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Bioloģiskā Daudzveidība Gaujas Nacionālajā Parkā

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Bioloģiskā Daudzveidība Gaujas Nacionālajā Parkā BIOLOĢISKĀ DAUDZVEIDĪBA GAUJAS NACIONĀLAJĀ PARKĀ Biodiversity in Gauja national Park AUTORI / AUTHORS Austra Āboliņa, Jānis Birzaks, Ilze Čakare, Andris Čeirāns, Inita Dāniele, Lelde Eņģele, Edīte Juceviča, Mārtiņš Kalniņš, Aina Karpa, Viesturs Ķerus, Rudīte Limbēna, Diāna Meiere, Ansis Opmanis, Māra Pakalne, Digna Pilāte, Valdis Pilāts, Alfons Piterāns, Arkādijs Poppels, Edmunds Račinskis, Mudīte Rudzīte, Solvita Rūsiņa, Ineta Salmane, Liene Salmiņa, Nikolajs Savenkovs, Dmitrijs Teļnovs, Andris Urtāns sastādījis / Compiled by Valdis Pilāts Gaujas nacionālā parka administrācija / Gauja National Park Administration Sigulda, 2007 Finansējis / Funded by Latvijas vides aizsardzības fonds / Latvian Environmental Protection Fund b i o l o Ģ i s K ā d a u d ZV e i d ī b a G a u j a s n a C i o n ā l a j ā p a RK ā IeteIcamaIs cItēšanas veIds Pilāts V. (red.) 2007. Bioloģiskā daudzveidība Gaujas nacionālajā parkā. Sigulda, Gaujas nacionālā parka administrācija. Recommended cItatIon Pilāts V. (ed.) 2007. Biodiversity in Gauja National Park. Sigulda, Gauja National Park Administration. nodaļu autoRI / LIst of contRIbutoRs Austra Āboliņa, Latvijas Valsts Mežzinātnes institūts “Silava”, [email protected] Jānis Birzaks, Latvijas Zivju resursu aģentūra, [email protected] Ilze Čakare, Gaujas NP administrācija, [email protected] Andris Čeirāns, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas fakultāte, [email protected] Inita Dāniele, Latvijas Dabas muzejs, [email protected] Lelde Eņģele, Latvijas Dabas fonds, [email protected] Edīte Juceviča, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas institūts, [email protected] Mārtiņš Kalniņš, Dabas aizsardzības pārvalde, [email protected] Aina Karpa, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas institūts, [email protected] Viesturs Ķerus, Latvijas Ornitoloģijas biedrība, [email protected] Rudīte Limbēna, Latvijas Botāniķu biedrība, [email protected] Diāna Meiere, Latvijas Dabas muzejs, [email protected] Ansis Opmanis, Dabas retumu krātuve, [email protected] Māra Pakalne, Latvijas Dabas fonds, [email protected] Digna Pilāte, Latvijas Dabas muzejs, [email protected] Valdis Pilāts, Gaujas NP administrācija, [email protected] Alfons Piterāns, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas fakultāte, [email protected] Arkādijs Poppels, Latvijas zivju resursu aģentūra, [email protected] Edmunds Račinskis, Latvijas Ornitoloģijas biedrība, [email protected] Mudīte Rudzīte, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas fakultātes Zooloģijas muzejs, [email protected] Solvita Rūsiņa, Latvijas Universitātes Ģeogrāfijas un Zemes zinātņu fakultāte, [email protected] Ineta Salmane, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas institūts, [email protected] Liene Salmiņa, Latvijas Universitātes Bioloģijas institūts, [email protected] Nikolajs Savenkovs, Latvijas Dabas muzejs, [email protected] Dmitrijs Teļnovs, Latvijas Entomoloģijas biedrība, [email protected] Andris Urtāns, Ziemeļvidzemes Biosfēras rezervāta administrācija, [email protected] fotoattēLu autoRI / PhotogRaPheRs Andris Bērziņš, Jānis Birzaks, Ilze Čakare, Inita