Lorica Squamata Lamp Lost-Wax Lamp-filler Lot Lamp-holder Loutrophoros Lance Loving Cup Lancehead Low Side Notched Lancet Luangwa Tradition Lapidary Lucerna Lapita Lug Lapita Pottery Lunula Larnax Lupemban Latch Lur Latchlifter Luristan Bronze Lateral Flute Luster Lateral Section Lute Lattice Lydion Leaf Arrowhead Lyngby Legionary Ware Lyon Ware Leister Macaroni Style Lekane Mace Lekythos Macehead Lenticular Macroblade Lepaste Magatama Levallois Core Magic Brick Levallois Flake Magma Levanna Mail Armor Levantine Art Maker's Mark Lever Malvernian Ware Levigate Mamóm Li Manacle Lian Mangaasi Lid-Seated Vessel Mantelet Limace Manuport Lime Popping Marajó Island, Marajoara Limpet Scoop Marbled Ware Linchpin Mark Line Sinker Markers' Mark Lingling-o Mary Rose Lithic Mask Liyu Massebah Lobate Mastos Lobbed Matchlock Lock Matera Lock Ring Matera Ware Loculus Material London Ware Matting Loom Mattock Loomweight Maturity Looped Handle Maul Looped Spearhead Maya Blue xviii List of Topics

Mazer Morrow Mountain point McKean Point Mortar Meander Mortarium Medal Mortlake Ware Medallion Mosaic Medial Motif Medial Axis Mottled Median Ridge Motto Beaker Megarian Bowl Mouth Meipin Melon Bead Mudejar Muff Glass Merchant's Hoard Mug Mesial Multiple Fluting Metal Artifact Mummy Label Metamorphic Rock Mural Metope Mural Art Mica-Dusted Pottery Musket Micoquian Mutisalah Microblade Core Muzzle Microdenticulate Nail Microstructure Nave Band Midland Necked Bowl Midline Necklace Midpoint Needle Midrib Needle-Case Mildenhall Ware Net Float Milestone Net Sinker Millefiore Netting Needle Millefiori Glass Niello Millstone Noailles Graver Mimi Style Nock Mingqi Nomoli Miniature Cup Nonplastic Minim Northampton Ware Minimissimus Nosed Scraper Mintmark Notch Mirror Notch Width Misericorde Notcher Moai Mobiliary Art Obelisk Moccasin Objet d'Art Mocha Ware Oblique Mocronate Tip Oblique Striae Mode Oblique Transverse Flaking Mokkan Obol Mold Construction Obtuse Monochrome Obverse Monstrance Obverse Face Montmorillonite Oculists' Stamp Mood Oenochoe List of Topics xix

Offering Table Offertory Column Ogee Parallel Flaking Oldbury-Type Bead Ware Omphalos Parian Marble Omphalos-Based Jar Parietal Opaline Parietal Art Open Mold Paring Chisel Open Work Parisian Ware Open-Work Parrot Beak Jug Opposing Pressure Flaking Parting Agent Optic Mold Parting Vessel Oracle Bones Patch Grove Ware Order of Blows Patera Ordering Patina Organic Artifact Patination Orientalizing Pattern Orientation Pattern-Molding Orrery Patu Oseberg Ship Pearlware Ostrakon Pectoral Ostrich Eggshell Pedestal Beaker Otley-Type Ware Pegged Spearhead Otranto Mosaic Pelike Otter Creek Point Penannular Outline Penannular Brooch Ovoid Pendant Ox-Hide Ingot Penknife Point Ox-Scapula Shovel Peplos Ware Percussion Cap Percussion Flaking Pack-Rat Perishable Padlock Pernette Paijan Point Perpendicular Style Paint Petit-Tranchet Derivative Arrowhead Painted Glass Petraria Painting Petrified Wood Pale Pevensey Ware Art PF Beaker Palermo Stone Phaistos Disk Palette Phalera Phallic Palm Cup Phallus Palmate Stone Phaskon Palmette Phial Palstave Phiale Pan Phigalian Marbles Pan Pipe Philyra Panaramitee Style Phylactery Pancheon Phyllite Pantano Longarini Phyllosilicate Pantile Picardy Pin xx List of Topics

Pick Poculum Pickax Pointillé Pictish Symbol Stones Poison Point Pictograph Poker Picture-stone Pole Ax Pie Dish Polished Axhead Piece Esquillee Polished Stone Adze Pig Fibula Pin Polisher Pike Polissoir Pila Muralia Polypod Bowl Pilgrim Bottle Pompeian Red Ware Pilgrim's Badge Pontil Scar Pillar Stone Poppy Head Beaker Pillar-Molded Bowl Porringer Pillow Stone Portable Art Pin Portchester Ware Pin Beater Positive Painting Pincers Post-Deverel-Rimbury Ware Pintadera Pot Pintle Pot Boiler Pinto Point Pot-lid Fracture Pipe Potash-Lead Glass Pipe Clay Potash-Lime Glass Pipe Stem Pothunting Pipe-Clay Figurine Potin Coin Pipestone Potter's Stamp Pipkin Pounder Piquant-Triedre Pounding Stone Pitcher Projectile Point Pitchfork Prayer Bead Pitchstone Preaching Cross Pito Prehistoric Plainview Point Press Mold Plaited Pressure Flaking Plank Coffin Prestige Goods Plano-Convex Brick Previous Scar Planoconvex Primary Flaking Plaquette Primary Product Plastered Skull Primary Refuse Limits Prismatic Core Plastic Style Projectile Point Plasticity Promontory Peg Plate Prong Plate Armor Protohistoric Plating Protome Platter Prototype Plow Protruding Foot Beaker Plow Beam Proximal Corner Plowshare Proximal Portion Plowshare-shaped currency bar Prunt Plummet Psalia Ply Psephoperibombetrios List of Topics xxi

Pseudo-artifact Residue Pulley Reticulated Work Punch Retort Punctate Retouched Flake Puuc Reverse Puzzle Jug Reverse Face Pygmy Cup Reworking Pyriform Rhenish Ware Pyxis Rhyton Quadrantal Ribbing Quarry Blank Ribbon Torc Crystal Ridge Quern Ridge Tile Quillwork Riemchen Quimbaya Rillaton Quinquereme Rim Edge Treatment Rind Quiver Ring Quoit Bead Ring Building Quoit Brooch Ring Neck Quoit-Headed Pin Ring-Headed Pin Racquet Pin Ripple-Flaking Radiate Ritual Vessel Radiate Brooch Rivet Random Flaking Rock Art Rapier Rod Rasp Rolled Rattle Roller-Stamping Raw Clay Romano-Saxon Ware Razor Roof Furniture Reuse process Roof Slate Reamer Roofing Nail Reaping Hook Reclamation Process Rosary Recycle Rosegate Series Point Red Ocher Reduced Ware Rostro-Carinate Reductive Technology Rotary Quern Reeding Rough-Cast Ware Reflex Bow Rounded Refractory Roundel Refuse Rounding Regular Flaking Rove Reject Rune Stone Rejuvenated Platform Ruthwell Cross Rejuvenation S-Twist Relic Saber Relief Sacramentary Reliquary Saex Repoussé Saggar Reserve Head Salt-Glazed Stoneware Residual Clay Sand Glass xxii List of Topics

Sandia Point Sextant Sandshaker Shabti Sandstone Shackle Sandwich Glass Shaduf Sarcophagus Shaft Abrader Sauceboat Shaft-Hole Saucer Brooch Shale Savernake Ware Shaman's Bundle Saxo-Norman Pottery Shard Scabbard Shave Scale Armor Shear Scaphium Sheffield Plate Scapula Saw Shell Scapula Shovel Shell-Gritted Ware Scar Ridge Sherd Sceatta Shicra Scepter Shield Schist Shield-Pattern Palstave Schist Hones Shingle Scissors Shipwreck Scorper Shivering Scramasax Shoeing Nail Scrape Shoulder Scraping Shrine Scraping Tool Shroud Scratch Hardness Shroud of Turin Screw Si Mu Wu Fang Ding Screw Neck Sica Scriber Sickle Gloss Sickle Polish Seal Side Blade Seal Matrix Side Notch Seal Stamp Sieve Sealing Roofing Nail Sign Sealing Wax Silica Secondary Flaking Silica Gloss Secondary Refuse Silver-Figured Secondary Retouch Simple Tool Sedimentary Rock Sinew Seed Beater Sinewstone Segmental Bowl Single Fluting Self Pipe Sinker Septal Slab Sistrum Serra d'Alto Situla Serraferlicchio Situla Art Serrated Serrated Point Skewer Serration Skewer Pin Sestertius Skillet Severn Valley Ware Skyphos Sevso Treasure Slab Construction List of Topics xxiii

Slashed Cup Spout and Bridge Pot Slate Spouted Strainer Slicker Spud Sling Spur Sling-Shot Square-Mouthed Pot Slipped Square-Shank Concrete Nail Slipware St. Albans point Slow Wheel St. Remy Ware Slub Stain Slug Knife Stained Glass Small Find Stamnos Smectite Stamp Smelt Stamp Seal Smith's Hoard Standing Stone Smudged Staple Snake-Thread Glass Stater Snap Statue Snapped base Snare Stave Bow Snarling Iron Steep Bevel Snuffer Stela Soaking Period Stem Sociofact Stemmed Point Socket Step Fracture Socketed Axe Stirrup Socketed Spearhead Stirrup Spout Soda-Lime Glass Stop-Ridge Soft Paste Stopper Solar Boat Storage Jar Soldering Strangulated Blade Scraper Spacer Plate Strap End Spade Strap Handle Spanish Art Stray Find Spatula Stria Spatulate Strike-a-Light String Mark Spear-thrower Strop Spearpoint Structured Deposition Spherical Stunner Sphinx Stupa Sphyrelaton Stylus Spiculum Subtractive Technology Spigot Sun Cross Spindle Whorl Sun Disk Sunbaked Spiral Nail Superimposition Spirit Path Sur Enclume Spit Surface Finish Spit-Shaped Currency Bar Surface Scatter Split Pin Surrey White Ware Sponge Finger Suswa Spoon Swan's Neck Pin xxiv List of Topics

Swieciechow Flint Tip Sword Toggling Harpoon Symbol Stone Token Symmetry Tomahawk T'ao t'ieh Tombstone Taap Knife Tone Tablet Tongs Tack Tongue Chape Talent Tool Talisman Tool Kit Tana Ware Toprakkale Complex Tang Torc Tanged Point Torksey-Type Ware Tank Torsade Tankard Totem Tap Totem Pole Tapa Touchstone Tassilo Chalice Toy Tating Ware Trace Tazza Tracer Teapot Tranchet Technique Technofact Transfer-Print Technomic Artifact Transitional Tegula Translucent Tegula Mammata Tendril Transverse Line Tenoned Transverse Section Tenoned Mosaic Transverse Striae Tenterhook Trapeze Terra Nigra Travois Terra Rubra Tray Terra-Cotta Treasure Trove Terracotta Army Tree-Trunk Coffin Terret Trenail Tessellated Trencher Tessera Triangle Texture Triangular Thatch Triangular Loomweight Thatch Weight Triaxial Body Therianthrope Tribunal Thericleian Ware Trident Thetford Ware Trigonolith Thimble Tripartite urn Thinning Triple Vase Throat Tripod Bowl Throw Tripod Pitcher Thrusting Spear Trireme Thumbnail Scraper Trivet Tiki Statue Trolling Lure Tile Trumpet Tinder Box Truncation Tint Trundholm List of Topics xxv

Trunnion Vase Tudor Green Ware Vat Tulang Mawas Vein Quartz Tumbler Tumbrel Tumpline Vertical Axis Turin Papyrus Verwood Ware Turning Vesicular Ware Tussah Vice Tutulus Vicús Tuyère Viscosity Tweezers Vitreous Twining Void Twist Volute Tyg Votive Deposit Type Fossil Wadjet Eye Type-Variety-Mode Analysis Wall Painting Tzompantli Wampum Ucayali sequence Wandjina Figure Umbrella Warming Pan Umiak Warp Unbeveled Warp-Weighted Loom Underglaze Warpoint Underworld Book Washer Unflaked Water of Plasticity Unfluted Water Smoking Unguent Flask Unguentarium Bevel Weaving Comb Unifacial Wedge Unifacial Flaking Weft Unifacial Tool Weight Univallate Were-Jaguar Unlooped Socketed Spearhead Western Style Pottery Whaletail Unworked Wheel Upchurch Ware Whirligig Upholstery Nail Whistle Upright Loom Whitby-Type Ware Uraeus Whorl Urn Wick Urn Cover Wickerwork Use Retouch Willow Pattern Use-Wear Striae Winchester Style Ushabti Winchester Ware Utilized Material Window V-Perforation Window Glass Valdivia Pottery Window Lead Value Wineskin Vapheio Winged Axhead Variant Winged Chape Varnished Ware Winged Disk xxvi List of Topics

Wire Contract Archaeology Womera Critical Archaeology Wooden-Chamber Cultural Resource Management Woodland Pottery Digital Archaeology Woodworking Documentary Archaeology Worked Economic Archaeology Working Range Egyptology Wrist Clasp Environmental Archaeology Wristguard Wrought Iron Ethnoarchaeology Wrought Nail Experimental Archaeology X-Ray Art Field Archaeology Xanthian Marbles Forensic Archaeology Xoanon Future Archaeology Yoke Galactic Archaeology York Ware Gender Archaeology Yorkshire Vase Food Vessel Gender Archaeology Yuguito Geoarchaeology Z-Twist Historic Archaeology Zemi Household Archaeology Zong Indigenous Archaeology Zoomorph Industrial Archaeology Zoomorphic Internet Archaeology Zoomorphic Brooch Landscape Archaeology Living Archaeology Maritime Archaeology BRANCH Medieval Archaeology Aerial Archaeology Molecular Archaeology Americanist archaeology New Archaeology Applied Anthropology Nonintrusive Archaeology Applied Archaeology Off-Site Archaeology Osteoarchaeology Archaeobotany Pre-Eskimo Archaeology Archaeological Chemistry Archaeological Geology Processual Archaeology Archaeological Resource Management Protohistoric Archaeology Archaeology of Cult Public Archaeology Archaeometry Queer Archaeology Archaeoparasitology Rescue Archaeology Archaeozoology Science-Based Archaeology Battlefield Archaeology Settlement Archaeology Behavioral Archaeology Social Archaeology Biblical Anthropology Sociocultural Anthropology Biblical Archaeology Space Archaeology Biological Anthropology Spatial Archaeology Classical Archaeology Structural Archaeology Cognitive Archaeology Techno-Archaeology Colonial Archaeology Underwater Archaeology Conflict Archaeology Urban Archaeology Conservation Archaeology Wetland Archaeology Contextual Archaeology Zooarchaeology List of Topics xxvii

CERAMICS China Chiot Pottery Abydos Ware Chün Ware Achzib Ware Cistercian Ware African Red Slip Ware Clamp Kiln Albarello Cloisonné Amphora Closed Vessel Ampulla Coarse Ware Andenne Ware Coating Aplastics Coil-Building Appliqué Coil and Paddle Archaic Maiolica Coiling Arezzo Vase Collared Urn Arretine Ware Collaring Askos Color-Coated Ware Athenian Pottery Combed Ornament Bacini Combing Badorf Ware Cord Ornament Bandkeramik Corded Ware Barbotine Cordon Base Corinthian Pottery Beaker Corrugation Beating Costrel Bell Beaker Crackle Porcelain Beveled-Rim Bowl Crater Bichrome Ware Creamware Black-and-Red Ware Crucible Black-Figure Cylindrical Tripod Vase Black-Glazed Cymbium Body Decal Body Shape Decoration Brownware Design Bucchero Ding Cadus Dolium Caeretan Ware Downdraft Kiln Cape Coastal Ware Drawing Cardial Ware Earthenware Carinated East Greek Pottery Carination Effigy Castellation Embossing Castor Ware Engraving Celadon Ware Epicardial Ceramic Artifact Epichysis Ceramic Ecology Excised Decoration Ceramics Fabatarium Ceramique Oncteuse Fabric Chalcidian Ware Factorium Champlevé Faience Chancay False Relief Cheddar Ware Fiber-Tempered Pottery Chicoid Fikellura Ware Chien Ware xxviii List of Topics

Fine Orange Pottery Kantharos Finishing Technique Kaolin Fired Clay Kerma Ware Firing Kian Ware Flûte De Pan Kiln Firing Flemish Black Ware Krater Folding Kuan Ware Foot Kulli Forum Ware Laconian Pottery Frit Lacquer Fuchsberg Lagena Funnel Beaker Lead Glaze Gadroon Leather-Hard Gallinazo Lifting Geometric Pottery Lip Glaze Lucanian Pottery Globular Amphora Lusterware Gloss Majolica Gnathian Ware Marcavalle Graphite Painting Matt-Painted Pottery Grass-Marked Pottery Mazapan Ware Gray Ware Meillacoid Phase Grayware Mina Greenware Minyan Ware Griddle Modeling Grit Tempering Mold Construction Grog Tempering Molding Grooved Decoration Mumun Nderit Ware Gutturnium Neck Guttus Negative Painting Hadra Ware Nemset Vessel Handle Nene Valley Ware Haniwa New Forest Ware Coating Northern Black Polished Ware Hispano-Moresque Pottery -Colored Pottery Huang-tao Ware Oenochoe Hydria Olive Jar Hydroceramic Olla Impasto Open-Air Firing Impressed Decoration Open Vessel Impressed Ware Orifice Incised Decoration Ostionoid Incision Oxidized Inclusion Oxidizing Atmosphere Incrusting Paddle-and-anvil Ipswich Ware Paestan Pottery Jiggering Paffrath Ware Joining Painted Grey Ware Ju Ware Panpipe Lug Kansyore Ware Paste List of Topics xxix

