TORTS Newsletter of the Troop of Reputed Tortricid Systematists
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Journal Journal of Entomological of Entomological and Acarologicaland Acarological Research Research 2020; 2012; volume volume 52:9304 44:e INSECT ECOLOGY Update to the “Catalogue of Lepidoptera Tortricidae of the Italian Fauna” (2003-2020) P. Trematerra Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Italy List of taxa Tortricidae Abstract Subfamily Tortricinae In the paper are reported 37 species to add at the “Catalogue of Lepidoptera Tortricidae of the Italian fauna” published on 2003. Tribe Cochylini After this paper the list of tortricids found in Italy passed from 633 to 670 species. Phtheochroa reisseri Razowski, 1970 GEONEMY. Europe (France, Italy, ex-Yugoslavia, Crete). CHOROTYPE. S-European. DISTRIBUTION IN ITALY. Abruzzo: Rivoli and Aschi, L’Aquila Introduction (Pinzari et al., 2006) BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Adults were collected in May. The “Catalogue of Lepidoptera Tortricidae of the Italian fauna” IDENTIFICATION. Morphology of the adult and genital characters published on 2003 as supplement of the Bollettino di Zoologia are reported by Razowski (2009). agraria e di Bachicoltura, reported 633 species (Trematerra, 2003). In these last years tortricids from the Italian territory received atten- Cochylimorpha scalerciana Trematerra, 2019 tion by both local and foreign entomologists that also studied many GEONEMY. Europe (Italy: Calabria) collections deposited in various museums, increasing the faunistic CHOROTYPE. S-Appenninic. knowledge with the recording and description of new taxa. DISTRIBUTION IN ITALY. Calabria: various locations of the Monti In the present paper are reported 37 species to add at the della Sila, Cosenza (Trematerra, 2019a). “Catalogue”, after this paper the list of tortricids found in Italy BIOLOGICAL NOTES. Adults were found in May. -
A-Razowski X.Vp:Corelventura
Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(3): 269-275, Kraków, 30 Sep., 2003 Reassessment of forewing pattern elements in Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) Józef RAZOWSKI Received: 15 March, 2003 Accepted for publication: 20 May, 2003 RAZOWSKI J. 2003. Reassessment of forewing pattern elements in Tortricidae (Lepidop- tera). Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46(3): 269-275. Abstract. Forewing pattern elements of moths in the family Tortricidae are discussed and characterized. An historical review of the terminology is provided. A new system of nam- ing pattern elements is proposed. Key words. Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, forewing pattern, analysis, terminology. Józef RAZOWSKI, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, S³awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: razowski.isez.pan.krakow.pl I. INTRODUCTION Early tortricid workers such as HAWORTH (1811), HERRICH-SCHHÄFFER (1856), and others pre- sented the first terminology for forewing pattern elements in their descriptions of new species. Nearly a century later, SÜFFERT (1929) provided a more eclectic discussion of pattern elements for Lepidoptera in general. In recent decades, the common and repeated use of specific terms in de- scriptions and illustrations by FALKOVITSH (1966), DANILEVSKY and KUZNETZOV (1968), and oth- ers reinforced these terms in Tortricidae. BRADLEY et al. (1973) summarized and commented on all the English terms used to describe forewing pattern elements. DANILEVSKY and KUZNETZOV (1968) and KUZNETZOV (1978) analyzed tortricid pattern elements, primarily Olethreutinae, dem- onstrating the taxonomic significance of the costal strigulae in that subfamily. For practical pur- poses they numbered the strigulae from the forewing apex to the base, where the strigulae often become indistinct. KUZNETZOV (1978) named the following forewing elements in Tortricinae: ba- sal fascia, subterminal fascia, outer fascia (comprised of subapical blotch and outer blotch), apical spot, and marginal line situated in the marginal fascia (a component of the ground colour). -
Nota Lepidopterologica
