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Mesopotamia Timeline
Mesopotamia Timeline 5000 BC - The Sumer form the first towns and cities. They use irrigation to farm large areas of land. 4000 BC - The Sumer establish powerful city-states building large ziggurats at the center of their cities as temples to their gods. 3500 BC - Much of lower Mesopotamia is inhabited by numerous Sumer city-states such as Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Kish, Lagash, and Nippur. 3300 BC - The Sumerians invent the first writing. They use pictures for words and inscribe them on clay tablets. 3200 BC - The Sumerians begin to use the wheel on vehicles. 3000 BC - The Sumerians start to implement mathematics using a number system with the base 60. 2700 BC - The famous Sumerian King Gilgamesh rules the city-state of Ur. 2400 BC - The Sumerian language is replaced by the Akkadian language as the primary spoken language in Mesopotamia. 2330 BC - Sargon I of the Akkadians conquers most of the Sumerian city states and creates the world's first empire, the Akkadian Empire. 2250 BC - King Naram-Sin of the Akkadians expands the empire to its largest state. He will rule for 50 years. 2100 BC - After the Akkadian Empire crumbles, the Sumerians once again gain power. The city of Ur is rebuilt. 1900 BC - The Assyrians rise to power in northern Mesopotamia. 1792 BC - Hammurabi becomes king of Babylon. He establishes the Code of Hammurabi and Babylon soon takes over much of Mesopotamia. 1781 BC - King Shamshi-Adad of the Assyrians dies. The First Assyrian Empire is soon taken over by the Babylonians. 1750 BC - Hammurabi dies and the First Babylonian Empire begins to fall apart. -
2210 Bc 2200 Bc 2190 Bc 2180 Bc 2170 Bc 2160 Bc 2150 Bc 2140 Bc 2130 Bc 2120 Bc 2110 Bc 2100 Bc 2090 Bc
2210 BC 2200 BC 2190 BC 2180 BC 2170 BC 2160 BC 2150 BC 2140 BC 2130 BC 2120 BC 2110 BC 2100 BC 2090 BC Fertile Crescent Igigi (2) Ur-Nammu Shulgi 2192-2190BC Dudu (20) Shar-kali-sharri Shu-Turul (14) 3rd Kingdom of 2112-2095BC (17) 2094-2047BC (47) 2189-2169BC 2217-2193BC (24) 2168-2154BC Ur 2112-2004BC Kingdom Of Akkad 2234-2154BC ( ) (2) Nanijum, Imi, Elulu Imta (3) 2117-2115BC 2190-2189BC (1) Ibranum (1) 2180-2177BC Inimabakesh (5) Ibate (3) Kurum (1) 2127-2124BC 2113-2112BC Inkishu (6) Shulme (6) 2153-2148BC Iarlagab (15) 2121-2120BC Puzur-Sin (7) Iarlaganda ( )(7) Kingdom Of Gutium 2177-2171BC 2165-2159BC 2142-2127BC 2110-2103BC 2103-2096BC (7) 2096-2089BC 2180-2089BC Nikillagah (6) Elulumesh (5) Igeshaush (6) 2171-2165BC 2159-2153BC 2148-2142BC Iarlagash (3) Irarum (2) Hablum (2) 2124-2121BC 2115-2113BC 2112-2110BC ( ) (3) Cainan 2610-2150BC (460 years) 2120-2117BC Shelah 2480-2047BC (403 years) Eber 2450-2020BC (430 years) Peleg 2416-2177BC (209 years) Reu 2386-2147BC (207 years) Serug 2354-2124BC (200 years) Nahor 2324-2176BC (199 years) Terah 2295-2090BC (205 years) Abraham 2165-1990BC (175) Genesis (Moses) 1)Neferkare, 2)Neferkare Neby, Neferkamin Anu (2) 3)Djedkare Shemay, 4)Neferkare 2169-2167BC 1)Meryhathor, 2)Neferkare, 3)Wahkare Achthoes III, 4)Marykare, 5)............. (All Dates Unknown) Khendu, 5)Meryenhor, 6)Neferkamin, Kakare Ibi (4) 7)Nykare, 8)Neferkare Tereru, 2167-2163 9)Neferkahor Neferkare (2) 10TH Dynasty (90) 2130-2040BC Merenre Antyemsaf II (All Dates Unknown) 2163-2161BC 1)Meryibre Achthoes I, 2)............., 3)Neferkare, 2184-2183BC (1) 4)Meryibre Achthoes II, 5)Setut, 6)............., Menkare Nitocris Neferkauhor (1) Wadjkare Pepysonbe 7)Mery-........, 8)Shed-........, 9)............., 2183-2181BC (2) 2161-2160BC Inyotef II (-1) 2173-2169BC (4) 10)............., 11)............., 12)User...... -
The City of Aššur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview
Assurlular Dicle'den Toroslar'a Tann Assur'un Kralhg1 The Assyrians .hm11.dum uf tltc (;,,._[ l ur ltm•J T1g1l '' Trmru~ Assur Kenti ve Assur Krall1g1 Tarihine Genel Baki§ The City of Assur and the Kingdom of Assyria: Historical Overview KAREN RADN ER* Assur medeniyetinin arkeolojik ke~fi MS 19. yüz}'ll ortalannda Tb.: a1< h.tcologu:al discoven ol A•sH ra brWJn m tlat mi•ll\1'1' et·tlf1H Y \0 (L1.rsen l!l\11)) >\1 rhat ume, ba~lamt~tJr (Larsen 1996). 0 zamanlarda Osmanh imparator frcnc h nnd Ar iri~h dip1om m ;md 1racl.- eh if•galt''i sta lugu topraklarmda görev yapan Franstz ve ingiliz diplomatlar uotwrl in thc Olll man Emp1re us d theu spare llme ile ticari temsilciler bo~ zamanlannda Musul kenti ~evresinde 10 c.;xplort' tht• rq~ion .mmnd Iht> < ity ot Mosul :md ke§if gczileri yaparken; inive, Kalhu ve Dur-~arrukin'de ki tlllcU\ercd the r<:mö&ins nftht' tO):&I cilie' ol ~mt wh, k.raliyet kentlerinin k.almulanm ortaya <;tkarmt§lardL Eski K.. ll•u nml Dur-~aa rukcn. Thc• cll~ro\• ry ot a lo5t civ1 Ji?~tinu wr1h .1 ~troug Bihlir .tl comwnion com Ahit ile gü~lü bir baglantlSt olan bu kaytp medeniyetin ke~ cidcd w1th thc creation of gr ancl nun. urns in l'.urs fi, Paris ve Londra'da bir yandan halk1 egiten bir yandan ,tnd l.onrlon tlr.•I '"11~h1 to t>dtiCllll' !Iw puhlic \\lalle da imparatorluklarm dünyayt sarsan gücünü orlaya koyma simuh.m.. uush clemtHISII.tling 1h• impt:tl.tl p<mer s' Y' ama<;layan büyük müzelerin kurulmaslyla aynt zarnanda hold OH'r the wotld, and '\ss} aan galletrc 1\"de Cle ated iu holh tht Lolll~< 31111!111' lhitish l\ ln~cum . -
The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia Emerged out of the Chaos That Engulfed the Assyrian Empire After the Death of the Akka
NAME: DATE: The Neo-Babylonian Empire New Babylonia emerged out of the chaos that engulfed the Assyrian Empire after the death of the Akkadian king, Ashurbanipal. The Neo-Babylonian Empire extended across Mesopotamia. At its height, the region ruled by the Neo-Babylonian kings reached north into Anatolia, east into Persia, south into Arabia, and west into the Sinai Peninsula. It encompassed the Fertile Crescent and the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys. New Babylonia was a time of great cultural activity. Art and architecture flourished, particularly under the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, was determined to rebuild the city of Babylonia. His civil engineers built temples, processional roadways, canals, and irrigation works. Nebuchadnezzar II sought to make the city a testament not only to Babylonian greatness, but also to honor the Babylonian gods, including Marduk, chief among the gods. This cultural revival also aimed to glorify Babylonia’s ancient Mesopotamian heritage. During Assyrian rule, Akkadian language had largely been replaced by Aramaic. The Neo-Babylonians sought to revive Akkadian as well as Sumerian-Akkadian cuneiform. Though Aramaic remained common in spoken usage, Akkadian regained its status as the official language for politics and religious as well as among the arts. The Sumerian-Akkadian language, cuneiform script and artwork were resurrected, preserved, and adapted to contemporary uses. ©PBS LearningMedia, 2015 All rights reserved. Timeline of the Neo-Babylonian Empire 616 Nabopolassar unites 575 region as Neo- Ishtar Gate 561 Amel-Marduk becomes king. Babylonian Empire and Walls of 559 Nerglissar becomes king. under Babylon built. 556 Labashi-Marduk becomes king. Chaldean Dynasty. -
The Assyrian Infantry
Section 8: The Neo-Assyrians The Assyrian Infantry M8-01 The Assyrians of the first millennium BCE are called the Neo-Assyrians to distinguish them from their second-millennium forbears, the Old Assyrians who ran trading colonies in Asia Minor and the Middle Assyrians who lived during the collapse of civilization at the end of the Bronze Age. There is little evidence to suggest that any significant change of population took place in Assyria during these dark centuries. To the contrary, all historical and linguistic data point to the continuity of the Assyrian royal line and population. That is, as far as we can tell, the Neo-Assyrians were the descendants of the same folk who lived in northeast Mesopotamia in Sargon’s day, only now they were newer and scarier. They will create the largest empire and most effective army yet seen in this part of the world, their military might and aggression unmatched until the rise of the Romans. Indeed, the number of similarities between Rome and Assyria — their dependence on infantry, their ferocity in a siege, their system of dating years by the name of officials, their use of brutality to instill terror — suggests there was some sort of indirect connection between these nations, but by what avenue is impossible to say. All the same, if Rome is the father of the modern world, Assyria is its grandfather, something we should acknowledge but probably not boast about. 1 That tough spirit undoubtedly kept the Assyrians united and strong through the worst of the turmoil that roiled the Near East at the end of the second millennium BCE (1077-900 BCE). -