Peterborough Ware Sarka Style Phocaean Ware Satsumon PIE Scarlet Ware Piercing Scraping Pinch Method Scratched Decoration Pinched Neck Secondary Forming Techniques Pinching Self-Slip Pinsdorf Ware Seria Pit-Comb Ware Sgraffito Ware Pit Firing Shaping Shard Plastic Decoration Shell Tempering Plumbate Ware Shengwen Polychrome Pottery Shoulder Pontic Ware Sicilian Pottery Porcelain Sintering Potsherd Six's Technique Potter's Comb Slab Construction Potter's Wheel Slip Pottery Smoking Primary Forming Smoothing Proto-Geometric South Italian Pottery Proto-Maiolica Spout Punctate Decoration Stamford Ware Punctating Stamped Decoration Radial Plane Stamping Red-Figure Stance Red-Gloss Ware Stance Line Red-Slipped Stirrup Jar Red Polished Ware Stoneware Reduced Stroke-Ornamented Ware Reducing Atmosphere Studded Redware Sue ware Relief-Bank Amphora Surface Treatment Resist Symbolkeramik Rilling Temmoku Rim Temper Rim and Lip Stance Tempering Rimsherd Terra Sigillata -Clacton Texture Rippled Decoration Thermal Spall Rocker Pattern Thin Orange Pottery Rosso Antico Tiefstichkeramik Rouletting Tin Glaze Rustic Ware Ting Rusticated Ware Tournette Rustication Transfer Printing Saintonge Ware Trimming Series Tripod Salinar Handle Samian Ware Turning xxx List of Topics

Tz'u-Chou Ware Bolling Interstadial Updraft Kiln Bone Age Ware Bonneville Urfirnis Vaisselle Blanche Brørup Interstadial Valencia Vase Support Bubalus Period Vitrification Burial Period Wajil Calendrics Ware Cenozoic Waster Ch'un-ch'iu West Slope Ware Wheel-Throwing Chelford White-Ground Chronology White Pottery Chronometric Date Whiteware Classic, Classical Yellowware Contact Period Zeuxippos Ware Copper Age Coptic Period Cordilleran Cromerian Cultural Chronology CHRONOLOGY A.D. Cycladic Dark Ages A.D. Denekamp Interstadial Abbevillian Diachronic Abejas Phase Dryas Absolute Age Dynastic Period Absolute Chronology Earlier Absolute Dating Early Bronze Age Aceramic Neolithic Early Dynastic Period Acheulian Early Horizon Age of Discovery Early Intermediate Period Ajuerado Phase Early Later Stone Age Allerød Oscillation Early Lithic Altithermal Amarna Period Elm Decline Amersfoot Interstadial Elster Anachronistic Eneolithic Anathermal Eocene Andean Chronology Epoch Anglian Equinox Archaeological Chronology Era Archaic Final Neolithic Argon-Argon Dating First Intermediate Period Asuka Five Dynasties Period Atlantic Period Flandrian Flavian B.P. Floating Chronology Baikal Neolithic Formation History BC Formative BCE Glacial List of Topics xxxi

Glaciation Middle Assyrian Günz Glaciation Middle Bronze Age Günz/Mindel Middle Horizon Great Interglacial Middle Kingdom Great Period Helladic Hellenistic Period Middle Hengelo Interstadial Migration Period High Chronology Mindel-Riss Historic Period Mindel Glaciation Hokei Shukobo Miocene Mississippian Holstein Moershoofd Interstadial Hoxnian Mousterian Hypsithermal Neo-Assyrian Neo-Babylonian Neogene Period Initial Period Neolithic Integration Period Neopalatial Intercalation Neothermal Interglacial New Kingdom Intermediate Period Ninevite 5 Interpluvial Occupation Span Interstadial Odderade Interstadial Ipswichian Old Babylonian Period Old Kingdom Isochronous Japanese Periodization Oligocene Jemdet Nasr Paleo-American Jomon Paleo-Indian Kingdoms, Old, Middle, and New Paleocene Epoch Kofun Paleogene Korean Periodization Paleozoic Periglacial Late Bronze Age Period Late Pharaonic Period Late Horizon Late Intermediate Period Pleistocene Series Late Period Plio-Pleistocene Late Woodland Period Later Stone Age Post- Laurentide Postglacial Period Libby Half-life Postpalatial Local Sequence Pre-Boreal Loch Lomond Stadial Pre-Classic Period Lower Palaeolithic Pre-Columbian M.Y.A. Pre-Dynastic Period Magellan Periods Preceramic Period Median Historic Date Prehistory Medithermal Prepalatial Proto- Mesozoic Proto-Neolithic xxxii List of Topics

Proto-Three Kingdoms Windermere Interstadial Protoclassic Period Protohistory Würm Protopalatial Wolstonian Protosesklo Yarmouth Ptolemaic Purron Phase CULTURE Quaternary Recent A Group Regional Development Period Abbasids Regional Sequence Abbevillian Regional System Abkan Regnal Year Aboriginal Relative Chronology Achaeans Relative Dating Achaemenids Relative Time Acheulian Renaissance Adaptation Riss-Würm Interglacial Stage Adena Adlerberg Roman Period Afanasievo Culture Saale Afontova Agate Basin Second Intermediate Period Agrelo Culture Secondary Prehistory Aguada Sequence Ahrensburgian Solstice Ainu Somme Sequence Ak-Kaya Stadial Akkadian Stage Alaka Culture Stone Age Albany Sub-Atlantic Aleutian Tradition Sub-Boreal Almeria Submycenaean Altheim Synchronic Altmühlian Temple Mound Period American Palaeo-Arctic Tradition Tepeu Amerind Terminus Ante Quem Amorites Terminus Post Quem Amphictyony Tertiary Amratian Third Intermediate Period Amudian Three-Age System Amur Neolithic Togolok Amurian Trapped Charge Dating Ananatuba Complex Trojan War Ananino Anasazi Valders Advance Ancestral Pueblo Viking Age Ancient DNA Villafranchian Andean Hunting-Collecting tradition Warring States Period Weichselian Angles Western Zhou Period Anglo-Saxons List of Topics xxxiii

Anyathian Basarabi Culture Apennine Culture Basket Maker Aquatic Civilization Basques; Basque Aramaean Battle-Ax Culture Arauqinoid Beaker People Arawak Belbasi Beldibi Archaic Belgae Arctic Small Tool Tradition Bell Beaker Arenal Beringian Tradition Argar, El Berkeley Pattern Arras Big Hunting Tradition Artenac Birsmatten Aryan Assimilation Bükk Asturian Boat-Ax Culture Asuka Bocca Quadrata Athabascan Boian Boyne Atlitian British Mountain Culture Atrides Brommian Au Lac Brythons Augustine Pattern Bubanj Aurignacian Bucket-Urn Tradition Australian Core Tool and Scraper Tradition Buda Industry Australian Small Tool Tradition Bug-Dniester Australopithecus Burial Axum Burial Mound Period Ayacucho Complex Butana Aymara Butmir Byzantine Empire Aztec C-transforms B Group C Group Ba and Cabalwanian Industry Babadag Cachi Caiambe Phase Bacsonian Caimito Complex Bactria Calpulli Bactrian Bronze Age Camare Badarian Canaanite Baden Canario Bahía Capsian Baikal Neolithic Carib Bambata Cave Carolingian Banas Bandkeramik Catacomb Grave Culture Bandung Celts Banshan Cerny Baradostian Ch'i-chia Culture Barbar Ch'in Dynasty Barrancoid Subtradition Ch'ing-lien-kang Culture xxxiv List of Topics

Ch'ing Dynasty Cultural Area Ch'ü-chia-ling Culture Cultural Heritage Ch'u Cultural Pluralism Cultural Universals Chanapata Cupisnique Chancay Cycladic Charaman Cypriot Charentian Dabban Chassey Dalton Chavín de Huántar Dambwa Chellean Danilo Chenla Chiao Dasas Chibcha Dawenkou Chicanel Denalian Culture Chichimec Denbigh Flint Complex Chifumbaze Desert Culture Chihua Developed Chimú Deverel–Rimbury Culture Chin Dynasty Diaguita Chiricahua Dian Kingdom Chojnice-Pienki Diluvialism Choris Chou Dnieper-Donets Choukoutien Doian Chulmun Dong-dau Chumash Dong-son Châtelperronian Dorians Cimmerians Dorset Circumpolar Cultures Dudesti Classic, Classical Dvaravati Clovis Dyuktai Cochise Early Cycladic Period Early Style Colonial Phase Early Woodland Colony Eastern Chin Dynasty Complex Society Eastern Fluted Point Tradition Copts Eastern Corded Beaker Culture Eastern Woodland Culture Corded Ware Eastern Zhou Period Cordilleran Eburran Cortaillod Effigy Mound Cotofeni Eibian Coxcatlán Phase El Riego Phase Coyotlatelco Creswellian Cris Culture Emirean Cro-Magnon Emishi Cross-cultural Empire Cucuteni-Tripolye Encanto Cuicuilco Encinitas Tradition List of Topics xxxv

Epi-Acheulian Hötting Epi-Paleolithic Cultures Habiline Epi-Pietersburg Habiru Hafit Erectine Hajdúsámson Erligang Phase Hakataya Erlitou Halaf Ertebølle Complex Eskimo Halfan Etruscan Hallstatt Exchange Network Hamangia Ezero Hamburgian Facies Faiyum A Fatimid Harappan Civilization Fauresmith Hargeisan First Temperate Neolithic Harifian Füzesabony Hassuna Folsom Hatvan Food Vessel Hell Gap Helladic Hellenistic Period Fourth World Hemudu Franks Heritage Herpaly Frisians High-Energy Society Fuegian Tradition Hittite Funnel Beaker Gallinazo Gallo-Belgic Hominidae Gamberian Homo Gandhara Ganges Civilization Homo habilis Gaviota Homo sapiens Gerzean Homostadial Getae Hopewell Ghassul Hopewell Interaction Sphere Globular Amphora Hopi Go Mun Howiesonspoort Gokomere Hsia Golasecca Hsin-tien Culture Gorods'ke Hsiung-nu Gorodtsov Culture Huamanga Goths Huari Gravettian Huasteca Great Silla Dynasty Humaitá Grebeniki Culture Huns Green River Culture Hunter-Gatherer Grotta-Pelos Hurri Guinea Neolithic Hvar Gumelnita Hyksos Guti Iberians xxxvi List of Topics

Ibero-Maurusian Kofun Inca Koguryo Independencian Kokorevo Indianization Culture Indigenous Culture Kongemose Indus Civilization Koori Industrial Revolution Koryo Dynasty Intangible Cultural Heritage Kostenki-Willendorf Culture Kremikovci Ipiutak Krivodol Group Iroquois Kuban Culture Israelites Kulli Jabrud Jastorf Culture Kura-Araxes Culture Man Kurgan Cultures Jaywa Kushan Jerzmanowician Kutama Jhukar La Tène Jomon Lagozza Jute Lake Forest Tradition Körös Lalla Kabambian Lamoka Culture Kachemak Stage Lan Chang Kalambo Lan Na Kambuja Langkasuka Kanem Lapita Kaposwa Larnian Culture Karari Late Archaic Karasuk Laterza Kartan Culture Latians Kassala Laurel Culture Kassites Laurentian Kayenta Lausitz Lelesu Lengyel KBS Levalloisian Kebarian Levalloiso-Mousterian Kel'taminar Liang- Kerma Liao Dynasty Keros-Syros Libyans Khami Lifan Khartoum Neolithic Culture Khirokitia Liminal Khmer Khoikhoin Khoisan Linyi Killke Lisicici Kintampo Neolithic Llano Kisalian Lockshoek Kizilkaya Lombards Knovíz Culture Longshan Kodiak Tradition Lower Sonoran Agricultural Complex List of Topics xxxvii

Luangwa Tradition Middle Missouri Tradition Lucy Middle Period Lupemban Midland Milagro Culture Lycia Milavce Lydenburg Mimbres Lydia Minaean Macassans Machalilla Minoan Machang Miraflores Magadha Mississippian Magan Mitanni Mito Magellan Periods Maglemosian Moche Magosian Mogollon Maikop Mokram Molodova Culture Majiabang Moloko Majiayao Mon Mambo Mondsee Culture Mamon Mongol Mangaasi Mongoloid Maoris Monteoru Marajó Island, Marajoara Moriori Marchiori Mortuary Practice Mound Builder People Maritsa Culture Mousterian Marnian Mousterian of Acheulian Tradition Marpole Culture Muryong Mataram Musengezi Matopo Mycenaeans Matriarchal N-Transforms Matrilocal Nabataean Mauriwi Nachikufan Mauryan Empire Nahua Maxton Nam-Viet Maya Nara Period McKean Complex Naram- Mechta-Afalou Narrow Point Tradition Medes Narva Meganthropus Nasca Meillacoid Phase Natchez Meroitic Native American Merovingian Natufian Mestizo Navajo Michelsberg Man Micoquian Nenana Complex Middle Archaic Neo-Classical Middle Assyrian Neo-Gothic Middle Kingdom Neoanthropus Middle Mississippi Culture New Kingdom xxxviii List of Topics

Nok Culture Paleo-Indian Nora Paleoeskimo Nordic Tribes Palladian Noricum Pan-Grave Culture Normans Pan Shan Northern Archaic Tradition Panduranga Northwest Coast Tradition Paranthropus Northwest Microblade Tradition Parisi Northwest Riverine Tradition Parthian Norton Pasteurs des Plateaux Nubian A Group Pastoral Neolithic Nubian C Group Numidia Patjitanian Obanian Culture Patriarchal Ocean Bay Tradition Patrilocal Okhotsk Paviland Man Old Bering Sea Culture Pavlovian Old Copper Culture Peoples of the Sea Old Kingdom Pepi Old South American Hunting Tradition Periam Persian Oldishi Peterborough Culture Oldowan Petresti Culture Oliviense Petty State Olmalenge Pfupi Olmec Oltome Philistines Oranian Phoenician Orient Tradition Phrygian Ornament Horizon Phung-Nguyen Ortoire Piano Conte Picene Osteodontokeratic Picosa Culture Otomani Pict Ottonian Piedmont Tradition Overton Period Pietersburg Owasco Tradition Piki Owo Piltdown Man Ozark Pinto Tradition Ozieri Culture Pioneer Phase P'an-p'an Pirri Point Pacacocha Culture Pit Grave Culture Paccaicasas Pithecanthropus Pacific Eskimo Cultures Pitted-Ware Culture Pacific Littoral Tradition Plains Tradition Pacitanian Plains Woodland Paekche Plainview Paiján Plano Palaeoanthropus Polynesian Outliers Palaeoasiatic Polytheistic Paleo-Arctic Tradition Population, Cultural List of Topics xxxix

Post-medieval Saintonge Ware Prairie Phase Saite Pre-Axumite Period Pre-ceramic Salcuta Pre-Dorset Salinar Pre-Dynastic Period Samarra Pre-Neanderthal Samarran Culture Complex Pre-Pottery Neolithic Sambaquí Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Samhan Pre-Pottery Neolithic B San Pre-projectile Point Complex Preceramic Period San Pedro Primary Cultural Deposit Sandai Primary Neolithic Primate Sangoan Promontory Culture Santa Rosa Culture Propitiation Santarem Phase Proto-Mayan Sao Protruding Foot Beaker Saracens Przeworsk Culture Sarmatian Ptolemaic Egypt Sassanian Pueblo Satsumon Punuk Culture Sauveterrian Purron Phase Saxon Putun Schönfeld Group Puyo Scythian Pyu Sea Peoples Pécel Secondary Cultural Deposit Périgordian Secondary Neolithic Qadan Secondary Products Revolution Qaluyu Sedentary Phase Qataban Seine-Oise-Marne Culture Qijia Seleucid Empire Semite Qing Setouchi Qingliangang Severed Head Cult Quechua Sevier Quimbaya Shamarkian Rössen Culture Shang Recuay Shipibo Phase Remedello Sotto Shirataki Renaissance Shoshone Resseta Culture Shulaveri-Shomu Culture Rhône Culture Shungurian Rinaldone Sidemi Culture Riverton Culture Silla Rivnac Culture Similaun Man Rivoli Sinanthropus Rzuczewo Sa-Huynh Six Dynasties Sabaean Skraeling Sailendra Slav xl List of Topics

Smithfield Tepeu Soan Tertiary Cultural Deposit Social Storage Teuton Sociocultural System Thapsos Thinite Dynasties Three Kingdoms Song Thule Songhay Tiahuanaco Sonviian Tisza Sopot-Lengyel Tiszapolgár Sotira-Teppes Titterington Culture South Arabian Civilization Toalian industry Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Spitsyn Culture Sredni Stog Culture Totemism TRB Culture Starcevo Triple Alliance Stela Cult Tripolye Stillbay Trzciniec Strandloper Tshangula Strathclyde Tshitolian Straubing Culture Strelets Culture Tungus Stroke-Ornamented Ware Turdas Subculture Tzakol Sui Dynasty Ténéré Neolithic Sulphur Spring Ubaid Sumer Uluzzo, Uluzzian Sung Dynasty Umayyad Superorganic Umm an-Nar Umm Dabaghiyah Susquehanna Unetice Swasey Upper Paleolithic Swiderian Upper Republican T'ang Dynasty Ur III Period Ta-wen-k'ou Urartu Urewe Ware Taino Urnfield Period Uruk Talayot Usatovo Vadastra Tanged Point Culture Valdivia Tarascan Valencia Van-lang Tartessos Vandals Tasaday Velatice Group Tasian Vendel Period Tayacian Venedian Tellem Veneti Temple Mound Period Veterov Culture List of Topics xli

