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BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1915 SCARABS AND CYLINDERS WITH NAMES ILLUSTRATED BY THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTION IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON BY W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE HON. D.C.L., LL.D., L1TT.D.. F.R.S., F.B.A., HON. F.S.A. (SCOT.), A.R.I.B.A. MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTHERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PIIILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY BDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON LONDON SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C. AND CONSTABLE (G CO. LTD., 10 ORANGE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE AND BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 GRAFTON STREET, NEW BOND STREET '917 PRINTED BY =*=ELL, WATSON AND VINEY, L~., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT GENERAL COMMITTEE (*Bxecutiz~z ibfenibsus) Hon. JOHN ABERCROMBY Prof. PERCYGARDNCR *J. G. MILNE WALTERRALLY Rt. Hon. Sir G. T. GOLDIE KOBERTMOND HENRYBALFOUR Prof. GOWLAND Prof. MONTAGUE Rev. Dr. T. G. BONNEY Mrs. J. R. GREEN WALTERMORRISON Prof. R. C. BOSANQUET Rt. Hon. F.-M. LORDGRENFELL *Miss M. A. MURRAY Rt. Hon. VISCOIJNT BRYCEOF Mrs. F. LL. GRIFFITH Prof. P. E. NEWBERRY DECHMONT Dr. A. C. HADDON His Grace the DUKE OF Dr. R. M. BURROWS Dr. JESSE HAWORTH NORTHUMBERLAND. "Prof. J. B. BURY(Cliairr~~an) Rev. Dr. A. C. HEADLAM F. W. PERCIVAL *SOMERSCLARKE D. G. HOGARTH Dr. PINCHES EowARn CLODD Sir H. H. HOWORTH Dr. G. W. PROTHERO Prof. BOYDDAWKINS Baron A. YON HWGEL Dr. G. REISNER Prof. Sir S. DILL Dr. A. S. HUNT Sir W. RICHMOND *Miss ECKENSTEIN Mrs. C. H. W. JOHNS Prof. F. W. RIDS~~\Y\Y Dr. GREGORYFOSTER Prof. MACALISTER Mrs. STRONG Sir JAMESFRAZER Dr. K. W. MACAN Lady TIRARD "Dr. ALANGARDENER Rev. Prof. MAIIAFFY E. TOWRYWHYTE *Prof. ERNESTGARDNER Sir HENRYMIERS Ho?zorary Treasurer-*H. SEFTON-JONES Horrorary Director-Prof. FLINDERSPETRIE Honorary Secretaries-Mrs. I~ILDAPETRIE and PERCIVALHART Bnltkers-THE ANGLO-EGYPTIANBANK. Though last winter the war hindered the continuance of excavations, it is hoped they will be resumed, so soon as the position is more settled, with assistants who are not required in Government service. Meanwhile the volumes for 1914on Lahun and Harageh are delayed by various causes; and, in lieu of the usual volumes on excavation for 1915, subscribers here receive a work on the scarabs in University College, with over 2,000 illustrations of object. bearing royal and private names. The accounts of the British School are audited by a Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer: H. SEFTON-JONES. ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL IN EGYPT, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GQWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER V SECT. P>\GE THE OLD ICINGDOM, PLS. VIII-XI I. I Scope of the volume . SECT z. Extent of the subject . I 24. The first four dynasties. 25. The vth dynasty . CHAPTER I 26. The vith dynasty . RELIGIOUS ASPECT OF TIIE SCARAB 27. The viith-ixth dynasties . 28. Hardstone scarabs, xth and xith . 3. Veneration for the beetle . 2 . 29. 4. Ideas connected with it. 2 The xith dynasty . 5. The use of the scarab . 2 6. Literary references to it . 3 CHAPTER V1 7. Amulet and seal . 3 THE EARLIEST AGE OF SCARABS CHAPTER I1 30. Little proof of re-issues . 31. Characteristics of periods , THE VARIETIES OF SCARABS 32. The Antec V group . 8. Varieties of treatment . 4 33. The Ka-nefev-zrak group . 9. Five genera copied . 5 34. Fixtures between xtll-vith dynasties . 10. Classification of backs . 5 35. The Unas group . I I. Kange of types . 5 36. The vth-iiird dynasty group . 12. Range of small details . 6 37. Summary . 13. Locality of smooth backs . 6 14. System of using the types . 