Assyrian Historiography and Liguistics
ASSYRIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY A SOURCE STUDY THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI STUDIES SOCIAL SCIENCE SERIES VOLUME III NUMBER 1 ASSYRIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY A Source Study By ALBERT TEN EYCK OLMSTEAD Associate Professor of Ancient History Assyrian International News Agency Books Online www.aina.org CONTENTS CHAPTER I Assyrian Historians and their Histories CHAPTER II The Beginnings of True History (Tiglath Pileser I) CHAPTER III The Development of Historical Writing (Ashur nasir apal and Shalmaneser III) CHAPTER IV Shamshi Adad and the Synchronistic History CHAPTER V Sargon and the Modern Historical Criticism CHAPTER VI Annals and Display Inscriptions (Sennacherib and Esarhaddon) CHAPTER VII Ashur bani apal and Assyrian Editing CHAPTER VIII The Babylonian Chronicle and Berossus CHAPTER I ASSYRIAN HISTORIANS AND THEIR HISTORIES To the serious student of Assyrian history, it is obvious that we cannot write that history until we have adequately discussed the sources. We must learn what these are, in other words, we must begin with a bibliography of the various documents. Then we must divide them into their various classes, for different classes of inscriptions are of varying degrees of accuracy. Finally, we must study in detail for each reign the sources, discover which of the various documents or groups of documents are the most nearly contemporaneous with the events they narrate, and on these, and on these alone, base our history of the period. To the less narrowly technical reader, the development of the historical sense in one of the earlier culture peoples has an interest all its own. The historical writings of the Assyrians form one of the most important branches of their literature. -
Kalhu/Nimrud: Cities and Eyes
Kalhu/Nimrud/CalahKalhu/Nimrud/Calah Cities and Eyes Noah Wiener Location Site Layout Patti-Hegalli Canal Chronology • Shalmaneser I 1274-1275 BCE • Assurnasirpal II 884-859 BCE • Shalmaneser III 859-824 BCE • Samsi-Adad V 824-811 BCE • Adad-nerari III (Shammuramat) 811-783 BCE • Tiglath-pileser III 745-727 BCE • Shalmaneser V 727-722 BCE • Sargon II 722-705 BCE • (Destruction of Nimrud 612 BCE) Assurnasirpal II • Moved capital to Kalhu, opening city with lavish feasts and celebration in 879 BCE. • Strongly militaristic, known for brutality. Captives built much of Kalhu. • Military campaigns through Syria made him the first Assyrian ruler in centuries to extend boundaries to the Mediterranean through the Levant Shalmaneser III •• CCoonnssttrruucctteedd NNiimmrruudd’’ss ZZiigggguurraatt aanndd FFoorrtt SShhaallmmaanneesseerr •• MMiilliittaarriissttiicc,, ‘‘ddeeffeeaatteedd’’ DDaammaassccuuss’’ aalllliiaannccee,, JJeehhuu ooff IIssrraaeell,, TTyyrree,, aanndd mmaannyy nneeiigghhbboorriinngg ssttaatteess •• RReeiiggnn eennddeedd iinn rreevvoolluuttiioonn • Samsi-Adad V– ended revolution, invaded Babylon • Adad-nerari III– Young King, siege in Damascus, during early years mother acted as regent. • (Period of decline) • Tiglath-Pileser III– Extremely successful conqueror, greatly extended Assyrian power. Built Central Palace, reformed Assyrian army and removed power of many officials. • Shalmaneser V– Heavy taxation leading to rebellion. • Sargon II– Successful ruler, moved capital from Kalhu. Archaeology • Austen Henry Layard 1817-1895 • Sir Max Edgar Lucien Mallowan 1904-1978 The Northwest Palace The Northwest Palace The Northwest Palace The Northwest Palace South West and Central Palaces Ziggurat Temples Fort Shalmaneser Fort Shalmaneser Residential Kalhu Two Types of Tomb Finds at Kalhu Finds at Kalhu Finds at Kalhu. -
2-3-1: the First Empire Builders: Objective: Students Will Trace the Development of the First Empires in Mesopotamia, Akkad and Babylon