Viking Apedemak Viking Age Apepi Villanovan Apis Vinca Assur Volga-Oka Culture Astarte Vucedol Aten Waira-Jirca Atum Waranqa Ba Weeden Island Phase Baal Bastet Western Chin Dynasty Bat Western Neolithic Bes Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition Buchis Wichqana Chimera Wilburton Dragon Wilton Dumuzi Winchester Style EA Windmill Hill Enki Windmiller Pattern Enlil Woodland Period Ennead X-Group Four Sons of Horus Xia Geb Gilgamesh Yamato Gui Yamnaya Culture Hapy Yan Harshaf Yang Shao Hathor Yayoi Heh Yüan Dynasty Heket Yüeh-chih Horus Yubetsu Inti Zambian Wilton Ishtar Zapotec Isis Zarzian Ka Zeliezovce Style Khepri Zhizo Khnum Zhob Khons Zhou Maat Zinjanthropus Marduk Melkarth Meretseger DEITY Min Aker Mithras Amen Mnevis Ammut Montu Amun Mut An Myth Anat Nanna Anu Nefertem Anubis Neith Anuket Nekhbet xlii List of Topics

Nephthys Georeferenced Nun GlobalXplorer Nut Google Earth Ogdoad GPS Survey Onuris Hyperspectral Imaging Osiris Information Language Ptah Infrared Imagery Quetzalcóatl Infrared Thermography Ra Key Attribute Satet Laser Imaging Sekhmet MAP2 Serapis Open Science Serket Orthophoto Seshat Radar Satellite Seth Record Shadow Relational Database Shu Remote-Controlled Robot Sobek Satellite Imaging Sokar Satellite Research Sons of Horus Structure Chart Sopdet Superimposition Tammuz Transaction Time Tanit Valid Time Taweret Virtual Reality Tefnut Thoth Tlaloc FAUNA Triad Alleles Alpaca Wadjet Alveolus Wepwawet Anadromous Fish Zemi Antelope Anterior DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGY Anthropoid Antler Abstract Data Type Archaeofauna Alphanumeric Ass ArcGIS Auroch Archaeological Data Service Bear Attribute Pointer Beetle Boolean Biological Environment Computer-Aided Design Biomass Data-Flow Diagram Biome Data Set Biosphere Database Biotic Resource Digital Information Language Biotope Digital Globe Bird Bone ER Mapper Bison Field Bone File Bonobo Flat-File Database Buccal GeoEye-1 Imagery Caiman List of Topics xliii

Camel Mauer Jaw Camelid Medial Cartilage Megaloceros Caudal Megapode Microfauna Coprolite Moa Coral Mollusk Cowrie Moufflon Diatom mtDNA Diatomite Mummy Dingo Murex Nuclear DNA Dog Olivella Dorsal Ombrogenous Earthworm Onager Ecofact Organic Ecofact Ecological Community Organic Material Ecosystem Otolith Elephant Paleovegetation Erectine Percussion Mark Fauna Peterson Index Faunal Ecofact Pig Faunalturbation Posterior Food Chain Protemnodon Foraminifera Quetzal Fossil Reindeer Fossil Ivory Rhinoceros Frontlet Sample Assemblage Gazelle Scarab Genotype Secondary Products Shell Habiline Skull Haplotype Small Mammal Bone Horn Snail Horncore Specimen Horse gaederopus Hyena Taxon Ibex Tooth Ichneumon Ungulate Inorganic Ecofact Urial Ivory Ventral Lingual Y Chromosome Lion Macaw Macrofauna Acropolis Macrofossil Activity Area Macropod Agger Mammoth Mastodon Altar xliv List of Topics

Ambulatory Ancient Monument Cistern Aperture Clava Tomb Apron Collective Burial Architectural Constructed Feature Ash Mound Contracted Burial Ashpit Corduroy Tracks Aumbry Cotswold-Severn Ax Factory Crop Mark Barrow Crouched Burial Basin of Deposition Cultural Layer Bedding Trench Culvert Bedrock Feature Cumulative Feature Bedrock Mortar Decumanus Bell-Shaped Cist Dedicatory Deposit Bench Surface Deflector Berm Dew Pond Bier Disc Barrow Bin Ditch Bison Jump Doorway Boat Burial Drove Road Bonebed Earthen Long Barrow Borrow Pit Earthwork Bothros Effigy Mound Boundary Contour Enclosed Enclosed Oppidum Burial Mound Enclosure Burial Pit Face Burned Spot Feature Interface Firepit Flat Grave Camp Floor Vault Campo Santo Footprint Cardo Fossa Cart Burial Frost Mark Carved Tree Ghost Wall Wall Glacis Catacomb Hatchway Catchment Hearth Causeway Cave Dwelling Hollow Way Cave Tomb Hornwork Celtic Field House Platform Cemetery Household Cluster Ceque Housemound Cesspit Huaca Chaltoon Circle Chariot Burial Impost Chipping Floor Intervallum Circle Kaizuka Cist Kerb List of Topics xlv

Keyhole Tomb Ridgeway Kitchen Midden Ring Ditch Kom Kujavish Grave Ringwork Kurgan Road Laguna Robber Trench Landscape Signature Rock- Lense Rock-Shelter Tomb Linear Earthwork Rock Alignment Living Floor Long Barrow Loophole Rubbing Stone Lynchet Ruin Manmade Layer Sache Matrix Scarcement Mealing Bin Shadow Mark Shadow Site Midden Shaft Monolith Shell Midden Mortice Mound Siapapu Mounded Tomb Sidewall Nasca Lines Silhouette Occupation Layer Simple Burial Occupation Surface Oven Sirikwa Holes Pack-Rat Midden Site Catchment Paho Mark Site Exploitation Territory Palisade Slab-Lined Pit Pass-through Soil Mark Peristalith Soil Profile Soros Physical Sequence Stake-Hole Pillar Standing Section Pillow Mound Star Mound Pit Sterile Layer Plaza Stone Setting Plow Mark Storage Pit Post Circle Sunken-Featured Post Mold Sunken-Floored Posthole Surface Contour Pothole Tell Processional Way Temple Mound Profile Tepe Quarry Terp Rampart Threshing Floor Reave Timber-Slot Red Hills Ring Refuse Tipline Revetment Tohua Ridge and Furrow Toumba xlvi List of Topics

Trackway Einkorn Tumulus Emmer Upstanding Layer Exine Upstanding Layer Interface Fen Urnfield Flora Vallum Floral Ecofact Ventilator Shaft Floralturbation Ventilator Tunnel Food Chain Vertical Feature Interface Fossil Wing Wall Fynbos Wood Circle Genotype Working Floor Glume Gourd Halophytic FLORA Haplotype Aperturate Hemp Alleles Indigo Anoxic Inflorescence Aperture Pattern Inorganic Ecofact Arboreal Jujube Arboreal Pollen Leguminous Plant Aroid Lotus Banana Macrobotanical Remains Macrofloral Remains Macrofossil Betel Nut Maguey Biological Environment Biomass Manioc Biome Mesquite Biosphere Mesquite Pod Biotic Resource Microfloral Remains Biotope Millet Bog Oak Monoporate Breadfruit mtDNA Bristlecone Pine Nonarboreal Pollen Cacao Nuclear DNA Cambium Oat Cereal Coca Olive Coconut Organic Ecofact Colpate Organic Material Complacent Ring Paleovegetation Copal Papyrus Coppice Woodland Photosynthetic Pathways Corn Phytolith Cotton Pipal Tree Cultigen Pith Ecofact Plant Ecological Community Plant Macrofossil Ecosystem Plantago Ecotone Pollen Ecozone Porate List of Topics xlvii

Potato Delta Desert Pavement Rachis Desert Varnish Ramon Directional Filter Rhizome Diyala Rice Dot Density Map Rye Drained Fields Sago Dune Seed Escarpment Setaria Estuary Shattering Ford Sorghum Forest Clearance Spelt Fossil Beach Submerged Forest Geography Sugar Cane Glacial Sweet Potato Glaciation Taro Grayscale Map Taxon Gully Teosinte Highland Zone Trizonocolpate Huxley's Line Trizonoporate Tuber Isoline Vegetational Climax Isothermic Line Weed of Cultivation Isthmus Wheat Laguna Wood Lomas Xerophyte Mesa Yam Messene Microclimate Microenvironment GEOGRAPHY Middle Egypt Alluvial Fan Montana Altiplanos Near Andesite Line New World Archipelago Northern Zone Arroyo Oasis Assart Old World Bajo Paddy Bench Billabong Peat Bog Blanket Peat Peneplain Bog Physical Environment Caatinga Playa Cataract Páramos Puna Chinampa Raised Beach Choropleth Region City Remote Oceania Contour Map River Contour Plan Sahul Shelf Crannog Sea Level Cuesta Spanish Borderland xlviii List of Topics

Stacked Profile Breccia Steppe Bronze Subarctic Brown Earth Sunda Shelf Buried Soil - Calcareous Concretion Taiga Calcium Carbonate Topography Caldera Tree Line Caliche Tundra Callaïs Upper Egypt Carbon-14 Upper Nubia Carnelian Viewshed Casting Jet Wadi Casting Seam Wetland Casting-On Technique Yenisei Catena Zhongyuan Cave Earth Cenote Chalcedony GEOLOGY Chlorite Aeolian Chocolate Flint Aes Cinnabar Agate Clast Alabaster Clay Albani Stone Clay Loam Alloy Clod Alluvium Coal Andesite Line Cobble Angular Blocky Cold Hammering Annealing Colluvial Anthropic Soil Colluvium Anthropogenic Soil Columnar Antico Rosso Composite Mold Antimonial Bronze Composite Soil Antimony Concretion Argillite Conglomerate Arsenic Consistency Arsenical Bronze Contact Arsenical Copper Continental Plate Ash Copper Ash Cornelian Cortex Bed Cover Sand Bench Cross-bed Bentonites Cross-Laminae Bloom Crucible Smelting Blow-Out Crumb Bluestone Cryoturbation Bog Iron Cuesta Boulder Cupellation Boulder Clay Depletion Gilding Boundary Deposition Brass List of Topics xlix

Depositional Environment Hillslope Detritus Hillwash Devensian Humus Diamicton Ice Wedge Diatomite Ice-Free Corridor Diorite Illuvial Horizon Disconformity Ingot Doctrine of Uniformitarianism Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Dolerite Involution Drift Iron Dune Iron-Making, Direct Process Earth Iron-Making, Indirect Process Edaphic Ironstone Electrum Isostasy Element Isostatic Eluvial Horizon Isostatic Uplift Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Isotope Erosion Jade Escarpment Jadeite Eustasy Faunalturbation Jet Felsite Fire-Setting Krotovina Flint l/w Floodplain Lamina Floralturbation Landform Fluvialism Landscape Forging Fossil Beach Laterite Fossil Ice Wedge Fossil Soil Law of Original Continuity Freestone Law of Original Horizontality Galena Layer Gelifluction Leaching Gem Leaching Cast Geofact Lead Geologic Record Lead Bronze Geology Levigated Geosol Glacial Eustacy Limonite Glacial Maximum Lithofacies Glacial Till Lithophone Gley Horizon Loam Gleying Loess Gold Loess Sediment Granite Magnetic Susceptibility Granular Magnetite Gravel Malachite Greenstone Marble Gypsum Marl Hardness Melting Hematite Mica l List of Topics

Microcrystal Quartz Milankovitch Forcing Mineral Quenching Radiocarbon Mohs Scale Recurrence Surface Mold Relict Soil Moraine Remnant Magnetism Mount Mazama ash Rendsina Native Copper Repoussé Natron Resistivity Natural Layer Rhyolite Natural Levee Rhythmite Nephrite River Terrace Niello Rock Varnish Nodule Roundness s/w Obsidian Hydration Sand Ochre Sandy Loam Ore Sanukite Overburden Sarsen Palaeosol Scarp Paleoenvironment Scriber Paleosol Secondary Clay Parian Sediment Patina Sedimentary Structure Pattern Welding Sedimentation Pebble Serpentine Ped Silex Ped Silt Pedological Unit Silty Loam Pentelic Marble Silver Permafrost Slag Petrographic Slopewash Petrographic Analysis Smelting Pewter Soapstone Piece Mold Sodalite Pingo Soil Platinum Soil Horizon Platy Soil Profile Plow Zone Soil Structure Plowwash Sol Lessivé Podsol Solifluction Point Bar Speculum Point Counting Porphyry Steatite Potin Steel Pozzolana Stone Primary Clay Stone Line Primary Fill Stone Zone Primary Silt Stratification Prismatic Stratum Proglacial Subangular Blocky List of Topics li

Subsoil Bible Succession Book of Kells Surface Enrichment Book of the Dead Swieciechów Flint Buddhagupta Stone Syenite Cadastre Talus Canaanite Tectonic Movement Carib Tempering Celts Tephra Ch'un-ch'iu Texture Cham Till Codex Tin Coffin Texts Topsoil Creolization Trace Element Travertine Cursive Tuff Cypriot Tumbaga Cypro-Minoan Turf Line Dead Sea Scrolls Turquoise Demotic Unconformity Determinative Uniformitarianism Domesday Book Geologic Survey Envelope Varve Execration Text Welding Funerary Texts WHMIS Futhark Yardang Glyph Zinc Graffiti Hieratic Hieroglyphics Hittite LANGUAGE Houhanshu Abydos, Tablets of Hurri Akkadian Ideogram Alphabet Ideographic Writing Altaic Idiolect Amarna Letters Illuminated Manuscript Anaglyph Indo-Aryan Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Indo-European Aramaean Inscription Arawak Kana Aryan Kharosti Script Assyrian Khoisan Athabascan King List Attic Kojiki Austro-Asiatic Language Austronesian Script Aymara Law Codes Babylonia Letter Bantu Lienzo Bar and Dot Notation Ligature Basques; Basque Lindisfarne Gospel Beowulf Linear lii List of Topics

Linear A Sanskrit Linear B Script Linear Elamite Script Seal Logogram Secondary Prehistory Long-Branch Semite Luwian Semitic Marking Serekh Metrical Sign Short-Twig Mon Signary Mon-Khmer Speech Monumental St. Gall Plan Nahua Stamp Seal Navajo Stylus Neo-Assyrian Sumer Nihon Shoki Sumerian King List Náhuatl Sumerian Question Syllabary Onomasticon Syllabic Oracle Bones Syllabogram Oral History Symbol Oral Tradition Tablet Palaeoasiatic Token Paleography Tokharian Papuan Transcription Papyrus Transliteration Pararaton Tungus Parchment Turin Papyrus Parian Chronicle Tzolkin Petroglyph Ugaritic Phaistos Disk Underworld Book Philyra Urartu Phoneme Vellum Phonetic Vernacular Phonogram Writing Pictish Symbol Stones Xenogram Pictograph Year Formula Picture-stone Place-Name Polyphone LITHICS Proto-Elamite Protoworld Language Abrader Texts Adena-Rossville Point Quechua Adze Quipu Alternate Retouch Rebus Alternating Retouch Anvil Stone Rongorongo Arrow Straightener Rosetta Stone Ax Rune Ax-hammer Rune Stone Axis of Flaking Ruthwell Cross Backed Blade Samguk Sagi Backed Flake List of Topics liii

Backing Crossed Retouch Bannerstone Cup-and-Ring Mark Bar Hammer Technique Basal Grinding Debris Baton Denticulate Battle-ax Detritus Bec Direct Percussion Benben Stone Direct Retouch Betyl Discoidal Nucleus Technique Biface Disk-Core Method Biface Thinning Flake Dorsal Bifacial Blank Early-Stage Biface Bifacial Core Edge Angle Bifacial Foliate Edge Damage Bifacial Retouch Edge-Ground Bipennis Edge-Modified Flake Bipolar Percussion Elouera Blade End Scraper Blank Endblade Blattspitzen Eolith Boatstone Scar Bondi Point Expedient Tool Bored Stone Federmesser Bout Coupé Ficron Bulb of Percussion Fishtail Point Bulbar Scar Flake Burin Flake Scar Burin Spall Flake Scatter Burnish Flaked Stone Flaker Chacmool Flaking Chaine Opératoire Flintknapping Channel Flake Fluted Lanceolate Projectile Point Chindadn Point Fluted Point Chip-Carving Chippable Foreshaft Chipped Stone Tool Fossiles Directeurs Fulton Tail Point Gastrolith Geoglyph Cobble Geometric Cobble Reduction Technique Grattoir Compression Ring Graver Conchoidal Grinding Stone Cone of Force Tool Cordate Hacha Core Core Tool Cortex Hand Ax Cortical Flake Handstone Crazing Hard Hammer Technique Crescent Heat Treating liv List of Topics

Hertzian Cone of Force Nucleus Hinge Fracture Oblique Flaking Hinge Termination Ounan Point Hopper Mortar Ovate Hourglass Perforation Partially Cortical Flake Indirect Percussion Pebble Tool Interior Flake Pecking Inverse Retouch Percussion Technique Kimberley Point Percussor Knapping Peripheral Chopper Kodja Pestle Kshemenitsa Pirri Graver Lanceolate Pirri Point Late-Stage Biface Pitched Stone Laurel-Leaf Point Plainview Le Croy Point Leaf-Shaped Platform Leilira Platform Angle Lerma Point Plunging Termination Point Levalloisian Point of Percussion Lithic Polish Polished Tool Lithic Experimentation Polyhedron Lithic Scatter Pot Lid Lithofacies Potlid Fracture Lithophone Preform Livre de beurre Prepared Core Lunate Prepared-Core Technique Macrolith Pressure Flake Primary Flake Margin Maros Point Prondnik Mataa Pyramidal Core Meadowood Point Quern Microblade Radial Fissure Microburin Reduction Sequence Microflake Rejuvenated Core Microlith Retouch Micropolish Ripple Microscarring Rock Microwear Roughout Milling Stone Saddle Quern Mladec Point Scalar Retouch Mortar Scar Muller Scraper Multidirectional Core Secondary Flake Multifaceted Platform Segment Negative Bulb of Percussion Segmentation Rule Notching Shaft Straightener Notching Flake Shatter List of Topics lv