7 CHAPTER V11 THE MIDDLE ICINGDOM CHAPTER 111 38. Rise of thc xiith dynasty TIIE MAKING OF SCARABS 39. Ke-issue of Senu~ertI1 I . 8 Glazing. 40. I'rivate scarabs, scrolls . S Stones used . 41. Ur res iizuba title . 8 Glass and paste . qz. Maot Rhtru, etc. Cutting soft materials . 43. Notes on peculiar scarabs History of wheel cutting . 44. Private scarabs, borderless History of point graving . 45. Dating of private scarabs 46. The xiiith dynasty . CHAPTER IV 47. The xivth dynasty . THE EARLY CYLINDERS, PLS. I-V11 48. Doubtful names . A corpus provided here . , 10 49. The xvth dynasty, Hyksos Classes of types . a .. , 10 50. The xvith dynasty, FIyksos Primitive concept of writing . 10 51. The xviith dynasty . v CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII I CHAPTER IX THE NEW KINGDOM ETHIOPIANS AND SAITES SECT. SXCT. PAGE 52. The early xviiith dynasty . 63. Early xxvth dynasty . 31 53. Hotshepsut and Tehutmes I11 . 64. Vassal kings 54. Amenhetep I1 and Tehntmes IV . 3' 55. Amenhetep 111 . 65. Later xxvth dynasty . 32 56. The Aten episode. 66. Rise of the Saites . 32 57. Sety I and Ramessu 11. 58. The close of the xixth dynasty . 67. The xxvith dynasty , . 32 59. The xxth dynasty. 68. The Persian age , 33 60. Heart scarabs . 69. Close of the scarab . 33 61. The xxist dynasty . 62. The xxiind dynasty . 70. Greeks and Romans . 33 User-maot-ra kings 71. Late private scarabs and seals . 33 CONTENTSOF PLATES, List of Kings, and Census of Scarabs . SUMMARYof muscums and of dynasties . INDEX TO TEXT. INDEXOF PRIVATE NAMES (lithographed). INDEXOF TITLES (lithographed). I-LVIII. PLATESOF SCARABS, and pages of CATALOGUE. LIX-LXXIII. PLATESOF BACKS OF SCARABS. ERRATA IN PLATES. xix, 4th line: I to be under 1st of Queen Ana. xxxvi, 6th line: Names of the Aten begin at 45. liv, 3rd line: 13 to be I ; I to be 2 ; 2 to be 3, 4; 4 to be 5 ; 5 to be 6. The British School of Archaeology in Egypt has been making a collection for a war fund since 1914. We undertook to raise L1,ooo for the Officers' Families Fund, and achieved this in about a year. We are now collecting entirely for the Scottish Women's Hospitals, to maintain Dr. Elsie Inglis' two Field Hospitals, which are serving the Serbian division of the Russian army in Rumania, and are greatly valued by our allies (Hon. Sec. S. W. H., London Units, Hilda Flinders Petrie). It is hoped that all subscribers will help to make this the special War Work of our organisation. We have no hesitation in continuing to receive usual subscriptions to the School, as such are invested in War Loan, and thus pass into the National Savings for the present. Our students are now all serving their country, but when that sad duty is passed, they will again turn to the School to support their researches. Meanwhile our supporters, by their subscriptions, ensure getting the volumes of this catalogue, which will be continued for the years of the War. The volumes are :- Amulets (previously issued by Constable). Scarabs, for 1915. Tools and Weapons, for 1916. Funeral Statuettes (Shabtis) for 1911. Weights and Measures } Following volumes will be on Ornaments and Toilet Objects ; Stone and Metal Vases; Scarabs with designs and Button Seals ; Prehistoric Egypt; Games and Writing Materials; Glass and Glazes (in colours); Beads (in colours) ; and ten or twelve other subjects. At a time when all our energies are required for our defence, it is needful to state the conditions under which any historical work is produced. At the beginning of the war the writer of this volume offered to resign University position until peace, but was officially instructed to retain it; and the most direct duty of such position is the present catalogue of College collections. His offer also, in two official enquiries, to take the work of other men in public service, has been refused. The printing of this