A User’s Guide for the CALMET Meteorological Model (Version 5) Prepared by: Joseph S. Scire Francoise R. Robe Mark E. Fernau Robert J. Yamartino Earth Tech, Inc. 196 Baker Avenue Concord, MA 01742 January 2000 Copyright © 1998, 1999,2000 by Earth Tech, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. 1. OVERVIEW....................................................................1-1 1.1 Background ..........................................................1-1 1.2 Overview of the CALPUFF Modeling System ...............................1-3 1.3 Major Model Algorithms and Options....................................1-12 1.4 Summary of Data and Computer Requirements .............................1-15 2. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION......................................................2-1 2.1 Grid System..........................................................2-1 2.2 Wind Field Module ....................................................2-3 2.2.1 Step 1 Formulation ..............................................2-3 2.2.2 Step 2 Formulation ..............................................2-8 2.2.3 Incorporation of Prognostic Model Output ...................... 2-17 2.2.3.1 Terrain Weighting Factor ............................... 2-19 2.3 Micrometeorological Model ............................................2-22 2.3.1 Surface Heat and Momentum Flux Parameters .......................2-22 2.3.2 Three-dimensional Temperature Field ..............................2-31 2.3.2.1 Overwater Temperatures ..................................2-33 2.3.3 Precipitation Interpolation .......................................2-33 3. CALMET MODEL STRUCTURE...................................................3-1 3.1 Memory Management ..................................................3-1 3.2 Structure of the CALMET Modules .......................................3-1 4. USER INSTRUCTIONS...........................................................4-1 4.1 Meteorological Preprocessor Programs ........................................4-1 4.1.1 READ62 Upper Air Preprocessor .....................................4-1 4.1.2 METSCAN Surface Data QA Program .............................4-10 4.1.3 SMERGE Surface Data Meteorological Preprocessor ..................4-15 4.1.4 PXTRACT Precipitation Data Extract Program .......................4-23 4.1.5 PMERGE Precipitation Data Preprocessor ..........................4-33 4.1.6 CALMM5 Program .............................................4-41 4.1.6.1 CALMM5 preprocessor ............................4-41 4.1.6.2 CALMM5 input ..................................4-45 4.1.6.3 CALMM5 output .................................4-46 4.2 Geophysical Data Processors ............................................4-67 4.2.1 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor ....................................4-69 4.2.2 Land Use Data Preprocessors (CTGCOMP and CTGPROC) ............4-78 4.2.2.1 Obtaining the Data ......................................4-78 4.2.2.2 CTGCOMP- the CTG land use data compression program .......4-78 4.2.2.3 CTGPROC - the land use preprocessor .......................4-79 4.2.3 MAKEGEO ..................................................4-85 4.3 CALMET Model Files.................................................4-91 4.3.1 User Control File (CALMET.INP) .................................4-95 4.3.2 Geophysical Data File (GEO.DAT) ...............................4-132 4.3.3 Upper Air Data Files (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT,...) .....................4-144 4.3.4 Surface Meteorological Data File (SURF.DAT) .....................4-149 4.3.5 Overwater Data Files (SEA1.DAT, SEA2.DAT, ...) ..................4-153 4.3.6 Precipitation Data File (PRECIP.DAT) ............................4-156 4.3.7 Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File (DIAG.DAT) ...............4-160 4.3.8 Prognostic Model Data File (PROG.DAT) .........................4-164 4.3.9 MM4/MM5 Model Data File (MM4.DAT) .........................4-166 4.3.10 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT) .....................4-183 4.3.11 CALMET Output Files .........................................4-190 4.3.11.1 CALMET.DAT .............................4-190 4.4 PRTMET Meteorological Display Program ...............................4-206 5. REFERENCES..................................................................5-1 APPENDIX A Subroutine/Function Calling Structure ................................................. A-1 APPENDIX B Description of Each CALMET Subroutine and Function................................... B-1 APPENDIX C Equations Used in Lambert Conformal Conversions ...................................... C-1 APPENDIX D The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Grid......................................... D-1 1. OVERVIEW 1.1 Background As part of a study to design and develop a generalized non-steady-state air quality modeling system for regulatory use, Sigma Research Corporation (now part of Earth Tech, Inc.), developed the CALPUFF dispersion model and related models and programs, including the CALMET meteorological model. The original development of CALPUFF and CALMET was sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). Systems Application, Inc. (SAI) served as a subcontractor to Sigma Research with the responsibility for developing the original wind field modeling component of the CALMET model. The original design specifications for the modeling system included: (1) the capability to treat time- varying point and area sources, (2) suitability for modeling domains from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers from a source, (3) predictions for averaging times ranging from one-hour to one year, (4) applicability to inert pollutants and those subject to linear removal and chemical conversion mechanisms, and (5) applicability for rough or complex terrain situations. The modeling system (Scire et al., 1990a, 1990b) developed to meet these objectives consisted of three components: (1) a meteorological modeling package with both diagnostic and prognostic wind field generators, (2) a Gaussian puff dispersion model with chemical removal, wet and dry deposition, complex terrain algorithms, building downwash, plume fumigation, and other effects, and (3) postprocessing programs for the output fields of meteorological data, concentrations and deposition fluxes. In July, 1987, CARB initiated a second project with Sigma Research to upgrade and modernize the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) to include state-of-the-science improvements in many of the key technical algorithms including the numerical advection and diffusion schemes, dry deposition, chemical mechanisms, and chemical integration solver. The new photochemical model, called CALGRID (Yamartino et al., 1992; Scire et al., 1989), was integrated into the CALMET/CALPUFF modeling framework to create a complete modeling system for both reactive and non-reactive pollutants. A third component of the modeling system, a Lagrangian particle model called the Kinematic Simulation Particle (KSP) model (Strimaitis et al., 1995; Yamartino et al., 1996), was developed under sponsorship of the German Umweldbundesamt. All three models (CALPUFF, CALGRID, and KSP) are designed to be compatible with the common meteorological model, CALMET, and share preprocessing and postprocessing programs for the display of the modeling results. In the early 1990s, the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) reviewed various modeling approaches suitable for estimating pollutant concentrations at Class I areas, including the I:\calmet\nov99\sect1.wpd 1-1 individual and cumulative impacts of proposed and existing sources on Air Quality Related Values (AQRVs), Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments, and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). IWAQM consists of representatives from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. IWAQM released a Phase I report (EPA, 1993a) which recommended using the MESOPUFF II dispersion model and MESOPAC II meteorological model on an interim basis for simulating regional air quality and visibility impacts. These recommendations were to apply until more refined (Phase 2) techniques could be identified and evaluated. As part of the development of the Phase 2 recommendations, IWAQM reviewed and intercompared diagnostic wind field models, tested the use of coarse gridded wind fields from the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model with four dimensional data assimilation (MM4) as input into the diagnostic models, and evaluated the MESOPUFF II and CALPUFF modeling systems using tracer data collected during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX). The CAPTEX evaluation results (EPA, 1995) indicated that by using the CALMET/ CALPUFF models with MM4 data, performance could be improved over that obtained with the interim Phase I modeling approach. The Phase 2 IWAQM report (EPA, 1998) recommends the use of the CALMET and CALPUFF models for estimating air quality impacts relative to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments. The U.S. EPA has proposed the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline ("Appendix A") model for regulatory applications involving long range transport and on a case-by-case basis for near-field applications where non-steady-state effects (situations where factors such as spatial variability in the meteorological fields, calm winds, fumigation, recirculation or stagnation, and terrain or coastal effects) may be important. The CALMET and CALPUFF models have been substantially revised and