Shoe-Last Adze Annuli Shouldered Adze Arithmetic Mean Shouldered Point Bayesian Analysis Sickle Element Bearings Side Scraper Benchmark Side-Notched Point Bernouli Distribution Sideblade Bias Sinew Frayer Binomial Distribution Single-Facet Platform Biostratigraphic Unit Soft Hammer Technique Biostratigraphy Spall Birefringence Spearhead Box-and-Dot-Plot Spokeshave Central Limit Theorem Steepness of retouch Central Tendency Step Termination Compensating Error Stepped Adze Continuous Stone Tool Cumulative Error Striation Cumulative Frequency Distribution Strigil Datation Date Range Sumatralith Dated Event Swiderian Point Descriptive Statistic Termination Dichotomous Scale Thames pick Difference-of-Means Test Tool Kit Difference-of-Proportions Test Tortoise Core Direct Measurement Tranchet Discrete Transverse Flaking Disjunction Tula Adze Disparity Ulu Dispersion Unidirectional Core Diversity Uniface Enumeration Unifacial Estimated Number of Individuals Unifacial Flaking Estimated Vessel Equivalents Unifacial Tool Exponential Distribution Utilized flake Fuzzy Set Ventral Gap Victoria West Gaussian Distribution Waisted Ax GUI Waste Flake Hiatus Wedge-Shaped Microcore Indirect Measurement Whetstone Interquartile Range Willow-Leaf Point Interval Scale LiDAR Limit MEASURE Line Graph Absolute Pollen Frequency Mass Accuracy MAU Addition Rule Mean Square Error Aerotriangulation Measurement Allometry Median Anisotropic MGUI lvi List of Topics

Minimum Number of Elements Aha (c 3100 BC) Multi-Dimensional Scaling Aharoni, Yohanan (1919–1976) Multiplication Rule Ahhotep I (c 1590–1530 BC) Nonparametric Test I (reigned c 1550–1525 BC) Offset Ahmose II (reigned 570–526 BC) One-Sample Test Ahmose (c 1570–1505 BC) Operational Definition Akhenaten (Reigned 1353–1336 BC) Ordinal Scale Albright, William Foxwell (1891–1971) Parametric Test Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) Pie Chart Alfred the Great (849–899) Poisson Distribution Almagro Basch, Martin (1911–1984) Precision Amenemhet Probability Sample Amenhotep Proportion Amenhotep son of Hapu (c 1440–1360 BC) Purposive Sample Andersson, Johan Gunnar (1874–1960) Quantification Andrae, Walter (1875–1956) Random Element Sample Anedjib (c 2925 BC) Range Apries (589–567 BC) Ratio Scale Arambourg, Camille (1885–1969) Regression Archon Reliability Arthur (c Fifth Century AD?) Residual Ashoka (d 238 BC?) Richness Ashurbanipal (fl. Seventh Century BC) Sample Element Ashurnasirpal II (fl. Eighth Century BC) Scatterplot Atwater, Caleb (1778–1867) Sequential Sampling Aubrey, John (1626–1697) Significance Level , Lord (formerly Sir John Lubbock) (1834–1913) Significant Digits Ay (fl. Fourteenth Century BC) Single-Link Clustering Bader, Otto Nikolaevich (1903–1980) Spatial Histogram Beazley, Sir John Davidson (1885–1970) Standard Error Bede the Venerable, Saint (672–735 AD) Stem-and-Leaf Plot Belzoni, Giovanni (1778–1823) Stratified Sample Bennett, Wendell Clark (1905–1953) Systematic Sample Bernal Garcia, Ignacio (1910–1992) Transformation Bersu, Gerhard (1889–1964) Two-Sample Test Binford, Lewis R. (1931–2011) Ubiquity Bingham, Hiram (1875–1956) Uniform Distribution Bird, Junius Bouton (1907–1982) Unit Datum Point Blegen, Carl William (1887–1971) Universal Transverse Mercator Boriskowskij, Pavel Iossifovitch (1911–1991) Validity Boserup, Ester (1910–1999) Variance Botta, Paul-Emile (1802–1870) WAE Bouard, Michel de (1909–1989) Weight Method Boucher (de Crèvecoeur) de Perthes, Jacques (1788–1868) Windflower Boudicca (d. AD 60) Z-Test Breasted, James Henry (1865–1935) Breuil, Abbé Henri (1877–1961) Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847) PEOPLE Camden, William (1551–1623) Abercromby, Lord John (1841–1924) Cartailhac, Émile (1845–1921) Absolon, Karel (1887–1960) Carter, Howard (1874–1939) Agamemnon Caskey, John (1908–1981) List of Topics lvii

Caso y Andrade, Alfonso (1896–1970) Frankfort, Henri (1897–1954) Cassivellaunus (fl. First Century BC) Frere, John (1740–1807) Catherwood, Frederick (1799–1854) Fu Hao (fl twelfth century BC) Caton-Thompson, Gertrude (1888–1985) Gamio, Manual (1883–1960) Champollion, Jean-François (1778–1867) Garrod, Dorothy A. E. (1892–1968) Charlemagne (742–814) Garstang, Professor John (1876–1956) Cheops (fl. Early Twenty-Sixth Century BC) Germanic Tribes Chephren (fl. Late Twenty-Sixth Century BC) Ghirshman, Roman (1895–1979) Chiflet, Jean-Jacques (1588–1673) Glob, Peter Vilhelm (1911–1985) Childe, Vere Gordon (1892–1957) Goodwin, Astley John Hilary (1900–1959) Christy, Henry (1810–1865) Gorman, Chester F. (1938–1981) Clarke, David Leonard (1937–1976) Gorodtsov, Vasili Alekseevich (1860–1945) Graziosi, Paolo (1906–1988) Coedès, George (1886–1969) Grotefend, Georg Friedrich (1775–1853) Colt Hoare, Sir Richard (1758–1838) Gudea (fl 2100 BC) Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506) Guo Moruo (1892–1978) Cook, Captain James (1728–1779) Hamada, Kosaku (1881–1938) Cortés, Hernán (or Hernando Cortez) (c 1485–1547) Hammurabi (1792–1750 BC) Crawford, O.G.S. (1886–1957) (1473–1458 BC) Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1814–1883) Heekeren; H. Robert Van (1902–1974) Cunnington, William (1754–1810) Herodotus (c 484–c 430/420 BC) Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832) Herzfeld, Ernst (1879–1948) (590–580 BC–529/530 BC) (c 2600 BC) Daniel, Glyn Edmund (1914–1986) Higgs, Eric Sidney (1908–1976) Darius I (550–486 BC) Holmes, William Henry (1846–1933) Dart, Raymond Arthur (1893–1988) Homer (fl. Ninth or Eighth Century BCE) Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) Davis, Edwin Hamilton (1811–1888) De Geer, Baron Gerhard (Jakob), Friherre (1858–1943) Homo floresiensis Deagan, Kathleen (1948 to till date) Déchelette, Joseph (1862–1914) Homo luzonensis Deichmann, Friedrich Wilhelm (1909–1993) Homo naledi Djer (c 3000 BC) Imhotep (fl. 27th c BC) Djet (c 2980 BC) Intef (fl. Twenty-First to Twentieth c BC) Djoser (fl twenty-seventh century BC; c 2667–2648 BC) Isaac, Glynn Llywelyn (1937–1985) Dong Zuobin (1895–1963) Izumi, Seiichi (1918–1970) Dörpfeld, Wilhelm (1853–1940) Jazdzewski, Konrad (1908–1985) Douglass, Andrew Ellicott (1867–1962) Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) Dragendorff, Hans (1870–1941) Jenness, Diamond (1886–1969) Dubois, Eugène (1858–1940) Jennings, Jesse D. (1909–1997) Duff, Roger Shepherd (1912–1978) Kamose (fl. Seventeenth to Sixteenth Centuries BC) Efimenko, Pyotr Petrovich (1884–1969) Karlgren, Bernhard (1889–1978) Elgin, Lord (1766–1841) Kenyon, (Dame) Kathleen Mary (1906–1978) Elite Khafre (fl. Late Twenty-Sixth Century BC) Elliot Smith, Sir Grafton (1871–1937) Khasekhemwy (fl. Twenty-Seventh Century BC) Emery, Walter Bryan (1903–1971) Khufu (fl. Early Twenty-Sixth Century BC) Evans, Clifford (1920–1981) Khyan (c 1600 BC) Evans, Sir Arthur (1851–1941) Kidder, Alfred Vincent (1885–1963) Evans, Sir John (1823–1908) Kingsborough, Lord (1795–1837) Fiorelli, Giuseppe (1823–1896) Koenigswald, Gustav Heinrich Ralph von (1902–1982) Ford, James Alfred (1911–1968) Koldewey, Robert (1855–1925) Fox, Sir Cyril (1882–1967) Kostrzewski, Józef (1885–1969) lviii List of Topics

Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1876–1960) Naville, Henri Edouard (1844–1926) Kurtén, Björn (1924–1988) Nebuchadnezzar II (604–562 BC) Laming-Emperaire, Annette (1917–1977) Necho Landa, Bishop Diego de (1524–1579) Nectanebo Lartet, Edouard (1801–1871) Nefertari (c 1300–1250 BC) Lathrap, Donald Ward (1927–1990) (c 1380–1340 BC) Layard, Sir Austen Henry (1817–1894) Nelson, Nels (1875–1964) Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1903–1972) Nintoku Leakey, Mary Douglas (1913–1996) Ojin (fl. fourth to fifth c AD) Leakey, Richard (1944– ) Okladnikov, Aleksei Pavlovich (1908–1984) Leisner, Georg (1870–1957) and Leisner, Vera (1885–1972) Osorkon Leland, John (c 1506–1552) Pales, Léon (1905–1988) Lepsius, Karl Richard (1810–1884) Parrot, André (1901–1980) Leroi-Gourhan, André George Léandre (1911–1986) Pastoralist Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1908–2009) Payne, Humfry (1902–1936) Li Chi (1896–1979) Pei Wenzhong (1904–1982) Libby, Willard Frank (1908–1980) Pendlebury, J.D.S. (1904–1941) Lightfoot, Dr. John (1602–1675) Pengelly, William (1812–1894) Lindenschmit, Ludwig (1809–1893) and Wilhelm (1806– Peribsen (c 2700 BC) 1848) Pericot Garcia, Luis (1899–1978) Loftus, Sir William K. (1820–1858) Petrarch (1304–1374) Lund, Peter W. (1801–1880) Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1853–1942) Lyell, Sir Charles (1797–1875) Peyrony, Denis (1869–1954) MacEnery, Father John (1797–1841) Piette, Edouard (1827–1906) MacNeish, Richard Scotty (1918–2001) Piotrovsky, Boris B. (1908–1990) Mallowan, Sir Max Edgar Lucien (1904–1978) Pitt-Rivers, General Augustus Lane-Fox (1827–1900) Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834) Pizarro, Francisco (1475–1541) Maluquer de Motes, Juan (1915–1988) Place, Victor (1818–1875) Manetho (c. 305–285 BC) Polo, Marco (1254–1324) Mariette, François Auguste Ferdinand (1821–1881) Prosek, Frantisek (1922–1958) Marinatos, Spyridon Nikolaou (1901–1974) Proskouriakoff, Tatiana (1909–1985) Marshall, Sir John (1876–1958) Psamtik Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles (1846–1916) Psusennes Maudslay, Alfred Percival (1850–1931) Ptolemy McBurney, Charles Brian Montagu (1914–1979) Puabi (c 2900–2334 BC) Menes (fl. c 2925 BC) Putnam, Frederic Ward (1839–1915) II (fl. Nineteenth Century BC) Qa'a (c. 2890 BC) Merenptah (d. 1203 BC) Qin Shihuangdi (fl. 247 BC–d. 210 BC) Montelius, Oscar (1843–1921) Ramses Montet, Pierre (1885–1966) Rawlinson, General Sir Henry Creswicke (1810–1895) Moore, Clarence Bloomfield (1852–1936) Reinecke, Paul (1872–1958) Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818–1881) Reisner, George Andrew (1867–1942) Morley, Sylvanus Griswold (1883–1948) Rogachev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (1912–1984) Morse, Edward Sylvester (1838–1925) Rosellini, (Niccolo Francesco) Ippolito (1800–1843) Mortillet, Gabriel de (1821–1898) Roy Mata (b ?–c 1265) Movius, Hallam Leonard (1907–1987) Rudenko, Sergei I. (1885-1969) Müller, Sophus (1846–1934) Sankalia, Hasmukh D. (1908–1989) Mulloy, William Thomas (1917–1978) Sargon (c 2330–2280 BC) Mykerinus (fl. Late Twenty-Sixth Century BC) Sautuola, Marcellino Sanz de (1831–1888) Mylonas, George (1898–1988) Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–1890) (d. 538 BC) Schmidt, Erich (1897–1964) Narmer (c 3100 BC) Scorpion (c 3150 BC) List of Topics lix

Sekhemkhet (2648–2640 BC) Uvarov, Count Aleksei Sergeevich (1828–1884) Seler, Edouard (1849–1922) Vaillant, George Clapp (1901–1945) Semenov, Sergei Aristarkhovich (1898–1978) Vasic, Miloje (1869–1956) (d 681 BC) Ventris, Michael (George Francis) (1922–1956) Senwosret, Sesostris, Senusret Vértes, Laszlo (1914–1968) Seqenenre (c 1560 BC, fl Sixteenth Century BC) Wace, Alan (1879–1957) Sety Weidenreich, Franz (1873–1948) Shabaqo (fl Eighth Century BC) Wetherill, Richard (1858–1910) Shalmaneser Wheeler, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer (1890–1976) Shamshi-Adad I (c 1813–1781 BC) White, Leslie Alvin (1900–1975) Sheshonq Wilkinson, (Sir) John Gardner (1797–1875) Shub-Ad Wilson, Daniel (1816–1892) Shulgi (reigned 2094–2047 BC) Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717–1768) Siret, Henri (1857–1933) and Siret, Louis (1860–1934) Winlock, Herbert Eustis (1884–1950) Smith, Charles Roach (1807–1890) Woolley, Sir (Charles) Leonard (1880–1960) Smith, William (1769–1839) Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen (1821–1886) Smith, Worthington George (1835–1917) Xerxes (c 519–465 BC) Snefru (fl Twenty-Sixth to Twenty-Fifth Century BC) Yadin, Yigael (1917–1984) Sobekhotep Young, Thomas (1773–1829) (1799–1795 BC) Zawisza, Count Jan (1820–1887) Solomon (fl. Mid-Tenth Century BC) Spaulding, Albert Clinton (1914–1990) Squier, Ephraim George (1821–1888) and Edwin H. Davis RELATED FIELD (1811–1888) Stein, Sir Mark Aurel (1862–1943) Anthracology Stephens, John Lloyd (1852–1905) Anthropological Archaeology Steward, Julian Haynes (1902–1972) Anthropological Linguistics Stirling, Matthew Williams (1896–1975) Anthropology Strabo (c 64/63 BC–AD 24) Anthropometry Strong, William Duncan (1899–1962) Archaeological Interest Stukeley, William (1687–1765) Assyriology Suppiluliuma I (fl. Fourteenth Century BC) Astronomy Taharqo (fl Seventh Century BC) Bioarchaeology Tanutamon (reigned 664–656 BC) Biocultural Anthropology Taylor, Walter W. (1913–1997) Biogeography Taylour, Lord William (1904–1989) Botany Tello, Julio César (1880–1947) Calendrics Terrasse, Henri (1895–1971) Catastrophe Theory Teti (fl Twenty-Third Century BC) Ceramic Sociology Thomas, Cyrus (1825–1910) Change Thompson, Sir John Eric Sidney (1898–1975) Conchology Thomsen, Christian Jurgensen (1788–1865) Coprology Thutmose Cultural Anthropology Tiglathpileser Cultural Evolution Timur (1336–1405) Demography Tiy (c 1400–1340 BC) Dendroclimatology Tsountas, Christos (1857–1934) Earth Sciences Turville-Petre, Francis Adrian Joseph (1901–1942) Ecology Tutankhamun (Reigning c 1336–1327 BC) Endangered Archaeology Ty (c 2500 BC) Ethnography Uhle, Max (1856–1944) Ethnohistory Unas (fl. twenty-fourth century BC) Ethnology lx List of Topics

Ethnomethodology Prehistory Ethnoscience Science Ethology Sedimentology Geochronology Social Anthropology Geography Soil Chemistry Geology Soil Micromorphology Geomagnetism Soil Stratigraphy Geomorphology Symbolic Anthropology Geophysics Taphonomy Glacial Geology Time-Geography Glottochronology Topography Historical Materialism Historicism SITE Historiography History Aachen Ecology Abada, Tell Hydrology Abdul Hosein, Tepe Iconography Abeurador, Balma Lexicostatistics Abingdon Linguistic Anthropology Linguistics Abu Ballas Lithology Abu Gurab Malacology Abu Hureyra, Tell Metallography Abu Ruwaysh Abu Salabikh, Tell Microtoponymy Abu Simbel Molinology Abu Sir Naology Abydos Osteology Acacus Palaeoeconomy Academy Achenheim Paleobotany Acropole of Susa Addaura Paleodemography Adlun Paleoentomology Adrar Bous Paleoethnography Adria Paleoethnology Adulis Paleogenomics Adzhi-Koba Paleography Aegina Paleometallurgy Aeolis Paleontology Afontova Paleopathology Afunfun Paleopedology Agade Paleoproteomics Agate Basin Paleoserology Aggsbach Agordat Papyrology Agrigento Pathology Ahar Pedology Ahichchatra Petrography Ahrensburg Petrology Ahualulco Physical Anthropology Ai List of Topics lxi