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Nota lepidopterologica Jahr/Year: 1988 Band/Volume: 11 Autor(en)/Author(s): Razowski Josef [Jozef] Artikel/Article: Miscellaneous notes on Tortricidae 285-289 ©Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica; download unter http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ und www.zobodat.at Nota lepid. 11 (4) : 285-289 ; 31.1.1989 ISSN 0342-7536 Miscellaneous notes on Tortricidae Jôzef Razowski Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, P.A.S. 31-016 Krakow, Släwkowska 17, Poland. Summary Synonymical notes on several genera and species of Tortricidae are given. Stenop- teron, a new Cnephasiini genus is described. Phtheochroa undulata (Danilevskij, 1962), comb. n. This species was described on the basis of a single female from Central Asia (Dshungarian Ala-Tau). A specimen collected by Dr. Z. Kaszab, Buda- pest, in Mongolia (Gobi Altai aimak : Baga nuuryn urd els, 1200 m., 12.VII.1966) has almost identical wing markings as the holotype of undu- lata. Its male genitalia (Figs 1, 2) are characterised as follows. Uncus fairly short, tapering terminally ; socius broad, sublateral ; sacculus strong, ven- trally convex, with long subapical process ; median part of transtilla so- mewhat expanded dorsally, without any spines ; aedeagus as in Ph. pulvillana (H.-S.), but distal process of juxta absent. The described specimen is most probably conspecific with undulata. Acleris kuznetsovi nom. n. Croesia 6/co/orKuzNETSOV, 1964, Ent. Obozr. 43 : 879, junior secondary homonym of Acleris bicolor Kawabe, 1963, Trans, lep. Soc. Japan 14 : 70. The name bicolor became a junior homonym when Croesia Hübner was synonymised with Acleris Hübner (Razowski, 1987). -
Sphaleroptera Alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Cnephasiini): a Species Complex
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 86 Autor(en)/Author(s): Whitebread Steven Artikel/Article: Sphaleroptera alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Cnephasiini): a species complex. 177-204 © Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum 86/2006 Innsbruck 2006 177-204 Sphaleroptera alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Cnephasiini): a species complex Steven Whitebread Sphaleroptera alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Cnephasiini): Ein Spezies Komplex Summary Sphaleroptera alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) is a locally common day-flying high Alpine species previously considered to oeeur in the German, Austrian, Swiss, Italian and French Alps, and the Pyrenees. The females have reduced wings and cannot fly. However, a study of material from the known ränge of the species has shown that "Sphaleroptera alpi- colana" is really a complex of several taxa. S. alpicolana s.str. oecurs in the central part of the Alps, in Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Germany. A new subspecies, S. a. buseri ssp.n. is described from the Valais (Switzerland). Four new species are described, based on distinet differences in the male and female genitalia: S. occiclentana sp.n., S. adamel- loi sp.n.. S. dentana sp.n. and .S'. orientana sp.n., with the subspecies S. o. suborientana. Distribution maps are giv- en for all taxa and where known, the early stages and life histories are described. The role of the Pleistocene glacia- tions in the speciation process is discussed. Zusammenfassung Sphaleroptera alpicolana (FRÖLICH 1830) ist eine lokal häufige, Tag fliegende, hochalpine Art, bisher aus den deut- schen, österreichischen, schweizerischen, italienischen und französischen Alpen, und den Pyrenäen bekannt. -
47 New and Very Rare for the Lithuanian Fauna
47 NAUJOS IR RETOS LIETUVOS VABZDŽI Ų R ŪŠYS. 16 tomas NEW AND VERY RARE FOR THE LITHUANIAN FAUNA LEPIDOPTERA SPECIES COLLECTED IN 1978–2004 RI ČARDAS KAZLAUSKAS Department of Zoology, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius. E- mail: [email protected] Material and Methods The material was collected in different administrative districts of Lithuania. Butterflies were collected with a standard entomological net. Moths were attracted using 160–400 W mixed light lamp bulbs. The identification of Lepidoptera species was checked with conformable guides (Kazlauskas, 1984; Ivinskis, 1993; Nowacki, 1998; Elsner et al ., 1999; Razowski, 2001; Ivinskis, Augustauskas, 2004). Some species listed bellow were mentioned as new to Lithuania (Kazlauskas, 2003) but exact finding data are presented in this report. New species are marked with an asterisk (*). The nomenclature follows O. Karlsholt & J. Razowski (1996). The material is deposited in the Zoological Museum of Vilnius University. List of species ERIOCRANIIDAE Eriocrania unimaculella (Zetterstedt, 1839) Trak, Stirniai, 21 04 1996, 2 ♂ (R.K). TINEIDAE Montescardia tessulatellus (Zeller, 1846) Šven, Klo čiūnai, 21 06 2000, 1 ♂ (R.K.). YPONOMEUTIDAE Yponomeuta irrorella (Hübner, 1796) Jurb, Seredžius, 08 07 2002, 1 ♂ (R.K.). DEPRESSARIIDAE Agonopterix multiplicella (Erschoff, 1877) Viln, Daub ėnai, 10 05 2002, 1 spec.; Trak, Parais čiai, 07 05 1989, 1 spec. (R.K.). Agonopterix selini (Heinemann, 1870) Birž, Birž ų Giria f., 01 09 1998, 1 spec. (R.K.). SCYTHRIDIDAE Scythris sinensis (Felder et Regenhofer, 1875) Šal č, Senieji Maceliai, 02 06 1996, 1 spec. (R.K.). 48 NEW AND RARE FOR LITHUANIA INSECT SPECIES. -
