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Latvijas Dabiskie Meži WWF- PASAULES DABAS FONDA PROJEKTS LV0004 LATVIJAS DABISKIE MEŽI PĒTĪJUMS PAR MEŽA VĒSTURI, BIOLOĂISKĀS DAUDZVEIDĪBAS STRUKTŪRĀM UN ATKARĪGAJĀM SUGĀM (1995. - 1996.) Uvis Suško projekta īstenotājs WWF LATVIJAS PROGRAMMAS BIROJS 1997 2 Suško Uvis, 1997. Latvijas dabiskie meži. Pētījums par meža vēsturi, bioloăiskās daudzveidības struktūrām un atkarīgajām sugām. WWF Latvijas Programmas birojs.- Rīga.- 180 lpp. Projekta eksperti: Inita Avota Austra ĀboliĦa Arvīds Barševskis Ina Brauna Irēna Fatare Ăertrūde Gavrilova Ilze Janele Diāna Meiere Digna Pilāte Valdis Pilāts Alfons Piterāns Normunds Priedītis Ilze Rēriha Skaidrīte Ruskule Nikolajs Savenkovs Uvis Suško Viesturs Šulcs Edgars Vimba Tatjana Zorenko Aldis LiepiĦš, Jānis OzoliĦš, Miks RantiĦš Atslēgas vārdi: dabiskais mežs, meža vēsture, neapsaimniekots mežs, apsaimniekots mežs, stādīts (mākslīgs) mežs, ilglaicība (kontinuitāte), bioloăiskā daudzveidība, struktūras, indikatori, gĜotsēnes, cepurīšu sēnes, piepju sēnes, ėērpji, sūnaugi, vaskulārie augi, vaboles, tauriĦi, gliemji, zīdītāji, apdraudētās sugas, ekoloăiski atbilstīga mežsaimniecība Projekta rīkotājdirektors: Uăis Rotbergs (WWF- Pasaules Dabas fonda Latvijas Programmas birojs) Projekta sadarbības partneris Dānijā: Peter Friis M¸ller (GEUS- Dānijas un Grenlandes Ăeologijas institūts) Kartogrāfisko attēlu un shēmu veidotājs: Janeks Kamerovskis ZiĦojumā paustais viedoklis pieder autoram un obligāti neatspoguĜo WWF viedokli © WWF, 1997 Visas tiesības rezervētas 3 SATURS IEVADS ............................................................................................................................... 5 PROJEKTA MĒRĖI ....................................................................................................................... 5 EKSPERTU GRUPA ....................................................................................................................... 6 MATERIĀLS UN METODIKA ....................................................................................... 7 IZPĒTES OBJEKTI ......................................................................................................................... 7 LAUKA UN EKSPERTU DARBS ................................................................................................. 8 TERMINOLOĂIJA ....................................................................................................................... 16 DABISKO MEŽU VĒSTURE LATVIJĀ ...................................................................... 17 MEŽU ATTĪSTĪBA PĒCLEDUSLAIKMETĀ............................................................................. 17 CILVĒKA IETEKME UZ MEŽIEM PIRMS INTENSĪVĀS MEŽSAIMNIECĪBAS PERIODA 18 INTENSĪVĀS MEŽSAIMNIECĪBAS PERIODS ......................................................................... 19 DABISKO MEŽU IZPĒTES OBJEKTU VĒSTURE ................................................................... 21 BIOLOĂISKĀS DAUDZVEIDĪBAS STRUKTŪRU KVANTITATĪVA UN KVALITATĪVA IZPLATĪBA LATVIJAS DABISKAJOS MEŽOS ......................... 25 VISPĀRĒJAIS STĀVOKLIS ........................................................................................................ 25 DABISKO MEŽU BIOTOPU GRUPU BIOLOĂISKĀS DAUDZVEIDĪBAS VĒRTĪBAS (BDV) ....................................................................................................................................................... 26 LATVIJAS DABISKO MEŽU RAKSTUROJUMS PĒC BIOLOĂISKĀS DAUDZVEIDĪBAS STRUKTŪRU IZPLATĪBAS ........................................................................................................ 29 DABISKO MEŽU FLORA UN FAUNA: LIECĪBA NO DAŽĀDIEM PARAUGLAUKUMIEM UN REĂIONIEM ................................................................. 62 VISPĀRĪGIE REZULTĀTI .......................................................................................................... 62 SUGU BAGĀTĪBA DAŽĀDOS DABISKO MEŽU IZPĒTES OBJEKTOS UN BIOĂEOGRĀFISKĀS ATŠĖIRĪBAS .......................................................................................... 63 MEŽA BIOTOPU GRUPU ANALĪZE ......................................................................................... 67 VĒRTĪGU DABISKO MEŽU INDIKATORSUGAS ................................................... 71 SUGU IZVĒLES PRINCIPI UN PAMATOJUMS ....................................................................... 71 PIEPES........................................................................................................................................... 