Ai Bunar Amlash Ai Khanum Amorgos Aichbühl Ampajango Aijul, Tell el- Ampurias Ain Ghazal Amri Ain Hanech Amsadong Ain Mallaha Amuq Ajalpan Phase Amvrosievka Ajanta Anaeho'omalu Ajdabiya Anangula Ak-Kaya Anapchi Akashi Akhmim Anau Akjoujt Anbangbang Akkad Ancón Yacht Akrotiri Aneityum Al Hiba Ang-ang-hsi Al Mina Anghelu Ruju Alaca Hüyük Angkor Alambra-Mouttes Angkor Borei Alamgirpur Angkor Thom Alapraia Angkor Wat Alashiya Angles-sur-l'Anglin Alaska Refugium Aniba Alba Fucens Anlo Alcalà Anse au Meadow, L' Alchi Antequera Aleppo Antioch Aleria Antonine Column Alesia Alexandria Anuradhapura Anyang Alishar Anza All Cannings Cross Aosta Allahdino Apamea Almeria Aphrodisias Almizaraque Alpera Apple Creek Alsónémedi Apulia Altai Aq Kupruk Altamira Aqab, Tell Altar de Sacrificios Aqar Quf Altheim Aqrab, Tell Altin-Depe Aquileia Alto Salaverry Ara Pacis Altun Ha Arad Altyn-depe Aramis Amapa Araouane Amara Arapi Amarna, Tell el- Aratta Ambrona Archaeological Region Amekni Archaeological Site lxii List of Topics

Archanes Avdeevo Archéodrome de Beaune Avebury Arcy-sur-Cure Aveline's Hole Arenal Avenue of the Dead Awdaghast Argar, El Axum Argissa Ayacucho Complex Argos Ayampitin Arica Ayia Irini Arikamedu Ayia Triadha Ariusd Ayios Epiktitos-Vrysi Arka Aylesford Arkin Ayutthaya Arles Azelik Arlit Azmak, Tell Armant Arnhem Land Baalbek Arpachiyah Babadag Arras Babadan A Arretium Babylon Arslan Tash Babylonia Arslantepe Bacho Kiro Artenac Bactria Asana Badari, el- Ascalon Baghdad Ashdod Bahariya Oasis Ashkelon Bahrain Baile Herculane Asiab, Tepe Baker's Hole, Northfleet Asikli Hüyük Bakong Asine Bakun, Tall-e Askelon Balakot Asmar, Tell Balanovo Balawat Asprochaliko Balearic Islands Assur Balkh Aswad, Tell Ballana and Qustul Aswan Balof Cave Asyut Bambandyanalo Aszód Bambata Cave Ataki I Bambuk Atchana, Tell Bamiyan Buddhas Bampur Athribis Ban Chiang Ban Don Ta Phet Atranjikhera Ban Kao Augst Ban Nadi Aulnat Ban Tha Kae Autun Banas Auvernier Banaue Avaris List of Topics lxiii

Banjica Beth-Shemesh Bethel Banshan Betovo Banteay Srei Beycesultan Baoji Bhaja Baphuon Bharhut Barbar Bhimbetka Barca Bibracte Barche Solferino Bigo Barkaer Bilzingsleben Barlovento Bir Kiseiba Bir Tarfawi Barumini Birch Creek Basin of Birdlip Basra Birrigai Basta, Tell Birsmatten Bastam Biskupin Bat Cave Bismarck Archipelago Batalimo Black Earth Bath Blackwater Draw Batán Grande Bluefish Batungan Bükk Baturong Caves Bockstein Bayon Bodh Gaya Bedsa Bodrogkeresztur Beersheba Boghazköy Begram Bohunice Behbet el-Hagar Bologna Behistun Bonampak Beidha Boomplaas Beijing Borg-in Nadur Beikthano Borneo Beit el-Wali Borsippa Beit Mersim, Tell Boscoreale Bel'kachi I Bosumpra Belbasi Bouar Beldibi Bougon Bellows Beach Belverde Boussargues Benfica Boxgrove Benghazi Boyne Beni Hassan Bradford-on-Avon Benin City Brahmagiri Berdyzh Brak, Tell Berekhat Ram Branc Berelekh Brandberg Berenice Brassempouy Bergen Breitenbach Bering Land Bridge Britannia Beringia Brno Bernam-Sungkai Broadbeach Beth-Shan Broederstroom lxiv List of Topics

Broken Hill Canaanite Brownfield Site Canario Bruniquel Canterbury Brynzeny Cape Gelidoniya Brzesc Kujawski Cape Krusenstern Bubastis Capelitti Buccino Capitolium Buchau Capua Budakalász Caracol Buhen Carcassonne Bukhara Carchemish Bukit Tengku Lembu Carmel, Mount Buni Carnac Buret Carnarvon Gorge Burgaschi-See Sud Burial Site Carthage Burrill Lake Casas Grandes Burrup Peninsula Cascioarele Burzahom Cashel Bush Barrow Cass ny Hawin Butana Cassibile Butmir Castanet Butser Castelluccio Catal Huyuk Byci Skála Cathedral Cave Bygholm Cavdar Bylany Cave Bay Cave Byzantine Empire Cave of Byzovaya Cayönü Tepesi Córdoba Cayla de Mailhac Caballo Muerto Ceahlau-Cetatica Cabenge Cederberg Cacaxtla Celebes Cachi Central Place Cadbury Ceremonial Site Caerleon Ceren, Joya de Caesarea Cernavoda Cernica Cahokia Cerro Blanco Cerro de las Mesas Cai Beo Cerro Sechin Cairo Cerveteri Cajamarca Cerén Caka Ch'ang-An Calico Mountains Chaco Canyon Calixtlahuaca Chagar Bazar Callanish Chaironeia Calowanie Chaiya Camare Chalandriani Chalcatzingo Campania Can Hasan Champ Durand List of Topics lxv

Chan Chan Civita Castellana Chancelade Clairvaux-les-lacs Chandoli Cleland Hills Chang'an Changsha Cloggs Cave Chanhu-Daro Clusium Chania Clyde-Carlingford Tombs Chansen Cmielów Charavines Co-loa Charsada Coalbrookdale Chartres Coclé Chateau Gaillard Colchester Chateauneuf-les-Martigues Colless Creek Chatham Islands Cologne Chavín de Huántar Colonial Williamsburg Cheddar Colosseum Chedworth Colossi of Memnon Cheetup Columnata Cheng-chou Combe-Grenal Chernigov Combe Capelle Chesowanja Commagene Chester Conca d'Oro Chevdar Conchopata Chiapa de Corzo Constantinople Chichén Itzá Coobool Creek Chifumbaze Cook Islands Chilca Coppa Nevigata China Lake Copán Chincha Corbridge Chinchorro Chiozza Corinth Chirand Cortaillod Chiripa Cortes de Navarra Chiriquí Cosa Chivateros Cotofeni Choga Mami Cotte de Sainte Brelade, La Choga Mish Cotzumahualpa, Santa Lucia Choga Zanbil Cougnac Choisy-au-Bac Covalanas Chokurcha Coveta de l'Or Cholula Cozumel Chondwe World Heritage Site Chotnica Choukoutien Chuera, Tell Crickley Hill Chuquitana Ciempozuelos Cross River Circea Crow Creek Cirencester Crvena Stijena Cishan Ctesiphon Ciumesti Cu Lao Rua Cividale Cuello lxvi List of Topics

Cueva Morin Dhimini Cuicuilco Dhlo Dhlo Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes Diana Cumae Didyma Curacchiaghiu Die Kelders Cuzco Dieng Dilmun Cyrene Dimolit Dölauer Heide Dinas Powys Da But Dingcun Dabar Kot Diospolis Parva Dacia Diring Dadunzi Dissignac Dahe Divostin Dahshur Djeitun Daima Dürrnberg bei Hallein Dobranichevka Dainzú Dodona Dakhla Oasis Doigahama Dalles Dolní Vestonice Dalmatia Domica Damascus Don Noi Damb Sada'at Dong-dau Damous el Ahmar Dong-son Danebury Dongbei Danevirke Dorak Dorestad Danilo Dos Aguas Dapengeng Dos Pilas Dar es-Soltan Dosariyah Dar Tichitt Douar Doum Dashly Dawenkou Dowris Dazaifu Drachenloch Debert Drakensberg Deflated site Dralang Deh Luran Dry Creek Deir el-Bahri Dálriada Deir el-Medina Dublin Dejbjerg Dudesti Delos Dunadd Delphi Dundo Delphic Oracle Dunhuang Delta Dura-Europus Dendera Dendra Duruthy Duvanli Dereivka Dvuglazka Cave Devil's Lair Dyuktai Devon Downs Dzhruchula Dhang Rial Dzibilchaltún Dhar Tichitt Dzierzyslaw List of Topics lxvii

Early Khartoum Er Lannic Early Man Shelter Erbil East Rudolf Erd Easter Island Erech Ebbsfleet Erechtheum Ebla Erevan Cave Ed-Daba, Tell Edfu Erimi Egolzwil Erlitou Egtved Ermine Street Ehringsdorf Es-Skhul Eilsleben Esh Shaheinab Ein Gev I Eshnunna Ekain Esna El-Ajjul, Tell Estaquería El-Bersheh Este El-Hammamiya Etiolles El-Hesy, Tell Etowah El-Wad Etruria El-Yehudiyeh, Tell Eutresis El Beyed Eyasi El Castillo Eynan El Guettar Ezero El Inga Faboura El Jobo Fafos El Juyo Faiyum El Khiam El Khril Fakheriyah, Tell El Mirador Far'ah, Tell El- El Oficio Fara El Paraiso Fara'in, Tell El- El Tajín Farafra Oasis Elam Faras Elands Bay Farfa Elandsfontein Fat'janovo Elateia Fayyum, Al- Ele Bor Feddersen Wierde Elephantine Fell's Cave Eleusis Fenbitou Elkab Fengate Ellora Fernando Po Eloaua Island Ferrières Els Tudons Elsloo Fiesole Encanto Fiji Engaruka Filimoshki Enkomi Ensérune Finglesham Entremont Fishbourne Ephesus Flag Fen Epidauros Florence Episkopi-Phaneromeni Florisbad lxviii List of Topics

Font De Gaume Geoksyur Fontbouïsse Gerasa Fontbrégoua Gergovia Fontéchevade Gezer Fort Ancient Ghana Fort Harrouard Ghar-i Kamarband Cave Ghar-i Khar Fosse Way Ghar Dalam Fourneau Du Diable Ghassul Ghazni Fraser River Gi Fromms Landing 's Grave Fudodo Fufeng Giglio Island Fujinoki Gilf el Kebir Fujiwara Gilimanuk Fukui Gilund Funan Giyan, Tepe Fustát, Al- Giza Fyrkat Gla Gönnersdorf Gladkaia I Gabillou Glanum Gades Glasinac Gagarino Glastonbury Galindo Gloucester Gallery Hill Glozel Gallurus Oratory Gnedovo Gamble's Cave Gniezno Gandhara Go Mun Gangetic Hoard Gobedra , Tepe Gobi Gaocheng Godin Tepe Garagay Gogoshiis Qabe Garcel, El Gokomere Gargas Gokstad Ship Gash Goljamo Delcevo Gatecliff Shelter Gombe Point Gatung'ang'a Gomolava Gaudo Gontsy Gaul Gonur Depe Gonvillars Gawra, Tepe Gordium Gaza Gornja Tuzla Gdansk Gortyn Gebel Barkal Gough's Cave Gedi Gournia Geissenklösterle Gródek Nadbuzny Gela Grachwil Geleen Gradesnitsa Gelidonya Graig Llwyd Graman Geographical Society Cave Gran List of Topics lxix

Granada Hagia Sophia Grand Pressigny Hagia Triada Haguenau Grave Haithabu Grave Creek Mound Hajjar bin Humeid Gravisca Hajji Muhammed Hal Saflieni Great Langdale Hala Sultan Tekke Great Rift Valley Halaf Great Halawa Valley Great Wall of China Halicarnassus Great Hallstatt Green Gully Hallur Greenland Hama Grimaldi Hamangia Grimes Hambledon Hill Grimston Hamburg Grivac Handan Groitzsch Hane Grotta dell'Uzzo Hang Gon Grotta Guattari Hanging Grimston Grotte des Enfants Harappa Grotte Vaufrey Harmal, Tell Gua Cha Harran Gua Kechil Hasanlu Gua Lawa Hascherkeller Gubs Shelter Hassi Mouilah Gudenus Cave Hassuna Gudnja Hastinapura Guilá Naquitz Hatnub Hatra Gumanye Hattusas Gundestrup Hatvan Gura Baciului Guran, Tepe Hawaiian Islands Gussage All Saints Hawara Guweicun Hayonim Cave Gvardzhilas-Klde Hazleton Gwisho Hazor Gwithian Head-Smashed-In Ha'amonga Healy Lake Habasesti Heathery Burn Habuba al-Kabira Heavenly Horse, Tomb of the Hedeby Hadar Heijo Haddenham Helgö Hadrian's Villa Heliopolis Hadrian's Wall Hell Gap Hafit Hellespont Haftavan Tepe Helwan Hafun Hembury Hagar Qim Hemudu lxx List of Topics

Hengistbury Head Icknield Way Herakleopolis Magna Idaean Cave Herat Idojiri Herculaneum Ife Hermopolis Magna Igbo Ikwu Herodium Ignateva Cave Hesi, Tell el- Il'skaya I Heuneburg, The Ile Carn Hiba, al- Hierakonpolis Illyria High Lodge Ilopango Hili Inamgaon Hispaniola Inariyama Hissar, Tepe Inca Pirca Hissarlik Inchtuhil Hiw-Semaina Region Hjortspring Indonesia Hochdorf Indrapura Hod Hill Ingaladdi Hohenasperg Ingombe Ilede Hohlenstein-Stadel Intihuasi Cave Hohmichele, The Inyanga Hokuriku Iol Holy Cross Mountains Homolka Isbister Honam Ischia Hong Kong Isernia Hongshan Isfahan Horgen Ishango Horsham Isimila Hoshino Isin Hou-kang Isle Royale Hou-ma Istállóskö Hoxne Isturitz Hoëdic Itazuke Huaca La Florida Iwajuku Iwo Eleru Huacaloma Iximché Huai Yai Huari Izmir Huaricoto Jabrud Huashan Jaguar Cave Huelva Jaina Hunamni Jam Huon Peninsula Jamestown Hureidah Janislawice Hushu Jankovich Huánuco Pampa Hvar Jarrow Iblis, Tal-i Jaszdozsa Iceland Java List of Topics lxxi

Jebel et Tomat Kaminaljuyú Kamoa Jebel Moya Kampong Sungei Lang Jebel Uweinat Kandahar Jellinge Kandanda Jemdet Nasr Kaneaki Jenne-jeno Kangaroo Island Kanjera Jerusalem Kansanshi Jetis Kantarawichai Jevisovice Kanto Jhukar Kapovaya Jiangling Kapwirimbwe Jincamocco Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta Jincun Kara-Bom Jingdezhen Karako Jinniushan Karanis Jones-Miller Karanog Jordanów Karanovo Karatepe Judea Karbuna Judeidah Karim Shahir Judeirjo-daro Karkarichinkat Juodkrante Karli Juxtlahuaca Caves Karmir-blur Kökénydomb Karnak Köln-Lindenthal Karolta Königsaue Kas K2 Kasori Kabáh Kastri Kadero Kastritsa Kadesh Katoto Kadiri Katuruka Kafiavana Kaupangr Kakóvatos Kauri Point Kakanj Kausambi Kalabsha Kauthara Kawa Kalanay Kawakiu Bay Kalavasos Kawela Kalhu Kaya Kayatha Kalomo Kazanlik Kalumpang Kechi Beg Kalundu Kehe Kamabai Keilor Kamares Cave Kellia Kamegaoka Kemet Kamennaya Mogila Kenniff Cave Kamid al Loz, Tell Kent's Cavern Kamikuroiwa Kephala Kamilamba Kerameikós lxxii List of Topics

Kerinci Kok Charoen Kerma Kokkinopilos Kernonen Kokorevo Kesslerloch Kolomiishchina Ketrosy Kolomoki River Kolonna Khafajah Kom Abu Billo Khami Kom el-Hisn Kharga Oasis Kom Ombo Kheit Qasim Kommos Kher Khirbet al-Mafjar Koolan 2 Khirbet Kerak Koonalda Khirokitia Koongine Khok Charoen Kootwijk Khok Phanom Di Koptos Khor Musa Korakou Khorat Korman' IV Khorramabad Korolevo Khorsabad Korpach Khotylevo Korucu Tepe Khryashchi Kosipe Khuan Lukpad Kostenki Kietrz Koster Kiev Kostolac Kiik Koba Koszider Kili Ghul Mohammed Kilu Kota Batu Kilwa Kota Tampan Kimhae Kinai Kouklia-Palaepaphos King's Lynn Koumbi Saleh Kinki Kourion Kirillovskaya Kouroukorokale Kisapostag Kow Swamp Kisese Krak des Chevaliers Kish Kraków-Spadzista Kiskevély Kraków-Zwierzyniec Kissonerga-Mosphilia Cave Kissonerga-Mylouthkia Krasnyj Yar Kition Krefeld-Gellep Kivik Kremlin Klasies River Mouth Krems Klein Aspergle Kromdraai Klepsydra Krzemionki Kniegrotte Ku Bua Kültepe Kuala Selinsing Knossos Kudaro Knowth Kufa Ko Kho Kao Kufr Nigm Kobystan Kuk Kodak Kukuba List of Topics lxxiii