The Microlepidopterous Fauna of Sri Lanka, Formerly Ceylon, Is Famous
ON A COLLECTION OF SOME FAMILIES OF MICRO- LEPIDOPTERA FROM SRI LANKA (CEYLON) by A. DIAKONOFF Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden With 65 text-figures and 18 plates CONTENTS Preface 3 Cochylidae 5 Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Grapholitini 8 „ „ Eucosmini 23 „ „ Olethreutini 66 „ Chlidanotinae, Chlidanotini 78 „ „ Polyorthini 79 „ „ Hilarographini 81 „ „ Phricanthini 81 „ Tortricinae, Tortricini 83 „ „ Archipini 95 Brachodidae 98 Choreutidae 102 Carposinidae 103 Glyphipterigidae 108 A list of identified species no A list of collecting localities 114 Index of insect names 117 Index of latin plant names 122 PREFACE The microlepidopterous fauna of Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, is famous for its richness and variety, due, without doubt, to the diversified biotopes and landscapes of this beautiful island. In spite of this, there does not exist a survey of its fauna — except a single contribution, by Lord Walsingham, in Moore's "Lepidoptera of Ceylon", already almost a hundred years old, and a number of small papers and stray descriptions of new species, in various journals. The authors of these papers were Walker, Zeller, Lord Walsingham and a few other classics — until, starting with 1905, a flood of new descriptions 4 ZOOLOGISCHE VERHANDELINGEN I93 (1982) and records from India and Ceylon appeared, all by the hand of Edward Meyrick. He was almost the single specialist of these faunas, until his death in 1938. To this great Lepidopterist we chiefly owe our knowledge of all groups of Microlepidoptera of Sri Lanka. After his death this information stopped abruptly. In the later years great changes have taken place in the tropical countries. We are now facing, alas, the disastrously quick destruction of natural bio- topes, especially by the reckless liquidation of the tropical forests. -
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) SHILAP Revista De Lepidopterología, Vol
SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología ISSN: 0300-5267 [email protected] Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología España Zhang, A. H.; Li, H. H. A systematic study on Gibberifera Obraztsov, 1946 from China1 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología, vol. 32, núm. 128, diciembre, 2004, pp. 289-295 Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterología Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=45512808 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative 289 Zhang 3/1/77 18:25 Página 289 SHILAP Revta. lepid., 32 (128), 2004: 289-295 SRLPEF ISSN:0300-5267 A systematic study on Gibberifera Obraztsov, 1946 from China1 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) A. H. Zhang & H. H. Li Abstract This paper deals with eight species of the genus Gibberifera Obraztsov from China. One new species, G. cla- vata Zhang & Li, sp. n., is described. The female of G. monticola Kuznetsov is described for the first time in scien- ce. A key to the Chinese species is given. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Olethreutinae, Gibberifera, new species, China Un estudio sistemático sobre Gibberifera Obraztsov, 1946 de China (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae, Olethreutinae) Resumen Este trabajo trata ocho especies del género Gibberifera Obraztsov de China. Se describe una nueva especie G. clavata Zhang & Li, sp. n. Se describe por primera vez para la ciencia la hembra de G. monticola Kuznetsov. Se da una clave de las especies chinas. -
Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea
P O L I S H JOU R NAL OF ENTOM O LOG Y POL SKIE PISMO ENTOMOL OGICZ N E VOL. 84: 145–154 Lublin 30 September 2015 DOI: 10.1515/pjen-2015-0012 Notes on Neotropical Microcorsini and Enarmoniini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 1 2 JÓZEF RAZOWSKI , VITOR O. BECKER 1Institute of Systematic and Experimental Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, 31-016 Sławkowska 17, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] 2Reserve Serra Bonita PO Box 01, 45 880 Camacan BA, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. One genus – Auchenancylis gen. n. – and the following species are described as new: Cryptaspasma sanvito sp. n., Pseudancylis sphensaccula sp. n., Aglaopollex niveofascia sp. n., Aglaopollex gana sp. n., Auchenancylis macrauchenia sp. n. Hemimene sevocata is transferred to Auchancylis. KEY WORDS: Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Microcorsini, Enarmoniini, Neotropical, new taxa. INTRODUCTION The Neotropical olethreutine tribes Microcorsini and Enarmoniini are little known. The Microcorsini are represented by six species of Cryptaspasma, described chiefly from Brazil. We have practically no data on their distribution except for the type localities. One species (C. anaphorana WALSINGHAM, 1914) and another described below are known from Central America, Panama and Costa Rica, which are the most northerly known localities of the genus. Enarmoniini have a world-wide distribution with an Oriental-Australian centre. In the New World there occur Ancylis HÜBNER, 1825 (35 Nearctic and 8 Neotropical species), Hystrichophora WALSINGHAM, 1879 (11 Nearctic species), Eucosmomorpha OBRAZTSOV, 1951 (one Nearctic species), Aglaopollex RAZOWSKI & PELZ, 2011 (Neotropical, 9 species) and the monotypical, Neotropical Auchenancylis gen. n. 146 Polish Journal of Entomology 84 (3) Acknowledgements The authors thank Artur CZEKAJ, Witold ZAJDA and Łukasz PRZYBYŁOWICZ, Kraków, for taking the photographs and arranging the plates. -
New Records of Tortricid Moths (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) from Ukraine
Vestnik zoologii, 44(4): e-10–e-17, 2010 DOI 10.2478/v10058-010-0020-z UDC 595.782(477) NEW RECORDS OF TORTRICID MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) FROM UKRAINE V. V. Kavurka Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, B. Chmielnicki str., 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 2 june 2010 Received 8 june 2010 New Records of Tortricid Moths (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) from Ukraine. Kavurka V. V. — Five species of tortricid moths of the tribe Grapholitini are recorded from Ukraine for the first time: Cydia oxytropidis (Martini, 1912); Pammene ignorata Kuznetzov, 1968; Dichrorampha teichiana Sulcs et Kerppola, 1997; Dichrorampha sylvicolana Heinemann, 1863 and Dichrorampha baixerasana Trematerra, 1991. Most of these species were collected in north-eastern regions of Ukraine. Key words: Tortricidae, Grapholitini, Ukraine, new records. Íîâûå íàõîäêè ëèñòîâåðòîê (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) â Óêðàèíå. Êàâóðêà Â. Â. — Âïåðâûå äëÿ ôàóíû Óêðàèíû óêàçàíû 5 âèäîâ ëèñòîâåðòîê, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê òðèáå Grapholitini: Cydia oxytropidis (Martini, 1912), Pammene ignorata Kuznetzov, 1968, Dichrorampha teichiana Sulcs et Kerppola, 1997, Dichrorampha sylvicolana Heinemann, 1863, Dichrorampha baixerasana Trematerra, 1991. Áîëüøèíñòâî ýòèõ âèäîâ ñîáðàíî â ñåâåðî-âîñòî÷íûõ ðåãèîíàõ Óêðàèíû. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: Tortricidae, Grapholitini, Óêðàèíà, íîâûå íàõîäêè. Introduction Tortricid moths of the tribe Grapholitini represent a worldwide distributed phytophagous microlepidopteran complex trophically associated with numerous host-plants. Adults are usually moderately small (wing span varies from 7 mm to 20 mm). Moths are active at dusk and during the night. Larvae of Grapholitini feed in fruits, seeds, stems, roots and under bark of plants. Larvae of many species are actual or potential pests in natural and agricultural phytocenoses. -
First Record of the Sedge Feeder Bactra Verutana Zeller (Lepidoptera