Dāniele, Ilze Dzalba, Mārtiņš Kalniņš, Normunds Kukārs, Aivars Petriņš, Valdis Pilāts, Edmunds Račinskis, Uldis Saulītis, Daiga Segliņa, Uvis Suško KaRšu autoRI / caRtogRaPheRs Aldis Ceriņš, Ilze Čakare, Mārtiņš Kalniņš, Ansis Opmanis, Solvita Rūsiņa Zīmējumu autoRe / LIne dRawIngs Daiga Segliņa IZdevējs / PubLIsheR Gaujas nacionālā parka administrācija Baznīcas iela 3 Sigulda, LV-2150 Tel.: +371-67974006 Fax: +371-67971344 e-pasts: [email protected] http://www.gnp.gov.lv sastādītājs / comPILed by Valdis Pilāts vaLodas RedaKtoRI / Language edItoRs Indra Čekstere, Brigita Aleksejeva (latviešu) un Gregorijs Tafs (Gregory Taff) (angļu) RecenZentI / RevIeweRs Ivars Kabucis, Voldemārs Spuņģis un Edgars Vimba dIZaIns un saLIKums / desIgn and Layout Siguldas dizains, Jānis Lazdāns, Linda Rūķīte, Ginta Virziņa dRuKa / PRIntIng A/S “Preses nams” © Tekstu autori © Fotoattēlu autori © Karšu autori © Zīmējumu autore © Gaujas nacionālā parka administrācija ISBN 9984-19-676-3 b i o l o Ģ i s K ā d a u d ZV e i d ī b a G a u j a s n a C i o n ā l a j ā p a RK ā CEļAVĀRDI Ceļu pie lasītāja uzsākusi jauna grāmata, kas tapusi daudzu pētnieku ilgstoša darba rezultātā un veltīta Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorijas bioloģiskās daudzveidības raksturošanai. Jau veidojot Gaujas nacionālo parku, zinātniskās pētniecības darba izvēršana tika uzskatīta par nozīmīgu uzdevumu, jo bez labiem zinātniskiem pamatojumiem grūti veikt labu praktisko dabas aizsardzību. Taču agrāk veiktie pētījumi vairumā gadījumu ir izklīduši atsevišķās publikācijās un rakstu krājumos - gan latviešu, gan krievu valodā. Tie nav apkopoti kopīgos pārskatos vai izdevumos, un pašreizējām pētnieku paaudzēm tie praktiski nav pieejami. Tādēļ vēl jo nozīmīgāka ir šī grāmata, kurā apkopoti ilgākā laikā, dažādos pētījumos un projektos veikto pētījumu materiāli. Turklāt, pētījumus veikuši ne tikai Gaujas nacionālā parka speciālisti, bet arī Latvijas labākie speciālisti ar lielu pieredzi bioloģiskās daudzveidības izpētē. Grāmatas saturs liecina, ka lielākā uzmanība veltīta Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorijas bioloģiskās daudzveidības raksturošanai sugu un biotopu līmenī, turklāt rēķinoties ar nosacījumiem, kas izriet no spēkā esošajiem tiesību aktiem. Šajā ziņā īpaša nozīme ir divām Eiropas Padomes direktīvām – PUTNU un BIOTOPU direktīvām, kas skaidri norāda kopīgās Eiropas dabas vērtības un nosaka aizsargājamās sugas un biotopus. Tas nozīmē, ka pētījumos veikts apjomīgs dabas vērtību inventarizācijas darbs, kas turpmāk kalpos par bāzi izvērstam monitoringam. Tas nepieciešams gan nosaukto dabas vērtību – sugu un biotopu stāvokļa un pārvērtību pārraudzībai, gan veikto dabas aizsardzības pasākumu efektivitātes novērtēšanai. Arī tas ir liels darbs, un tas ir jādara, lai pildītu savas saistības visas Eiropas dabas daudzveidības saglabāšanā un kopšanā. Taču paveiktajam darbam ir arī cita nozīme. Proti, tas ir labs pamats un priekšnosacījums tam, lai pētījumi turpinātos citos bioloģiskās daudzveidības līmeņos un citādos kontekstos. Vispirms, būtu interesanti izpētīt un raksturot Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorijas dabas daudzveidību visā tās bagātībā, pievēršot uzmanību arī tām sugām un biotopiem, kas pašreiz nav aizsargājamo sarakstos, bet ir neatņemama vienotā biotopu klājuma jeb ainavu telpiskās