Kulichivka Lake Mungo Kulna Cave Lake Ngaroto pa Kulp'o-ri Lake Nitchie Kulupuari Lake Sentani Kulèn Lalibela Kumadzulo Lalla Kumbi Kumtepe Lamoka Culture Lancefield Kurgus Langmannersdorf Kurru, El- Lantian Kush Laodicea Kutei Lara Jonggrang Kutikina Larisa Kwale Larsa Käpää Las Bocas L'Anse-Amour Las Haldas L'Anse aux Meadows Lödöse Lashkari Bazar La Adam Cave Lasithi La Chapelle Laterza La Chaussée-Tirancourt Laugerie-Haute La Cotte de Saint-Brelade Lauicocha Caves Lauricocha La Florida Laurion La Galgada Laussel La Gorge-Meillet Lavo La Madeleine Lazaret Lchashen La Micoque Le Lazaret Le Mas d'Azil La Riera La Tène Le Placard La Vache Le Tillet La Venta Le Vallonet La Victoria Leang Burung Laang Spean Leang Tuwo Mane'e Labastide Lefkandi Lachish Leg Piekarski Laem Pho Lehringen Laetoli Leilan, Tell Laga Oda Lejre Lagash Leki Male Lagoa Santa Caves Lelang Lagozza Lemba-Lakkous Lahun, el- Leopard's Kopje Lake Arumpo Leopards Hill Lake Besaka Lake Condah Leptis Magna Lake George Lake Hauroko burial Lake Mangakaware pa Les Eyzies lxxiv List of Topics

Les Fouaillages Lyles Hill Les Furtins Lyngby Lespugue Lébous Let Maa-Palaekastro Leubingen Maadi Levant Maba Levanzo Machalilla Levkas Lhokseumawe Mad'arovce Liang-chu Madagascar Lifan Madai Caves Lime Springs Maes Howe Lincoln Maeva Lindenmeier Magdalenska Gora Lindholme Hoje Maghzalia, Tell Lindisfarne Magna Graecia Lindner Site, Nauwalabila Mahaiatea Lipari Mahdiya Lisht, el- Maheshwar Lithic Scatter Maiden Castle Little Salt Spring Maikop Little Woodbury Mailhac Liulige Mailu Liyu Mainz Ljubljanko Blat Majiabang Locality Majiayao Locus Majninskaya Loddekopinge Makaha Valley London Longmen Makarovo Lopburi Makwe Los Millares Mal'ta Lothagam Malakunanja 2 Malambo Lou Island Malangangerr Lough Gur Malatya Loulan Malaya Sya Lovcicky Mali Lowasera Malian Lower Egypt Maliq Lower Nubia Malkata Loyang Mallia Lubaantun Lucania Malthi Luka Vrublevetskaya Malwa Lukenya Hill Mamutowa Lumbini Man-ch'eng Luni Manching Luristan Manda Luxor Mandu Mandu Creek Lydenburg Mapungubwe List of Topics lxxv

Marajó Island, Marajoara Meiendorf Marathon Meir Marca Huamachuco Mejiro Mardikh, Tell Melanesia Mari Melka Kontoure Marianas Islands Melkhoutboom Marib Melos Mariupol Meluhha Markleeberg Memphis Marlik Tepe Menelaion, The Maroni-Vournes Mercia Marquesas Islands Merida Marrakesh Merimde Beni Salama Marsa Matruh Meroe Marseilles Martin's Hundred Mesa Verde Marzabotto Mesara Masada Maskhutah, Tell el- Maszycka Cave Metaponto Matacapan Metsamor Matarrubilla Mezhirich Matenbek Mezin Matenkupkum Mi-so'n Matera Miao-ti-kou Matola Matupi Middle Awash Mauern Middle Egypt Mauna Kea Middleburg Maungaroa Valley Mikhajlovka Maupiti Burial Site Mikulcice Mawangdui Milan Maxton Milavce Mayapán Milazzo Mayor Island Mildenhall Maysar Miletus Meadowcroft Millares, Los Meare Mina Perdida Mecca Minatogawa Mechta-el-Arbi Mindelheim Medamud Minshat Abu Omar Medemblik Minusinsk Basin Medicine Lodge Creek Mirgissa Miriwun Medina Medinet Habu Mitla Medinet Maadi Mlu Prei Medvednjak Münsingen-Rain Megiddo Mo'alla, el- Mehi Mochlos Moesia Meidum Mohenjo-Daro lxxvi List of Topics

Mojeque Mwanganda Mojokerto Mokrin Mycenae Molfetta Mylasa Molodova Myrina Momil Myrtos Mongch'on Myrtou-Pigadhes Monitor Valley Nabta Playa Monreale Cathedral Nag El-Deir Mont Bégo Nagyrév Mont Lassois Nahal Mishmar Montagu Cave Nahal Oren Montbolo, Balma de Naj Tunich Monte Albán Nakamine Monte Circeo Nakbe Monte Verde Nakhon Pathom Monteoru Nakhon Si Thammarat Montespan Nal Monticello Namazga-Depe Moose Mountain Nan Madol Mootwingee Nana Mode Moshebi's Shelter Napata Mossgiel Naples Motupore Naqada Motya Narce Moundville Narosura Mount Narva Mount Carmel Nasbeh, Tell En- Mount Do Nasera Mount Sandel Nasik Mount William Natal Early Iron Age Msecké Zehrovice Natsushima Mu Naukratis Mu'a Navan Muang Fa Daet Navdatoli Muang Sima Naxos, Mucking Naxos, Sicily Mud Glyph Cave Nderit Drift Muge Ndondondwane Mullerup Nea Nikomedeia Mumba-Höhle Nebo Necker Island Nelson Bay Munhata Nemi, Lake Munyama Cave Nenumbo Muqdam, Tell el- Nevali Cori Nevasa Musang Cave New Britain Musawwarat es-Sufra Muselievo New Guinea Mushroom Rock New Guinea Highlands Musingen List of Topics lxxvii

Newgrange Nydam Newstead Oakhurst Nezwiska Oaxaca Ngamuriak Oblazowa Ngandong Obre Ngilipitji Oc-Eo Nhunguza Ocsöd-Kovashalom Niah Odmut Niaux Oelknitz Nichoria Oenpelli Shelters Nietoperzowa Cave Off-Site Area Nihewan Offa's Dyke Nile Ofnet Nimes Ohaba-Ponor Okvik Old Crow Oldbury Nippur Olduvai Nishapur Oleneostrovski Mogilnik Nishiyagi Nissan Island Nitovikla Olsen-Chubbuck Nitra Olszanica Nitriansky Hrádok Olympia Njoro River Cave Olynthus Nkope Omari, el- Nkudzi Omo Noailles Omori Nogliki I Ondratice Noin Ula Ongbah Cave Noirmoutier Onion Portage Nombe Open Site Non Chai Oplontis Non Dua Non Nok Tha Orange Non Pa Wai Orangia Nora Orchestra Shell Cave Norsuntepe Orchomenos Northumbria Ordos Novgorod Orissa Novo Mesto Orongo Novye Ruseshty Oronsay Nové Kosariská Osa Nové Mesto Osan-ri Noyen-Sur-Seine Oslonki Ntereso Ostia Nubia Ostrów Lednicki Numantia Otakanini Nunamira Cave Otzaki Nuri Oueli Nus-i Jan Ovcharovo Nuzi Oxyrhynchus lxxviii List of Topics

Oyu Peninj Ozette Pacariqtambo Perachora Pacatnamú Pergamum Periam Pachamachay Peristeria Pacheco Persepolis Padah Lin Peschiera Padina Petersfels Padre Island Petit-Chasseur, Sion Paestum Petra Pagan Petralona Paglicci Petén Pair-non-Par Peu Richard Palaikastro Phaistos Palanga Phalaborwa Palatine Pharos Palau Islands Philae Palegawra Philia Palenque Philippi Palermo Palliser Bay Phimai Palmela Phu Lon Phu Wiang Pampa Grande Phung-Nguyen Pan-p'o-ts'un Phylakopi Panlongcheng Pianello Pannonia Piedras Negras Pantalica Piestina Pantelleria Pikillacta Paracas Cave Parmana Piklihal Paroong Cave Pincevent Parpalló Cave Piraeus Parthenon Pirak Pasargadae Pitcairn Island Pasemah Plateau Pithekoussai Paso Plain of Jars Passo di Corvo Playa Hermosa Passy-sur-Yonne Plocnik Patna Plussulien Pazyryk Po Nagar Pech de l'Azé Pod Hradem Polada Pecica Polesini Pecos, New Mexico Poliochni Pedra Furada Polivanov Yar Pefkakia Poljanica Peiligang Polonnaruwa Pejeng Polynesia Pekárna Pomongwe Pella List of Topics lxxix

Pong Tuk Qermez Dere Pont du Gard Qilakitsoq Pontian Qingliangang Pontnewydd Cave Qishan Port Arthur Quanterness Port aux Choix Quanzhou Port Essington Quechua Portchester Quentovic Porticello Quetta Postoloprty Quiani Potocka Cave Quinzano Poverty Point Quiriguá Poznan Quishqui Puncu Praia das Macas Qujialing Prambanan Qumran Preah Vihear Qurum Predionica Quyn-van Predmostí Quéroy Prezletice Rachmani Priene Radomyshl Prolom II Rahman Dehri Pu'uhonua Rajagrha Puamau Valley Rajghat Pucara Ramesseum Puducun Rana Ghundai Rancho La Brea Puerto Hormiga Ranis Cave Pujo Ranjpur Pulumelei Rano Raraku Punapau Raqqa Punt Ras al-Amiya Puntutjarpa Ravenna Puritjarra Real Alto Pusan Recorded Site Pushkari I Recuay Puskaporos Red Hills Puuc Redcliff Puyo Reichenau Pyla-Kokkinokremos Reingraberfeld Pylos Remedello Sotto Qafzeh Remojadas Qairawan Repolust Cave Qal'a of the Banu Hammad Repton Qal'at Sharqat Republic Groves Qala'at al Bahrain Rhapta Qaluyu Rhodes Qandahar Richborough Qantir Richey-Roberts Clovis Cache Qasr al-Hayr East Rikhta Qasr es-Sagha Rillaton Qasr Ibrim Rim Qatna Rimini lxxx List of Topics

Rinaldone Salzofen Cave Ringkloster Samaria Rio Claro Samarkand Rio Seco Samarra Riparo de Romito, Papasidero Sambor Prei Kuk Riparo Tagliente Sambungmachan Ripiceni-Izvor Ripoli Samos Rivoli Sampung Roaix Samrong Sen Robberg Samuilitsa II Roc de Sers San'yo Rocky Cape San Agustín Romanelli San José Mogote Rome, Ancient San Lorenzo Roonka San Vicnezo al Volturno Rop Sanchi Roquepertuse Sandalja I Roskilde Rouffignac Sanga Routsi Sangiran Royal Cemetery Sankisa Rozhok I Santa Catalina de Ruanga Santa Isabel Iztapán Rudna Glava Santa Lucia Runnymede Santubong Rupar Saoura Ruse Sapalli-Depe Rzuczewo Saqqara Sa-Huynh Sarab, Tepe Sabatinovka Sardis Sabratha Sarmizegethusa Sabz, Tepe Sarnate Saccopastore Sacsahuamán Sarnowo Sagvar Sarup Sagvardzhile Satingpra Sahel Satruper Moor Sai Saugus Iron Works Sai Yok Sawwan, Tell es- Saint-Blaise Saint-Césaire Schela Saint-Michel-du-Touch Schroda Sais Scoglio del Tonno Sakazhia Seacow Valley Sakcagozu Sealand Salamis, Cyprus Sechín Alto Salamis, Greece Sedeinga Salcuta Segesta Saliagos Segovia Salinas La Blanca Sehonghong Salzgitter-Lebenstedt Seibal List of Topics lxxxi

Selevac Sinda Selinunte Sinjerli Sembiran Semibratny Sipán Semna Sirikwa Holes Sempukuji Sisupalgarh Senftenberg Sitagroi Sepulcros de Fosa Site Serabit el-Khadim Site Locality Sered'-Macanské vrsky Sitio Conte Seriña, Serinya Sittard Serpent Mound Siwa Oasis Serra d'Alto Serraferlicchio Skateholm Sesebi-Sudla Skorba Setouchi Slupia Stara Shaar ha-Golan Shaft Grave Circles A and B Smyrna Shahdad Snaketown Shahi Tump Snettisham Shahr-i Qumis Sobiejuchy Shahr-i Sokhta Society Islands Sham Wan Sohar Shangcunling Sokchang-ri Shanidar Soleb Shaqadud Solo Shechem Solomon Islands Shih-chai-shan Levels Shindo Somme Bionne Shirataki Sondershausen Shiyu Songguk-ri Shortugai Songon Dagbe Showlow Sopron Shriver Soroki Shuidonggou Sotira-Teppes Shuruppak Soufli Si Satchanalai Sounion Sialk, Tepe South Cadbury Siassi Islands Southampton Sibri Southern Highveld Settlements Sicily Sozudai Sidi Abd er Rahman Sparta Sidon Speos Artemidos Sigatoka Spiennes Signal Butte Spina Silbury Hill Silchester Spiro Silk Route Spissky Stvrtov Silver Leaves Split Sinai Spy Sinan Srikshetra lxxxii List of Topics

St. Albans Syuren' I St. Ninian's Isle Szakalhát-Lebo group Stanca Ripiceni Cave Szegar-Tuzkoves Stanegate Szeleta Cave Stanwick Szelim Tószeg Staraja Ladoga Starcevo Tabun Staroselje Staré Hradisko Tagalagal Staré Mesto Tagua-Tagua Steinheim Taima-Taima Stellmoor Taipivai Stentinello Takamatsuzuka Sticna Takht-i-Sulaiman Stillbay Talasea Talgai Stradonice Tall al-Ahmar Strashnaya Cave Tamar Hat Strelice Tamaulipas Strettweg Tamaya Mellet Stránská Skála Sturts Meadows Tambo Viejo Subalyuk Tamworth Suberde Tanagra Succase Tanis Sugu Tanum Sukhaya Mechetka Taperinha Sukhothai Taputapuatea Tara Sulphur Spring Taranto Tardiguet Sumer Tarentum Sundaland Tarquinia Sungir Tarragona Sunium Tarsus Sur Jangal Tartanga Surkh Kotal Tartaria Susa Tartessos Susuya Taruga Sutkagen Dor Tarxien Suvarnabhumi Tassili n'Ajjer Suzuki Tata Sventoji I Taung Swanscombe; Barnfield Pit Tautavel Taya, Tell Swidry Tayma Sybaris Te Awanga Syracuse Tehuacán Valley List of Topics lxxxiii

Tekkalakota Tiryns Telarmachay Tito Bustillo Teleilat Ghassul Tivoli Telloh Tlapacoya Tembeling Temet To'aga Temnata Cave Toca de Esperança Tenayuca Tocra Tenochtitlán Toftum Teotihuacán Togolok Tepexpan Togueres Cave Tohoku Ternifine Tokai Terra Amata Tolbaga Tesetice-Kyjovice Toldos, Los Teshik Tash Tomskaya Teufelsbrücke Tonga Teyjat Tongsamdong Toolondo Thapsos Toprakkale Complex Tharros Torcello Thatcham Tordos Thaton Torihama Thebes Toro Thebes-East Bank Torralba Thebes-West Bank Torre in Pietra Thera Traprain Law Thermi Trebeniste Thessalonica Trelleborg Thetford Tres Zapotes Thinis Tressé Thorikos Trewhiddle Thrace Trialeti Trianda Tiahuanaco Trier Tianko Panjang Trinil Tibava Tripolye Tiekene-Boussoura Troldebjerg Tiemassas Trondheim Tievebulliagh Troy Trundholm Tilemsi Valley Trusesti Tilkitepe Truso Tillya-Depe Trzciniec Timmari Tsangli Timna' Tshangula Timonovka Tshikapa Timor Hills Tinkayu Tuc d'Audoubert Tintagel Tulúm Tintan Tula Tirimoana pa Tule Springs lxxxiv List of Topics

Tuna el-Gebel Valley of the Queens Turdas Vallonnet Turfan Valsequillo Tustrup Tutishcainyo Vapheio Tylissos Varna Tyre Vasílikí Tîrpesti Vatcha Téviec Vedbaek Bogebakken U-Thong Vegas Uan Muhuggiag Veii Uaxactún Venosa Ubaid Ubayama Vergina Ubeidiyah Verona Ucayali sequence Verulamium Ugarit Veselinovo Ujjain Veselé Ukhaidir Vetulonia Ulalinka Via Maris Ullastret Vicús Ulu Leang Vidra Umm an-Nar Umm Dabaghiyah Vikletice UNESCO World Heritage Site Vila Nova de Sao Pedro Upper Swan Vilcabamba Uqair, Tell Vilcas Guamán Ur Villeneuve-Tolosane Urartu Vinapu Urnes Vinca Uruk Usatovo Vindolanda Ushki Lake Vinland Ust'-Kan Cave Virú Valley Ust'-Kova Vix Utica Vladimirovka Utnur Vlasac Utqiagvik Vogelherd Uxmal Volos Vadastra Volp Caves Vahangeku'a Volterra Vailele Vorbasse Vaisali Vounous Vaito'otia Vucedol Val Camonica Vulci Valac Vyadhapura Valdivia Vénat Valea Lupului Vértesszöllös Valhöll Wadi Kubbaniya Valhager Wadi Shatt er-Rigal Valley of Oaxaca Waira-Jirca Valley of the Kings Wairau Bar List of Topics lxxxv

Waldalgesheim Yahudiyah, Tell al- Walker Road Yahya, Tepe Wallacea Yamatai Wando Yamato Warendorf Yanik Tepe Wargata Mina Yap Warka 1 Yarim Tepe 2 Wasit Yashodharapura Water Newton Yassi Ada Watling Street Yasumiba Watom Island Yaxchilán Wayland's Smithy Yaz-depe Weipa Yazilikaya Wessex Yeavering West Kennet Yeha West Stow Yengema Wharram Percy Yiewsley Whithorn Yongnam Wichqana York Wietrzychowice Yoshinogari Wilburton Yuanmou Willandra Lakes Yudinovo Willendorf Yungang Williamsburg Yurovichi Zaculeu Winchester Zagros Windmill Cave Zakro Windmill Hill Zambujal Windover Zaminets Witów Zaskal'naya Wolstenholme Towne Zawayet el-Aryan Woodhenge Zawi Chemi Shanidar Woodruff Ossuary Zazaragi Woolandale Zebbug Wroxeter Zengövárkony Wucheng Zhangjiapo Wuwei Zhengzhou Wybalenna Zhenla Wylotne Zhob Wyrie Swamp Xanten Zincirli Höyük Xemxija Ziwiyeh Xiajiadian Zlota Xiang Khouang Zürich-Utoquai Xiaotun Závist Xiasi Zvejnieki Xibeigang Xinle STRUCTURE Xinyang Xinzheng Abacus Xochicalco Abbey lxxxvi List of Topics

