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Underfamilj Glyphipteriginae – Hakmalar

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Underfamilj Glyphipteriginae – Hakmalar glyphipterigidae: orthotelia • 1 NAMNGIVNING Orthotelia sparganella (Thunberg, 1788). KEY FACTS Wingspan 19–27 mm. Head and thorax light Originalbeskrivning: Tinea sparganella. Diss. D. Mus. Nat. brown. Thorax brownish with four dark streaks. Forewing Acad. Upsal.: 78. coppery brown, more or less glossy, with pale veins and a Etymologi: sparganellus = den lilla på igelknopp; växtsläk- small row of dark spots under wingfold. Univoltine; flight tet Sparganium; syftar på värdväxt; diminutivsuffixet -ellus period July–August. Larva in Sparganium spp., Iris spp. and (lat.). similar water-plants, mining in leaf, stem or fruit. Occurs Uttal: [Ortotélia sparganélla] very sparsely and somewhat sporadically around ditches and ponds in the southern third of Sweden. UNDERFAMILJ Glyphipteriginae – hakmalar STAM Arthropoda UNDERSTAM Hexapoda Underfamiljen Glyphipteriginae omfattar ungefär känns igen på sin besynnerliga vana att växelvis lyfta ORDNING Lepidoptera 400 arter fördelade på drygt 20 släkten. I Europa fram- och bakvingarna så att de till synes gnids mot ÖVERFAMILJ Yponomeutoidea re presenteras den emellertid endast av 17 arter som varandra när de sitter i vila. De har en välutvecklad FAMILJ Glyphipterigidae samtliga tillhör släktet Glyphipterix. Antalet arter sugsnabel, stora punktögon (oceller), uppåtböjda la- UNDERFAMILJ är förhållandevis litet i västra Palearktis, medan en bialpalper och tvåledade maxillarpalper. I framvingen SLÄKTE mängd arter finns i östra Asien (inklusive Japan). I går vingribban R4 till framkanten – inte till vingspet- Nordamerika finns också ett stort antal arter, vilka sen. Hanens åttonde bakkroppssegment är koniskt till det yttre liknar de europeiska arterna. Förutom med en förstorad ryggplåt. tuvullshakmal G. haworthana har ingen art holarktisk Larverna lever främst på gräs eller halvgräs. Pup- utbredning (Diakonoff 1986). porna saknar vassa utskott på huvudet och ligger i en De fullbildade fjärilarna är dagflygare och kan lätt nätmaskig, fast kokong. förväxlas med vecklare inom släktet Cydia, men de 1 2 3 De fullbildade fjärilarna i underfamiljen Glyphipteriginae är dagflygare. Arterna förekom- 4 mer i en mängd olika biotoper, där larverna lever av främst gräs och halvgräs. Gräshakmal Glyphipterix simpliciella (1) är en vanlig fjäril i södra halvan av Sverige. Den påträffas ofta dagtid i buskmarker och öppna skogsmarker när den sitter i solskenet på örter. Larven äter frön av olika gräs. Starrhakmal G. forsterella (2) känns lätt igen på att den har en silver- glänsande punkt i framvingens svarta spetsfläck. Arten förekommer i kärrmarker, där lar- ven lever av olika starrar Carex spp. Tuvullshakmal G. haworthana (3) lever i kärrmarker, och larven lever i axet hos ull Eriophorum spp. Frylhakmal G. bergstraesserella (4) är bred- vingad och saknar tydligt hack i framvingens ytterkant. Den förekommer ganska allmänt i barrskogar, där larven lever av frylen Luzula spp. FOTO: RONNY LINDMAN (1, 2, 3), SVEN JOHANSSON (4) 2 • nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna 1 2 Larven av starrhakmal Glyphipterix forsterella äter frön i Sc R1 R 2 R3 axet hos olika starrar (1), t.ex. skärmstarr Carex remota, R4 fram till början av maj. Larven bereder en puppkammare i axet, där den sedan förpuppas (2). R5 FOTO: RUDOLF BRYNER M1 M2 M3 CuA1 1A CuA2 Sc+R1 Rs M1 M2 2A M3 1A CuA2 CuA1 Hos arterna i underfamiljen Glyphipteriginae löper fram- vingens vingribba R4 till framkanten – inte till vingspetsen som hos igelknoppsmal Orthotelia sparganella (under- familjen Orthoteliinae). Bilden visar vingribbsmönstret hos tuvullshakmal Glyphipterix haworthana. ILLUSTRATION: TORBJÖRN ÖSTMAN SLÄKTE Glyphipterix STAM Arthropoda UNDERSTAM Hexapoda ORDNING Lepidoptera Fjärilarna i släktet Glyphipterix är små med ett ving- genitalprepareringen sker på ett likvärdigt sätt så att ÖVERFAMILJ Yponomeutoidea spann på 6–13 mm. I framvingens ytterkant finns detaljerna blir jämförbara. FAMILJ Glyphipterigidae hos de flesta arter ett mer eller mindre iögonfallande UNDERFAMILJ Glyphipteriginae hack, och utmed fram- och bakkanten finns vita, kor- NAMNGIVNING Glyphipterix Hübner, [1825]. Verz. Bekannt. SLÄKTE Schmett.: 421. tare eller längre streck (hakar). Etymologi: Glyphipterix = med hack i vingen; glyphis (gr.) = Många av arterna är så lika varandra att under- hack; pteryx (gr.) = fjäder, vinge; syftar på att flertalet arter sökning av genitalierna krävs för säker artbestäm- har ett hack i framvingens ytterkant strax under ning. Även genitalierna hos de olika arterna är vingspetsen. mycket snarlika, och därför är det viktigt att .
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