volume has been left to be produced entirely as deferred work, only taken up to level the output of the printers and plate-makers ; thus equalising the conditions of labour, without employing more workers than are otherwise needed. The splendid early volunteering of over 250 men from the firm of printers, shows that they do not hesitate at complying with the national requirements. Great delays in printing have necessarily occurred, and it is doubtful if volumes beyond this, and that on Tools, can be issued till after the war. SYSTEM OF THE CATALOGUE The current description of the plates, and discussion of the materials. The HISTORICAL Index, and general census of scarabs in the principal collections. The TEXT Index. The PRIVATE NAMES Index (lithograph). The TITLES INDEX (lithograph). The CATALOGUE plates and description of all early cylinders accessible, and of all scarabs with names in University College. The TYPES OF BACKS of scarabs. The order of the scarabs under each king is (I) Falcon name; (2) Nebti name ; (3) Hor-nubti name; (4) Throne name with phrases, or with titles, or plain, proceeding from the longest to the simplest ; (5) Personal name in similar order. Other objects with names follow after the scarabs under each person. Private scarabs, etc., are placed as nearly as may be in their historic position. Heart scarabs are all together between the xxth and xxist dynasties. The system of numbering is not continuous throughout, as that does not indicate the period at sight. Each object has the number of the dynasty, the king, and of the object under that king. Thus 18.6.23 is the xviiith dynasty, 6th king cTehutmes III), and his ~3rdscarab. The drawings of scarabs outside of this collection are only inserted to cornplete the series, and are not numbered or catalogued. The colour stated is the original colour wherever any part of it can be found, regardless of the general change in such cases.
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  • Ancient Egyptian Seals and Scarabs

    Ancient Egyptian Seals and Scarabs

    Ancient Egyptian Seals and Scarabs Amelia Carolina Sparavigna 2009, Torino, Italy 1 Amelia Carolina Sparavigna is assistant professor from 1993 at the Polytechnic of Torino, Italy. She gained her Bachelor Degree in Physics from the University of Torino in 1982, and the Doctoral Degree in 1990. She is co-author of more than 80 publications on international journals. Her research activity is on subjects of the condensed matter physics, in particular the thermal and charge transport in solids and in polymeric networks. She has a passion for archaeology. Editore: Lulu.com Copyright: © 2009 A.C.Sparavigna, Standard Copyright License Lingua: English Paese: Italia 2 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE ANCIENT SEALS THE SHAPES OF EGYPTIAN SEALS TYPES OF SCARABS MATERIALS FOR SEALS THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEALS RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF SCARABS ARTS IN SCARABS ICONS ON SEALS THE "DJED" THE URAEUS AND THE EYE OF HORUS SPHINXES AND FANTASTIC ANIMALS SCARABS OF THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (HYKSOS SCARABS) SYMMETRIES ON SEALS ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY SCARABS AND SYMMETRIES References Conventional Egyptian Chronology 4 5 INTRODUCTION "... Queen Tera had power to compel the Gods. This, by the way, was not an isolated belief in Egyptian history; but was different in its cause. She had engraved on a ruby, carved like a scarab, and having seven stars of seven points, Master Words to compel all the Gods, both of the Upper and the Under Worlds." This is the description of "The Jewel of the Seven Star", the Scarab seal which appears in the homonymous novel, by Bram Stoker, 1903. The story is about an archaeologist's plot to revive Queen Tera, an ancient Egyptian mummy.