Abri Bouleuterion Abutment Bowl Furnace Acroteria Brauron Ad Sanctos Bridge Adit Burh Adytum Byre Aedicula Bît Hilani Aeolic Order Caldarium Agora Camp Ahu Candi Aisle Capital Aisled Hall Capstone Aisled House Caravanserai Alignment Caryatid Alleé Couverte Casemate Wall Amphiprostyle Castle Amphitheatre Catacomb Anathyrosis Causewayed Camp Andron Cavea Anta Cavetto Antis, in Cell Wall Apadana Cella Apodyterium Cenotaph Apse Aqueduct Chancel Charnel House Arcosolium Chenes Arena Chevaux de frise Ashlar Construction Chinking Atlas Chullpa Atrium Church Ball-Court Cinerarium Balneum Cippus Balustrade Circle Banteay Srei Circus Baray Cist Tomb Barbican Citadel Bark Shrine Ciudadela Barn Classic Order of Barracks Clerestory Barrel-Vault Basal Stones Cloister Basilica Closing Material Baths, Roman Collective Tomb Batter Columbarium Beehive Tomb Column Bibliotheca Comitium Blockhouse Compluvium Bloomery Composite Boat-Shaped Building Concentric Stone Circle Borobudur Contour Fort List of Topics lxxxvii

Corbel Vault Corbelling Gród Corinthian Order Grange Cornice Grubenhaüser Counterscarp Bank Course Gymnasium Half-Timbered Courtyard Hang-t'u Crenellated Header and Stretcher Crepido Heiau Cromlech Cross Section Heroon Cruciform Chamber Hexastyle Cruck Hilani Crypt Cryptoportico Hippodrome Cubiculum Hogback Tomb Cult Temple Horreum Curia House of the Dead Housesteads Curtain Wall Hunebed Hypaethral Cyst Hypocaust Dado Distyle Hypostyle Hall Dolmen Icehouse Domus de Janas Illapa Impluvium Dressed Stone Insula Dromos Dun Dyss Joint E Group Keep Kerb Echinus Keyhole Tomb Emporium Kiln Kiosk Entasis Entrance Grave Kremlin Erechtheum Krepidoma False Entrance Kuyavian Long Barrow Façade Fireplace Langi Tombs Flute Latte Flying Buttress Ledge Lesche Footing Library Fort Lintel Forum Foundation Longphort Frigidarium Lustral Basin Funerary Complex Macellum lxxxviii List of Topics

Machicolation Opus Quadratum Mama-Quilla Opus Reticulatum Mammisi Opus Sectile Mammoth-Bone House Opus Signium Mansiones Opus Tessellatum Marae Opus Testaceum Masonry Construction Opus Vermiculatum Mastaba Orchestra Mausoleum Order Me'ae Orthostat Megalith Oscillum Megaron Osirid Pillar Menhir Ossuary Migdal Temples Oven Milecastle Pa'epa'e Mill Palace Mithraeum Palaestra Moat Palafitta Moated Site Pan Bedding Moi Fort Pantheon Monastery Papyrus Column Monument Parados Monumental Architecture Paraskenia Mortuary Enclosure Parodos Mortuary House Mortuary Temple Peak Sanctuary Mosque Pedestal Motte Pediment Mound Architecture Peripteral Mshatta Peristyle Multivallate Piazza Mural tomb Pilaster Murus Gallicus Pile Dwelling Museum Pillar Mutationes Pillar Crypt Mutule Piscina Naiskos Pisé Naos Pit House Natatio Plano-Convex Brick Nave Plaster Naveta Plaza Nilometer Plinth Nuraghe Ploshchadki Nymphaeum Plunge-bath Obelisk Pnyx Oculus Podium Odeon Port-hole Slab Oecus Portal Dolmen Opisthodomos Portico Opus Caementicium Postern Opus Incertum Praetorium Opus Mixtum Primary Beam List of Topics lxxxix

Privy Sill Promontory Fort Sima Pronaos Skene Propylaeum Slab Proscenium Sleeper Beam Prostyle Prytaneion Spanish Levant Art Pseudo-isodomic Specchia Pueblo Specularia Pueblo Speos Puquio Sphinx Pylon Stadium Pyramid Stalled Cairn Pyramid Complex Stave Church Pyramidion Step Pyramid Quoin Stoa Rareca Stockade Rath Stone Circle Stucco Refectory Stupa Relieving Compartment Stylobate Reticulated Work Sudatorium Ringwork Rio Bec Susi Temple Rock-Cut Tomb Sweat Bath Rock-Temple Sweat House Roman Fort Taberna Romanesque Tablero-Talud Roomblock Tablinum Round Tower Tabular Talatat Ruin Talayot Running Joint Talud-Tablero Sacellum Tambo Saff tomb Tampu Sebbakh Tauf Secondary Beams Taula Segmented Cist Temenos Sekh Temple Septal Slab Temple Mountain Serapeum Teocalli Serdab Tepidarium Sese Terra-Cotta Seven Wonders of the World Tetrapylon Severn-Cotswold Tomb Tetrastyle Shaft-and-Chamber Tomb Theater Shaft Grave Thermae Shake Thesauros Shaped Slab Tholos Tied Shrine Timber Lacing Signaling Station Tomb xc List of Topics

Torre Age Profile Torus Molding Aggregate Analysis Trajan's Column Aging of Skeletal Material Transept Amino Acid Dating Transepted Gallery Grave Amino-Acid Racemization Treasury Analogy Tribunal Analysis Triclinium Analytical Type AP:NAP Ratio Trilithon Arbitrary Excavation Tripartite Arbitrary Level Triumphal Arch Arbitrary Sample Unit Turnpike Road Archaeofauna Turret Archaeography Tuscan Order Archaeological Conservancy Tympanum Archaeological Data Umu ti Archaeological Method Undercroft Archaeological Reconnaissance Usnu Archaeological Sequence Valley Temple Archaeological Survey Vault Archaeological Theory Veneer Archaeological Unit Archaeomagnetic Dating Vertical Slab Archaeometric Villa Archetype Vitrified Fort Architectural Unit Method Vomitorium Area -and-Daub Area Excavation Way Station Aspartic Acid Racemization Wedge-Shaped Gallery Grave Assessment Well Association Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Wickiup Attribute Wing Wall Attritional Age Profile Ziggurat Attritional Bone Profile Zimbabwe Backfill Balk Balk Excavation Method TECHNIQUE Bar Chart 3D Rendering Baseline Absolute Dating Battleship Curve Absolute Pollen Counting Beta-Ray Backscattering Accelerator Mass Spectrometric Technique Biased Sample Accession Catalog Biographical Approach Accession Number Blind Test Activation Analysis Block Approach Active Remote Sensing Block Excavation Method Actualistic Study Bone Dating Adaptive Strategy Bone Measurement Aerial Photography Bottom-Up Strategy Aerial Survey Bowsing Aerial Thermography Brain Endocast List of Topics xci

Bridging Argument Convergence Bristlecone Pine Calibration Cord-Marking Bulk Provenience Core Sampling Calendrical Age Determination Coring Calibrated C-14 Dating Correlation Calibration Cranial Capacity Carbon Isotopic Analysis Cross-Dating Carbon-14 Dating Cross-Over Immunoelectrophoresis Casual Find Cross-Sectional Trenches Catastrophic Profile Cultural Materialism Cation-Ratio Dating Cultural Processual Approach Central Place Theory Culture-Historical Approach Centrally Based Wandering Model Culturology Cephalic Index Cumulative Diagram Ceramic Analysis Cumulative Recording Ceramic Petrology Cumulative Section Characterization Damage Assessment Charcoal Identification Data Chemical Analysis Data Acquisition Chemical Anomaly Data Analysis Chemical Signature Data Cluster Chi-Square Test Data Pool Chromatography Data Processing Chronology Data Recovery Chronometric Dating Data Universe Class Dating Classification Datum Line Clearing Excavation Datum Point CLIMAP Debitage Analysis Close Deduction Closed Association Deductive Nomological Explanation Cluster Analysis Deductivism Cluster Sample Deep Sea Core Cognitive Concept of Culture Deep Space Radio Antenna Cognitive Map Dendrochronology Cognitive-Processual Approach Dendrogram Cognized Model Dependent Variable Collagen Content Desk-Based Assessment Color Chart Desktop Study Compositional Studies Destructive Technique Computer Simulation Diagnostics Computerized Axial Tomography Diatom Analysis Conjoining Differential Heat Analysis Conjunctive Approach Differential Reproduction Conservation Differentiated Data Cluster Constituent Analysis Diffusion Context Digital Elevation Model Context, Systematic Digital Imagery Contextual Seriation Direct Age Determination Contingency Table Direct Dating Control Direct Historical Analogy Control Pit Direct Historical Approach xcii List of Topics

Discard Rate Field Survey Discriminant Analysis Fieldwalking Dispersal Method Fieldwork Distance Method Fine Gridding Distance-Decay Function Fishbone Analysis Distribution Fission Track Dating DNA Analysis Floral Analysis Dog-Leash Technique Flot Dowsing Flotation Drone Fluorine Dating Dry Screening Foot Survey Eanna Sounding Formula Dating Earth Resources Technology Satellite I Formulation Echo Sounding Frequency Difference Eco-Functionalism Frequency Seriation Ecological Determinants Approach Froth Flotation Electrolysis Full-Coverage Survey Electromagnetic Spectrum Genetic Evidence Electromagnetic Surveying Genographic Project Electron Microscopy Geochemical Analysis Electron Probe Microanalysis Geochronology Electron Spin Resonance Dating Geographic Information Systems Electronic Distance Measuring Devices Geomagnetic Surveying Elevation Geophysical Prospecting Elevation Drawing Georadar Empathetic Method Georeferencing Empirical Geospatial Analysis Endocranial Cast GIS Enumerative Method Glass Layer Counting Environmental Indicator Grid Epistemology Grid Amplitude Error Factor Grid Layout Essentialism Ground Reconnaissance Ethnographic Parallel Ground Survey Evaluation Ground Truth Evolutionary Archaeology Ground-Based Remote Sensing Excavate HABS/HAER Survey Excavation Hachure Excavation Unit Hard Water Effect Experimental Hypothesis Harris Matrix Explanation Heavy Mineral Analysis F-U-N Dating High-Resolution Imagery Facial Reconstruction Histogram Factor Analysis Historiographic Approach Fall-Off Analysis Homology False Color Infrared Photography Horizontal Control Faunal Analysis Horizontal Excavation Faunal Association Horizontal Exposure Faunal Dating Horizontal Stratigraphy Field Archaeology Hydration Rim Field Notes Hypothesis Field Operations Journal Hypothesis Testing List of Topics xciii

Hypotheticodeduction Mass Spectrometer Ice Core Matrix Sorting Idealist Explanation Mean Ideational Strategy Mean Ceramic Dating Identity Mentalist Approach Implementation Mesh Included Fragments Metallographic Microscopy Independent Variable Metallurgical Analysis Index Fossil Methodology Indirect Age Determination Metrical Analysis Induced Polarization Technique Metrical Stratigraphy Induction Microcontour Survey Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry Microwave Radar Inductivism Microwear Analysis Infrared Absorption Spectrometry Middle-Range Research Infrared Linescan Midwestern Taxonomic System Infrared Photography Minimum Number of Individuals Infrastructural Determinism Mitigation Insect Analysis Mode Instrument Anomaly Model Intensive Survey Molecular Clock Interface Molluscan Analysis Interface of Destruction Monocausal Explanation Interpretation Mössbauer Spectroscopy Intuitive Sampling Multi-Dimensional Scaling Invasion Hypothesis Multiple Working Hypotheses Isolated Pit Approach Multiregional Hypothesis Isometric Drawing Multivariate Isotopic Analysis Muon Radiography Isotopic Fractionation Narrative Isotopic Replacement Nearest-Neighbor Analysis K-Ar Dating Network Analysis Lateral Excavation Neutron Activation Analysis Lead Isotope Analysis Neutron Scattering Leveling NISP Ley Line Nitrogen Dating LiDAR Nonarbitrary Sample Unit Limited-Area Reconnaissance Nonprobabilistic Sampling Linear Regression Analysis Nonrandom sampling Lipid Analysis Number of Identified Specimens Liquid Scintillation Counter Numerical Taxonomy Lithic Analysis Object Clustering Lithofacies Analysis Objectivity Locational Analysis Oblique Photograph Loss Rate Obsidian Hydration Dating Lot Number Obsidian Sourcing Magnetic Dating Off-Site Archaeology Magnetic Reversal Offset Planning Magnetic Surveying Ontology Magnetometry Open Association Management Cycle Open Excavation Mapping Open-Area Excavation xciv List of Topics

Operational Model Pollen Zone Optical Emission Spectrometry Population Estimation Optical Stimulated Luminescence Postprocessual Archaeology Organic Residue Analysis Potassium-Argon Dating OS Predictive Model Oxygen Isotope Analysis Predictive Sampling Paleoautopsy Predictive Surveying Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction Primary classification Paleomagnetism Principal Component Analysis Palynology Probabilistic Sampling Paradigm Probing Paraffin Flotation Problem Orientation Parallel Profile Drawing Particle Size Analysis Project Management Particularism Proportional Pollen Counting Passive Remote Sensing Protein Residue Analysis Paste Texture Protein Sequencing Pecos Classification Provenience Pedestaling Provenience Lot Pedestrian Survey Proxemics Penetrating Excavation Publication Periodization Quadrant Method Perspective Drawing Quadrat Sample Petrological Identification Quantitative Archaeology Petrological Microscopy Rabotage pH Analysis Radar Interferometry Phase Radioactivity Scanning Phase I Survey Radiocarbon Age Phase II Testing Phase III Data Recovery Radiography Phenomenology Radioimmunoassay Phosphate Analysis Radiometric Dating Photogrammetry Random Sampling Photography Raster Format Photomicrograph Recalibration Picking Reclamation Pie Chart Reconnaissance Pipe-Stem Dating Reconstruction Plan Drawing Recording System Plan-View Recording Unit Plant Impression Recovery Planum Recovery Theory Plaster Casting Recovery Unit Plotting Refitting PMT Regional Analysis Point Provenience Regional Survey Point-Pattern Analysis Regression Pollen Analysis Rehydroxylation Dating Pollen Core Relational Difference Pollen Dating Relational Method Pollen Diagram Relative Age Determination Pollen Influx Relative Chronology List of Topics xcv

Relative Dating Simple Data Cluster Remote Sensing Simple Random Sampling Replicability Simulation Replication Single Context Recording Rescue Project Single-Layer Plan Research Design Site Catchment Analysis Research Excavation Site Exploitation Survey Research Framework Site Formation Processes Research Proposal Site Grid Research Question Site Survey Resistivity Skeletal Analysis Resistivity Profiling Soil Analysis Resistivity Surveying Soil Geomorphology Resource-Stress Model Soil Resistivity Restoration Sonar Retting Sondage Salvage Spatial Analysis Sample Spatial Association Sample Data Acquisition Spatial Context Sample Selection, Random Spatial Difference Sample Selection, Systematic Spatial Dimension Sample Size Specific Analogy Sample Unit Specific Gravity Determination Sampling Spectrographic Analysis Sampling Element Spectrometry Sampling Fraction Spectroscopy Sampling Frame Spit Excavation Sampling Universe Stable Isotope Analysis Satellite Sensor Imagery Standard Deviation Scaled Drawing Standing Section Scanning Electron Microscopy Standing Wave Technique Scatter Diagram Statistics Scientific Method Step Trench Screening Stereoscopic Pairs Seasonality Studies Stone Boiling Secondary Classification Stratified Random Sampling Secondary Context Stratified Systematic Sampling Section Stratigraphic Association Seismic Surveying Stratigraphic Excavation Selective Excavation Stratigraphic Profile Sequence Comparison Stratigraphic Section Sequence Dating Stratigraphy Seriation Strict Random Sampling Series Strip Method Settlement Pattern Strontium Isotope Shotgun Survey Structuralist Approaches Shovel Scraping Stylistic Analysis Shovel Test Stylistic Seriation Sidescan Sonar Subassemblage Sideways-Looking Airborne Radar Subsurface Detection Sieving Surface Archaeology Signature Surface Collection xcvi List of Topics

Surface Survey Troweling Surveying Tunnel Symmetry Analysis Type Synthesis Type Series Synthetic Aperture Radar Type Site Systematic Random Sampling Typological Method Systematic Sampling Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry Systematic Settlement Survey Underwater Reconnaissance Systematic Survey Unit Systematics Unit of Analysis Systemic Context Unit of Stratification Systems Thinking Unsystematic Survey Systems-Ecological Approach Uranium Dating T-Test Uranium Test Technological Analysis Use-Wear Analysis Temporal Context Value-free interpretation Temporality Varve Dating Tephrochronology Vector Format Ternary Diagram Vertical Controls Test Excavation Vertical Excavation Test Square Vertical Exposure Theory Vertical Face Trenching Thermal Analysis Vertical Photograph Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner Warranting Argument Thermal Prospection Water Screening Thermography Wet Sieving Thermoluminescence Wet-Site Excavation Thermoremanence Wheeler Box-Grid Thermoremnant Magnetism Wheeler-Kenyon Method Thiessen Polygons X-Radiography Thin Sectioning X-Ray Diffraction Analysis Three-Dimensional Recording X-Ray Emission Time Slice X-Ray Fluorescence Time-Marker X-Ray Microscopy Time-Space Grid X-Ray Milliprobe Top-Down Strategy X-Ray Photography Total Data Acquisition XTENT Modeling Total Excavation Total System Approach TERM Trace Element Analysis Traceology Accession Tract Acculturation Trait List Accumulation Model Transect Aceramic Transect Sample Achieved Status Transmission Electron Microscopy Acquisition Tree-Ring Dating Activity Trenching Additive Technology Trend Surface Analysis Aerobic Trial Trench African Food Production Triangulation Trinomial Akh List of Topics xcvii