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 63 (2019) 104–107 REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE Entomologia A Journal on Insect Diversity and Evolution www.rbentomologia.com Short Communication First record of the sedge feeder Bactra verutana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Chile based on morphology and DNA barcodes a,∗ b Héctor A. Vargas , Marcelo Vargas-Ortiz a Universidad de Tarapacá, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Recursos Ambientales, Arica, Chile b Universidad de Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Departamento de Zoología, Programa de Doctorado en Sistemática y Biodiversidad Concepción, Chile a r a b s t r a c t t i c l e i n f o Article history: The sedge-feeding moth Bactra verutana Zeller, 1875 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Olethreutinae: Bactrini), Received 4 October 2018 described from Dallas, Texas, USA, is widespread, recorded throughout much North America, Central Accepted 27 February 2019 and South America, including the Caribbean, and Africa. The species is recorded for the first time from Available online 21 March 2019 Chile based on specimens collected in the coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert, where its larvae feed Associate Editor: Livia Pinheiro on Cyperus corymbosus Rottb. var. subnodosus (Nees & Meyen) Kük. (Cyperaceae). A single DNA barcode haplotype, which is widespread in USA, was found in two Chilean specimens sequenced. Keywords: © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open Atacama Desert Cyperaceae access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Cyperus corymbosus DNA barcoding Bactra Stephens, 1834 (Olethreutinae: Bactrini) is a widespread sequences (sensu Hebert et al., 2003) were used to assess the rela- genus of Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) with 106 described species tionships of the Chilean specimens. -
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and Evolutionary Correlates of Novel Secondary Sexual Structures
Zootaxa 3729 (1): 001–062 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3729.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CA0C1355-FF3E-4C67-8F48-544B2166AF2A ZOOTAXA 3729 Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures JASON J. DOMBROSKIE1,2,3 & FELIX A. H. SPERLING2 1Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14853-2601. E-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2E9 3Corresponding author Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by J. Brown: 2 Sept. 2013; published: 25 Oct. 2013 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 JASON J. DOMBROSKIE & FELIX A. H. SPERLING Phylogeny of the tribe Archipini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae) and evolutionary correlates of novel secondary sexual structures (Zootaxa 3729) 62 pp.; 30 cm. 25 Oct. 2013 ISBN 978-1-77557-288-6 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-289-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2013 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2013 Magnolia Press 2 · Zootaxa 3729 (1) © 2013 Magnolia Press DOMBROSKIE & SPERLING Table of contents Abstract . 3 Material and methods . 6 Results . 18 Discussion . 23 Conclusions . 33 Acknowledgements . 33 Literature cited . 34 APPENDIX 1. 38 APPENDIX 2. 44 Additional References for Appendices 1 & 2 . 49 APPENDIX 3. 51 APPENDIX 4. 52 APPENDIX 5. -
Moths of Poole Harbour Species List
Moths of Poole Harbour is a project of Birds of Poole Harbour Moths of Poole Harbour Species List Birds of Poole Harbour & Moths of Poole Harbour recording area The Moths of Poole Harbour Project The ‘Moths of Poole Harbour’ project (MoPH) was established in 2017 to gain knowledge of moth species occurring in Poole Harbour, Dorset, their distribution, abundance and to some extent, their habitat requirements. The study area uses the same boundaries as the Birds of Poole Harbour (BoPH) project. Abigail Gibbs and Chris Thain, previous Wardens on Brownsea Island for Dorset Wildlife Trust (DWT), were invited by BoPH to undertake a study of moths in the Poole Harbour recording area. This is an area of some 175 square kilometres stretching from Corfe Castle in the south to Canford Heath in the north of the conurbation and west as far as Wareham. 4 moth traps were purchased for the project; 3 Mercury Vapour (MV) Robinson traps with 50m extension cables and one Actinic, Ultra-violet (UV) portable Heath trap running from a rechargeable battery. This was the capability that was deployed on most of the ensuing 327 nights of trapping. Locations were selected using a number of criteria: Habitat, accessibility, existing knowledge (previously well-recorded sites were generally not included), potential for repeat visits, site security and potential for public engagement. Field work commenced from late July 2017 and continued until October. Generally, in the years 2018 – 2020 trapping field work began in March/ April and ran on until late October or early November, stopping at the first frost.