CHAPTER 2 Section 3: Empire of the Fertile Crescent 2-3-1: The First Empire Builders: Objective: Students will trace the development of the first empires in Mesopotamia, Akkad and Babylon. Introduction 1. Who fought for control of Mesopotamia from 3000 B.C. to 2000 B.C.? *Kings from different city-states. a. What factor allowed for such invasions? *The land was flat and easy to invade. b. What would one gain from controlling the region? *More land (more land means more wealth and power). 2. Despite the many efforts, how many rulers were able to control ALL of Mesopotamia? *None there were always some parts of Mesopotamia that were independent of the empire and could not be overtaken (its hard in ancient times to control large areaswe will see these struggles throughout the year). The Akkadian Empire: 3. Which ruler took control of Mesopotamia in 2371 B.C.? *Sargon (I) of Akkad a. What was this ruler known as? *Creator of the world’s first empire. How was he able to do this (Hint: think about the definition to # 4/5, the answer is not in your book)? *He conquered the many (12+) city-states of Sumer. 4. Define empire : *group of territories and peoples brought together under one supreme ruler (in this case the Sumerians under the rule of the Akkadians). 5. Define emperor : Person who rules an empire (Sargon I of Akkad) 6. Sargon’s empire was known as the ___ Empire. *Akkadian Empire 7. Define Fertile Crescent : *region stretching from the Persian Gulf through Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean Sea a. -
“Going Native: Šamaš-Šuma-Ukīn, Assyrian King of Babylon” Iraq
IRAQ (2019) Page 1 of 22 Doi:10.1017/irq.2019.1 1 GOING NATIVE: ŠAMAŠ-ŠUMA-UKĪN, ASSYRIAN KING OF BABYLON By SHANA ZAIA1 Šamaš-šuma-ukīn is a unique case in the Neo-Assyrian Empire: he was a member of the Assyrian royal family who was installed as king of Babylonia but never of Assyria. Previous Assyrian rulers who had control over Babylonia were recognized as kings of both polities, but Šamaš-šuma-ukīn’s father, Esarhaddon, had decided to split the empire between two of his sons, giving Ashurbanipal kingship over Assyria and Šamaš-šuma-ukīn the throne of Babylonia. As a result, Šamaš-šuma-ukīn is an intriguing case-study for how political, familial, and cultural identities were constructed in texts and interacted with each other as part of royal self- presentation. This paper shows that, despite Šamaš-šuma-ukīn’s familial and cultural identity as an Assyrian, he presents himself as a quintessentially Babylonian king to a greater extent than any of his predecessors. To do so successfully, Šamaš-šuma-ukīn uses Babylonian motifs and titles while ignoring the Assyrian tropes his brother Ashurbanipal retains even in his Babylonian royal inscriptions. Introduction Assyrian kings were recognized as rulers in Babylonia starting in the reign of Tiglath-pileser III (744– 727 BCE), who was named as such in several Babylonian sources including a king list, a chronicle, and in the Ptolemaic Canon.2 Assyrian control of the region was occasionally lost, such as from the beginning until the later years of Sargon II’s reign (721–705 BCE) and briefly towards the beginning of Sennacherib’s reign (704–681 BCE), but otherwise an Assyrian king occupying the Babylonian throne as well as the Assyrian one was no novelty by the time of Esarhaddon’s kingship (680–669 BCE). -
H 02-UP-011 Assyria Io02
he Hebrew Bible records the history of ancient Israel reign. In three different inscriptions, Shalmaneser III and Judah, relating that the two kingdoms were recounts that he received tribute from Tyre, Sidon, and united under Saul (ca. 1000 B.C.) Jehu, son of Omri, in his 18th year, tand became politically separate fol- usually figured as 841 B.C. Thus, Jehu, lowing Solomon’s death (ca. 935 B.C.). the next Israelite king to whom the The division continued until the Assyrians refer, appears in the same Assyrians, whose empire was expand- order as described in the Bible. But he ing during that period, exiled Israel is identified as ruling a place with a in the late eighth century B.C. different geographic name, Bit Omri But the goal of the Bible was not to (the house of Omri). record history, and the text does not One of Shalmaneser III’s final edi- shy away from theological explana- tions of annals, the Black Obelisk, tions for events. Given this problem- contains another reference to Jehu. In atic relationship between sacred the second row of figures from the interpretation and historical accura- top, Jehu