Allen's Rule Behavioral Processes Alliance Theory Behaviorally Modern Human Altitude Behaviorist Theory Amateur Bifurcation American Anthropological Association Biga American Antiquities Act Biodegradation American Cultural Resource Association Bioturbation American Society of Conservation Archaeologists Bipedalism Anaerobic Black Death Anatomically Modern Human Boat Burial Ancestor Worship Bog Burial Animatism Bog Sacrifice Animism Bore Sample Anthropogenic Brachycephalic Antiquarian Brewing Antiquities Act of 1906 Broad Spectrum Revolution Antiquities Trafficking Bundle Burial Appendicular Skeleton Burial Arable Burial Orientation Archaeo- Burial Population Archaeoculture Calendar Archaeological Caliph Archaeological Data Calvarium Archaeological Institute of America Candelabra Model Archaeological Layers Cannibalism Archaeological Record Cappadocian Trade Archaeological Resource Carbonization Archaeological Resource Protection Act Carrying Capacity Archaeologist Carving Archaeology Caste Archaistic Castro Articular Surface Catastrophe Theory Articulated Catchment Ascribed Status Cause Aspect Cause of Death Assemblage Centaur Assertive Style Center-Periphery Relations Association Center for American Archaeology Authority Centralization Awilum Centuriation Axial Skeleton Ceremonial Center Ayllu Charred Badge of Office Bag Wear Chief Steward Baktun Chiefdom Balk Chinampa Ball-Game Chinese Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Band Chthonic Barrio Cibola Barter Cicatrization Be Circumscription xcviii List of Topics

Citation Cultural Diffusion City-State Cultural Disturbance Process Civilization Cultural Drift Civilization Collapse Cultural Ecology Civitas Cultural Environment Clan Cultural Formation Process Climate Cultural Group Climatic Change Hypothesis Cultural Intervention Clinker-Built Cultural Layer Closed Site Cultural Processes Closed System Cultural Property Act of 1983 Coastal Mitigation Cultural Relativism Coevolution Cultural Resources Collecting Cultural Revival Collector System Cultural Selection Colonia Cultural System Comet Cultural Tradition Commandery Cultural Transformation Common-Sense Belief Cultural Transforms Communications Satellite Culture Community Culture Area Comparative Collection Culture Center Compilation Culture Change Complex Culture Complex Component Culture Core Composite Plan Culture History Compressed Stratigraphy Culture Sequence Compromise Section Curaca Concordance Line Curation Conflict Theory Cyclic Agriculture Conquest Daga Daily Log Consolidation De Vries Effects Construct Death Assemblage Contact Declination Contact Period Contamination Deity Context Deme Context, Systematic Demic Diffusion Contour Plan Dentition Convergence Deposited Assemblage Coppicing Deposition Coregency Depositional Environment Cosmology Descent Reckoning Cost-Surface Analysis Descriptive Question Council on Underwater Archaeology Design Theory Craft Specialization Deviation-Amplifying System Cranial Deviation-Counteracting System Cremation Diachronic Critical Theory Diachronic Change Cultivation Diagnostic Trait Cultural Adaptation Diaspora List of Topics xcix

Diet Eutectic Development Differential Access to Key Resources Eve Theory Differential GPS Evolution Diffusion Excarnation Dig Excavation Director Diggings Exchange Direct Acquisition Exchange System Disarticulated Exchangeability Dissociation Exogamy Distal Exploit Distribution Exploration Disturbance Extended Burial Divergence Extraction Locus Divination Extrasomatic Divine King Facies DNA Fake Documentary Evidence Fallow Period Dolichocephalic Fallowing Domestication Fast Ray Down-the-Line Trade Faunal Ecofact Duat Faunalturbation Dynasty Feature Eco-Functional Theory Feature Record Economic Specialization Feedback Economic Symbiosis Feldspar Economy Feudalism Edge Hypothesis Field School Egalitarian Society Field Supervisor Ekphora Find El Niño Find-Spot Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity Fire Elm Decline Fishing Embalming Flexed Burial Emblematic Style Flood Emic Floodwater Farming Emulation Florescence En Flot Enculturation Flux Endogamy Focus Entoptic Folk Traditions Entrepôt Folkways Environment Food-Producing Revolution Environmental Circumscription Forager Environmental Impact Assessment Forager Epicanthic Fold Foraging System Epiphysis Foramen Magnum Ethnicity Foramina Ethnocentrism Forgery Ethnographic Present Form Ethnoparallels Formal Analogy Ethnos Formal Analysis Etic Formal Context c List of Topics

Fossil Assemblage Homeostasis Fragment Homotaxial Fragmentation Horizon Full-Time Specialist Horizontal Feature Interface Function Horizontal Layer Interface Functional Attribute Horticulture Functional Typology Household Functionalism Household Cluster Funerary Cult Humanism Funerary Rites Hyoid Garrison State Iconic style Gene Idealism General Analogy Ideofunction General Evolution Ideological System General Systems Theory Ideology Genome Idiographic Geomagnetic Reversal Iliad Geomorphic Image Segmentation Globalization Independent Invention Gothic Indigenous Gradualism Indigenous Remains Graphical Information Language Industry Gravity Model Inevitable Variation Gray Literature Inference Great Tradition Infiltrated Remains Greek Fire Inhumation Habitat Intensification Habitation Site Intensive Agriculture Half-Life Interaction Sphere Handedness Interment Haplogroup International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Harris Line Management Headhunting International Council on Monuments and Sites Heavy Fraction International Space Station Heliocentrism Interpretive Archaeology Heqin Interpretive Theory Hermeneutics Interval Data Hero Cult Intramural Heuristic Intrusive Hierarchical Intuitive Map Hierarchy Inundation Higher-Order Central Place Hippodamian Planning Isochrestic Style Historic Preservation Act of 1966 Isopleth Map Historic Sites Act of 1935 Isotropic Historical Particularism Historical Record Kansai Historicity Kaolinite Hüyük Karum Hoax Katun Holism Kava Home Kill Site List of Topics ci

Kiln Site Marginal Kin Market Kin Group Marketing Kinship Marketplace Kitchen-Garden Agriculture Marxist Archaeology Kudurru Mass Production Kula ring Material Culture Laeti Materialist Theory Lake Dwelling Matri- Landnam Matrix Lateral Latifundia Mayeque Law of Cross-cutting Relationships McKellar Hypothesis Law of Evolutionary Potential Meal Law of Stratigraphical Succession Meaningful Activities Law of Superposition Means of Production Legion Megalithic Culture Leibig's Law Megalithic Yard Leptolithic Mensuration Level Mesocephalic Level Record Methodological Individualism Libation Microband Life Assemblage Microclimate Life Expectancy Middle Range Theory Life History Midwestern Taxonomic System Life Span Migration Lifeway Milpa Light Fraction Mit'a Mitmaq Lineage Mitochondrial DNA Literature Review Mixed Farming Lithostratigraphic Unit Mobile Little Tradition Modified Diffusionism Locomotion Modius Logical Positivism Moiety Long Count System Monetized Economy Longevity Monitoring Looting Monotheistic, Monotheism Lot-Locus System Monotonic Lot System Mores Low-Energy Societies Mortuary Cult Lower-Order Central Place Mortuary Priest Lugal Multistage Cluster Samples Macehual Multicomponent Macroband Multilinear Cultural Evolution Macrofamily Multiplier Effect Magnetic Multivocality Manifest Function Mummification Manor Municipium Manufacture Museum Marcellum Muskenum Marching Camp Nation-State cii List of Topics

National Association of State Archaeologists Part-Time Specialist National Historic Preservation Act Pastoralism National Register of Historic Places Patri- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act Patrilocal Natural Level Patterns of Discard Natural Secondary Context Peasant Natural Selection Pecos Conference Natural Transformations Pedogenesis Necropolis Pedoturbation Negative Feedback Peer-Polity Interaction Neo- Peer Review Pemmican Neoteny Per nefer NMR Perceived Environment Noah's Ark model Perforation Nomadic Perimortem Nomarch Period Interface Nome Persian Gulf Trade Nomothetics Petrographic Normative pH Norms Pharaoh Nubian Rescue Campaign Phase Nuclear Area Phenotype Oasis Hypothesis Occupation Span Pixel Off-Site Data Platform Burial Offertory Pluralism Open Field System Pluvial Open System Pochteca Opening of the Mouth Point-Plot System Oppidum Polarized Light Optical Petrography Polis Optimal Foraging Theory Polity Oral History Polygnous Oral Tradition Polythetic Organization Polythetic Definition Orientation Rule Polyvinyl Acetate Orthographic Projection Population Ossification Population Pressure Hypothesis Outlier Population, Biological Pa Population, Statistical Pagus Port of Trade Palaeoeconomy Positive Feedback Paleo- Positivism Paleodiet Postcranial Skeleton Paleoecology Postdeposition Panhellenic Postmortem Paradigmatic View Postprocessual Paradigm Parallel Evolution Pothunter Parchment Potlatch Parenchymous Organ Praenomen Paroikoi Pre-ceramic List of Topics ciii

Pre-state Society Repatriation Prefecture Reservoir Effect Presentation Residence Rule Preservation Residential Group Primary Balk Residual Primary Burial Resource-Stress Model Primary Context Retardation Primary Cremation Reuse process Prime Mover Rite of Intensification Primeval Mound Rite of Passage Primitive Valuables Ritsuryo Principal Investigator Ritual Printing Rocker Jaw Problematic Royal Titulary Process Sa Processual Paradigm Sabbakhin Processual Question Sacred Procurement Sacrifice Professional Archaeologist Sagittal Crest Prognathic Salin Styles Progress Sample Fraction Prone Sample Universe Prospect Sampling Strategy Prothesis Satellite Proximal Satrapy Proximal Shoulder Angle Saving Antiquities for Everyone Pseudo-archaeology Saxon Shore Punctuated Equilibria Scapulomancy Punic Wars Scavenging Pyrotechnology Schlepp Effect Quadrat Scientism Quid Scope of Work Radioactive Decay Scraping Radioactive Isotope Seasonality of Occupation Rancheria Seasoned Random Error Secondary Altriciality Rank Rank-Size Rule Secondary Context Ranked Society Secondary Cremation Reuse process Secondary Use Realistic Section Sedentism Reciprocity Segmentary Society Reclamation Sem Priest Redistribution Series Reduction Settlement Reference Fossil Settlement Pattern Refutationist View Settlement Site Register of Professional Archaeologists Settlement System Regular Field System Sexual Dimorphism Relational Analogy Shaman Relativism Shieling Shinto civ List of Topics

Short Count Stress Silk Structure Single Component Style Site-Formation Processes Style Zone Site Datum Stylistic Attribute Site Hierarchy Stylistic Type Site Structure Stylized Section Skeleton Subarea Slash and Burn Subassemblage Slave Subsistence Slow Ray Subsistence Economy SMR Subsistence Level Social Hypothesis Sumerian Question Social Organization Superposition Social System Superstructure Society for American Archaeology Supine Society for Historical Archaeology Surface Find Society of Professional Archaeologists Surface Site Sociocultural Evolution Sustainability Sociofact Suttee Sociofunction Suzerainty Sociotechnic Swidden Agriculture Sodality Symbolic Language Sothic Cycle Symbolism Sounding Symposium Space-Time Systematics Syncretism Spatial Autocorrelation Synostosis Specific Evolution System Speculative Period System of Communication Sphere of Exchange Tangential Spherulite Tannery Spinning Taphonomic Theory Spiral Fracture Target Event Spirit Path Target Population Split Inheritance Tawantinsuyu Spoil Pile Taxonomy Spore Technical Drawing Spot Technocomplex Stage Technofunction Staples Technological Attribute State Technology State Historical Preservation Officer Technomic Status Telehistoric site Status Differentiation Temporal Type Status, Achieved Terramara Status, Ascribed Textile Stratification Themata Stratified Society Theoretical Statement Stratigraphic Level Tightly Flexed Stratigraphic Record Tlachtli Stratigraphic Relationships Tlatoani Stratigraphic Sequence Tlatoque Street Grid Trade List of Topics cv

Trading Center Caesium Magnetometer Tradition Cesium Magnetometer Traditional Cultural Property Charge-Coupled Device Trait Compass Map Trajectory Core Borer Transformational Process Core Tool and Scraper Tradition Differential Fluxgate Gradiometer Transposed Primary Context Dosimeter Transverse Plane Dumpy Level Treasure Trove Endocast Trench Extensometer Trepanation Flexible Rule Tribal Archaeologist Fluxgate Gradiometer Tribe Fluxgate Magnetometer Trophic Levels Global Positioning System Type Gradiometer Type I Error Ground-Penetrating Radar Type II Error Instrument Map Type Site Landsat Uinal Lerici Periscope Unilinear Cultural Evolution Level United States Geologic Survey Level Bag Upward Migration Line Level Urban Revolution Magnetometer Urbanization Marshalltown Trowel Use Megger Use-Life Metal Detector Use-Related Primary Context Munsell Use-Related Secondary Context Optical Square Variable Particle Accelerator Variety Pinger Vegetational Climax Piston Corer Verification Plane Table Vernacular Planimetric Map Vicus Probe Vigesimal Mathematics Proton Gradiometer Village Proton Magnetometer Vizier Pulsed Induction Meter Wabet Ranging Pole Wardum Regional Map Warp and Weft Resistivity Meter Weathering Screen Wet-Rice Technology Seismic Reflection Profiler World System Site Inventory Form Zodiac Site Map Zone Site Plan Site Report Site Surface Survey Map TOOL Sketch Map Aerial Photographic Map Soil-Sounding Radar Alidade Soil Conductivity Meter Auger Stadia Rod Bleeper Standardized Form cvi List of Topics

Stereoscope Hominin Sub-Bottom Profiler Hominoidea Surface Map Ideal Type Theodolite Intrinsic Attribute Topographic Map K-Means Technique Total Station Kingdom Transit Misclassification Trowel Morphological Typology X-Ray Milliprobe Natural Type Nominal Scale Occipital Bun TYPOLOGY Order Arrangement Paradigmatic Classification Attribute Clustering Parameter Attribute Value Phenetic Dendrogram Autocorrelation Phylogenetic Tree Brow Ridge Phylogeny Chaining Phylum Class Polymorphism Differentiation Rule Polythetic Sets Dryopithecine Size Classification Error Rate Smithsonian Number Extrinsic Attribute Species Family Type Assemblage Genus Typology Grouping Utilitarian function How to Use This Dictionary

Spelling and Transliteration

The most consistent transliteration has been attempted from other languages, including the use of for Chinese names. The spelling that is most familiar to Western readers has been chosen, with synonyms and alternative names offered for all entries that have them.

Dating

The dictionary employs the lowercase “bc” and “bp” to indicate uncalibrated radiocarbon dates. The capital letters “AD,”“BC,” and “BP” are used for dates thought to represent “real” or calendar years, including corrected radiocarbon dates, dates derived from documentary sources, and dates derived from laboratory methods other than radiocarbon and which do not require calibration.

cvii Archaeological Abbreviations

AA American Anthropologist I Inksherds AAA American Anthropological Association int Interior AAn American Antiquity IR Investigation Reports, AAS American Antiquarian Society JAS Journal of Archaeological Science ACRA American Cultural Resources Association JFA Journal of Field Archaeology AG The American Geologist HJAA Journal for the History of Astronomy, AIA Archaeological Institute of America Archaeoastronomy AJPA American Journal of Physical Anthropology JNWA Journal of New World Archaeology AJS American Journal of Science L Length AMNH American Museum of Natural History mat’l, Material AmS American Scientist matl An Anthropologica N Nature magazine Ar Archaeology magazine N North ArcA Arctic Anthropology NAA North American Archaeologist arch Archaeology NaH Natural History, American Museum of Natural Arch Archaeometry History Arcl The Archeolog NG National Geographic AS The American Scholar no Number ASAJ ASA Journal NPSPA National Park Service Publications in beg Beginning Archaeology BLM Bureau of Land Management orig Original c., ca About prel Preliminary CAn Current Anthropology PSM Popular Science Monthly CEHP Conservation, Environment, and Historic ref Reference Preservation RPA Register of Professional Archaeologists CJA Canadian Journal of Archaeology rt Right disp Disposal S Science magazine E East S South elev Elevation SA Scientific American magazine est Estimate SA State Archaeologist magazine ext Exterior SAA Society for American Archaeology fr From SCA Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology GM Geoscience and Man SEA Southeastern Archaeology GR Geographical Review sect Section GSA Geological Society of America SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer HE Human Ecology SOPA Society of Professional Archaeologists horiz Horizontal surf Surface HSA Highway Salvage Archaeology TAPS Transactions of the American Philosophical ht Height Society

cix cx Archaeological Abbreviations

USGS U.S. Geological Survey vert Vertical W West W Width WA World Archaeology About the Author

Barbara Ann Kipfer is a lexicographer, author, and archaeologist. Barbara holds doctorates in Archaeology, Linguistics, and Buddhist studies. She is the author of 14,000 Things to Be Happy About (with 1.5 million copies in print) and 80 other books including thesauri, reference books, spiritually themed books, and list books. Her websites are referencewordsmith.com and thingstobehappyabout.com.

cxi