73 ĖĒRPJI .......................................................................................................................................... 77 SŪNAUGI ..................................................................................................................................... 77 VASKULĀRIE AUGI ................................................................................................................... 82 VABOLES ..................................................................................................................................... 85 TAURIĥI ....................................................................................................................................... 87 GLIEMJI ........................................................................................................................................ 89 ZĪDĪTĀJI ....................................................................................................................................... 92 KLASISKĀS MEŽU APSAIMNIEKOŠANAS IETEKME UZ DABISKAJIEM MEŽIEM UN TO BIOLOĂISKO DAUDZVEIDĪBU LATVIJĀ ............................... 92 VISPĀRĒJAIS STĀVOKLIS ........................................................................................................ 92 INTENSĪVĀS MEŽSAIMNIECĪBAS IETEKME UZ VĒRTĪGU DABISKO MEŽU INDIKATORSUGĀM ................................................................................................................. 109 DABISKO MEŽU STATUSS LATVIJĀ ..................................................................... 118 DABISKO MEŽU NOZĪME LATVIJĀ ...................................................................................... 118 DABISKO MEŽU PLATĪBA UN IZPLATĪBA ......................................................................... 119 DABISKO MEŽU UN TO BIOLOĂISKĀS DAUDZVEIDĪBAS APDRAUDĒJUMS LATVIJĀ ..................................................................................................................................................... 119 DABISKO MEŽU PATIESĀ AIZSARGĀTĪBA LATVIJĀ ...................................................... 120 LATVIJAS DABISKO MEŽU NOZĪME EIROPAS IETVAROS ........................... 120 IETEIKUMI ................................................................................................................... 121 BŪTISKĀKIE LITERATŪRAS AVOTI..................................................................... 124 1.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 132 4 MOSSES, LICHENS ON TREES ....................................................................... 135 2. PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................ 136 3.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 139 4.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 152 5.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 152 6.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 158 7.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 160 8.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 162 9.PIELIKUMS ............................................................................................................................. 165 10.PIELIKUMS ........................................................................................................................... 175 11.PIELIKUMS ........................................................................................................................... 181 12.PIELIKUMS ........................................................................................................................... 183 5 IEVADS Dabiskais mežs ir galvenais bioloăiskās daudzveidības patvērums Latvijā, kas vienīgais sniedz patiesas zināšanas par dabas aizsardzības vērtībām. Tomēr līdz pat šim laikam ir pietrūcis jelkādu plašāku zināšanu vai vietējo liecību par Latvijas dabisko mežu vēsturi, struktūru, augu un dzīvnieku valsti un stāvokli, jo visos līdzšinējos pētījumos dabiskie meži nav skatīti atšėirti no apsaimniekotiem vai mākslīgiem mežiem. Apzinoties šos trūkumus, kā arī klasiskās meža apsaimniekošanas izraisīto reālo apdraudējumu dabisko mežu turpmākai pastāvēšanai, WWF-Pasaules Dabas fonda Latvijas birojs Pandas prēmijas (1994) ietvaros 1995.-1997. gadā īstenoja “Latvijas dabisko mežu” projektu. Līdzīgs projekts 1992. gada Pandas prēmijas ietvaros jau ir veikts par Dānijas dabiskajiem mežiem [M¸ller 1997]. PROJEKTA MĒRĖI Galvenais
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