struktūras sastāvdaļa. Sargājot tikai Eiropas dabai kopīgās vērtības, mēs varam nepamanīt un zaudēt to, kas raksturīgs Latvijas apstākļiem vai unikāls Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorijā. Tālāk – gribas cerēt, ka turpmākajos pētījumos tiks pievērsta uzmanība tam, ka pašreizējā dabas daudzveidība – vai tā attiecas uz savvaļas dabas vai ainaviskās dabas areāliem Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorijā ir gadu tūkstošiem ilgo dabas un cilvēka mijattiecību atspulgs. Cilvēka ilgstošā klātbūtne, viņa dzīvesdarbības liecinieki ir arī liela kultūrvēsturiska vērtība. Turklāt svarīgi atklāt, kādos apstākļos veidojušies tie biotopi, kurus šodien aizsargājam, vai plašāk – kā veidojusies pašreizēja biotopu mozaīka, un kādas ir tās attīstības tendences. Gaujas nacionālā parka teritorija ar savu dabas un cilvēka vēsturi, dabas daudzveidību un ainavu krāšņumu ir unikāla Latvijas vērtība. Kāds dzejnieks pirms daudziem gadiem, kad atzīmēja Siguldas 750. jubileju, ir teicis, ka Sigulda „ir viena no mūsu dabas svētdienām”. Šodien gribētos to attiecināt uz visu Gaujas nacionālā parka teritoriju. Zinātniskie pētījumi lai ir viens no veidiem, kas ļauj radīt un uzturēt cilvēkos, mūsu sabiedrībā, šo svētdienas sajūtu. Aija Melluma 07.07.2007. SAtURS sugu saRaKstos LIetotIe aPZīmējumI ....................................................... 6 Ievads. V. Pilāts ........................................................................... 7 teRItoRIjas īss fIZIsKI-ģeogRāfIsKaIs RaKstuRojums. V. Pilāts .............................. 9 mežI. V. Pilāts ............................................................................. 12 dabIsKIe ZāLājI. S. Rūsiņa ................................................................. 18 PuRvI un avoKsnājI. M. Pakalne, I. Čakare un A. Opmanis .................................... 25 eZeRI. L. Eņģele un L. Salmiņa .............................................................. 33 uPes, stRautI un avotI. M. Kalniņš un A. Urtāns ............................................ 42 Iežu atsegumI un aLas. M. Pakalne, A. Āboliņa un V. Pilāts ................................... 47 ķēRPjI. A. Piterāns ........................................................................ 52 cePuRīšu sēnes. I. Dāniele ................................................................ 60 PIePes. D. Meiere ......................................................................... 78 sūnas. A. Āboliņa ......................................................................... 82 vasKuLāRIe augI. R. Limbēna un I. Čakare .................................................. 97 beZmuguRKauLnIeKI. M. Kalniņš, E. Juceviča, A. Karpa, I. Salmane, A. Poppels un D. Teļnovs ... 106 tauRIņI. N. Savenkovs ..................................................................... 152 gLIemjI. D. Pilāte un M. Rudzīte ............................................................ 184 ZIvIs. J. Birzaks ..................................................................... 189 abInIeKI un RāPuļI. A. Čeirāns ............................................................. 194 PutnI. E. Račinskis un V. Ķerus ............................................................ 196 ZīdītājdZīvnIeKI. V. Pilāts ..................................................................
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