is depicted with the caption, cy, historians welcomed the discovery “Tribute of Iaua (Jehu), son of Omri. of ancient Assyrian cuneiform docu- Silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden ments that refer to people and places beaker, golden goblets, pitchers of mentioned in the Bible. Discovered gold, lead, staves for the hand of the in the 19th century, these historical king, javelins, I received from him.”As records are now being used by schol- scholar Michele Marcus points out, ars to corroborate and augment the Jehu’s placement on this monument biblical text, especially the Bible’s indicates that his importance for the COPYRIGHT THE BRITISH MUSEUM “historical books” of Kings. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Transit Corridors And
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Transit Corridors and Assyrian Strategy: Case Studies from the 8th-7th Century BCE Southern Levant A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philisophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Heidi Michelle Fessler 2016 © Copyright by Heidi Michelle Fessler 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Transit Corridors and Assyrian Strategy: Case Studies from the 8th-7th Century BCE Southern Levant by Heidi Michelle Fessler Doctor of Philisophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Aaron Alexander Burke, Chair Several modern studies and the Assyrians themselves have claimed not only the extreme military measures but also substantial geo-political impact of Assyrian conquest in the southern Levant; however, examples of Assyrian violence and control are actually underrepresented in the archaeological record. The few scholars that have pointed out this dearth of corroborative data have attributed it to an apathetic attitude adopted by Assyria toward the region during both conquest and political control. I argue in this dissertation that the archaeological record reflects Assyrian military strategy rather than indifference. Data from three case studies, Megiddo, Ashdod, and the Western Negev, suggest that the small number of sites with evidence of destruction and even fewer sites with evidence of Assyrian imperial control are a product of a strategy that allowed Assyria to annex the region with less investment than their annals claim. ii Furthermore, Assyria’s network of imperial outposts monitored international highways in a manner that allowed a small local and foreign population to participate in trade and defense opportunities that ultimately benefited the Assyrian core. -
Assyrian Period (Ca. 1000•fi609 Bce)
CHAPTER 8 The Neo‐Assyrian Period (ca. 1000–609 BCE) Eckart Frahm Introduction This chapter provides a historical sketch of the Neo‐Assyrian period, the era that saw the slow rise of the Assyrian empire as well as its much faster eventual fall.1 When the curtain lifts, at the close of the “Dark Age” that lasted until the middle of the tenth century BCE, the Assyrian state still finds itself in the grip of the massive crisis in the course of which it suffered significant territorial losses. Step by step, however, a number of assertive and ruthless Assyrian kings of the late tenth and ninth centuries manage to reconquer the lost lands and reestablish Assyrian power, especially in the Khabur region. From the late ninth to the mid‐eighth century, Assyria experiences an era of internal fragmentation, with Assyrian kings and high officials, the so‐called “magnates,” competing for power. The accession of Tiglath‐pileser III in 745 BCE marks the end of this period and the beginning of Assyria’s imperial phase. The magnates lose much of their influence, and, during the empire’s heyday, Assyrian monarchs conquer and rule a territory of unprecedented size, including Babylonia, the Levant, and Egypt. The downfall comes within a few years: between 615 and 609 BCE, the allied forces of the Babylonians and Medes defeat and destroy all the major Assyrian cities, bringing Assyria’s political power, and the “Neo‐Assyrian period,” to an end. What follows is a long and shadowy coda to Assyrian history. There is no longer an Assyrian state, but in the ancient Assyrian heartland, especially in the city of Ashur, some of Assyria’s cultural and religious traditions survive for another 800 years.