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Contribution of Inert Waste in Deteriorating Urban Ambient Air Quality

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Contribution of Inert Waste in Deteriorating Urban Ambient Air Quality CONTRIBUTION OF INERT WASTE IN DETERIORATING URBAN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY by Khalid Iqbal (2010-NUST-TfrPhD-ENV-58) Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE) National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan (44000) (2016) i CONTRIBUTION OF INERT WASTE IN DETERIORATING URBAN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY by Khalid Iqbal (2010-NUST-TfrPhD-ENV-58) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Engineering Institute of Environmental Sciences & Engineering (IESE) School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE) National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST) Islamabad, Pakistan (44000) (2016) ii APPROVAL SHEET Certified that the contents and form of thesis titled “Contribution of Construction Inert Waste in Deteriorating Urban Ambient Air Quality” submitted by Mr. Khalid Iqbal have been found satisfactory for the requirement of the degree. Supervisor: _______________ Professor (Dr. Muhammad Anwar Baig) Member: _______________ Associate Professor (Dr. Sher Jamal Khan) Member: _______________ Associate Professor (Dr. Muhammad Arshad) External Examiner: _______________ Name: Dr Nawazish Ali Designation: Principal Engineer Department: DD&CE-in C’sB & GHQ, Rawalpindi iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my beloved parents and rest of the members of my family and friends! It is their support and love that enabled to complete this task. iv DECLARATION I hereby declare that this dissertation is the outcome of my own efforts and has not been published anywhere else before. The matter quoted in the text has been properly referred and acknowledged. ______________ Khalid Iqbal (2010-NUST-TfrPhD-ENV-58) v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Islam prohibits all sorts of mischief in the land. Allah says, “That if anyone slew a person –unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he slew the whole people.” - (Maida: 32) Many Islamic experts pointed out that types of mischief include tree felling and all types of pollution, including solid waste, in view of the fact that they cause death. The Prophet (P. B. U. H) prohibited causing damage and inflicting it on others. He said, “No harm and no inflicting harm”, and “who caused harm, Allah shall inflict harm on him,” - Narrated by Ibne Majja and Abu Dawud. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Dr Muhammad Anwar Baig, Head of Department of Environmental Sciences, IESE, SCEE, NUST, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research and scholarship, and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr Sher Jamal Khan, Dr Muhammad Arshad and Dr Nawazish Ali, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for global affairs supported by an “engagement” in comparative literature and modern technology should always transcend academia and provide a quest for our times. May Allah bestow strength and contentment to all these splendid celebrities! (Aamin)! Khalid Iqbal vi TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVAL SHEET............................................................................................... iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ iv DECLARATION .......................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS ....................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF THE FIGURES..................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................. 4 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 4 1.1. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ............................................................4 1.1.1. Role of Construction Activities..............................................................5 1.1.2. Global Situation of Construction Industry and Employment ....................5 1.1.3. Economic Impact of Construction Sector in Pakistan ..............................6 1.1.4. Construction Waste...............................................................................6 1.1.5. Economic Aspects of Construction Waste Materials................................7 1.1.6. Construction Waste Generation .............................................................9 1.1.7. Impacts on Environment and Human Health...........................................9 1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT..................................................................11 1.2.1. Assessment of Construction Waste Generation .....................................11 1.2.2. Physico-chemical Characteristics of SPM.............................................12 1.2.3. Prediction of SPM Concentration at Varying Distances .........................13 1.3. OBJECTIVES ....................................................................................14 1.4. BENEFITS OF THE STUDY..............................................................15 1.5. SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................................16 1.5.1. Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Construction Waste ............16 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................ 17 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .............................................................. 17 2.1. CONSTRUCTION WASTE CHARACTERIZATION..........................17 2.1.1. Construction Waste Generation ...........................................................17 2.1.2. Types of Construction Waste...............................................................20 vii 2.1.3. Composition of Construction Waste.....................................................21 2.1.4. Reasons and Sources of Construction Waste.........................................22 2.2. SPM CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................23 2.2.1. Methods for Particulate Matter Sampling .............................................23 2.2.2. Concentration of Suspended Particulate Matter .....................................26 2.2.3. Composition of Suspended Particulate Matter.......................................29 2.3. ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION MODELS..........................................31 2.3.1. Gaussian Air Pollutant Dispersion Equation .........................................32 2.3.2. Briggs Plume Rise Equations...............................................................34 2.3.3. Other advanced atmospheric pollution dispersion models ......................35 2.3.3.1. ADMS 3 ............................................................................................35 2.3.3.2. AERMOD..........................................................................................35 2.3.3.3. DISPERSION21 .................................................................................36 2.3.3.4. ISC3 ..................................................................................................36 2.3.3.5. Operational Street Pollution Model (IOSPM) .......................................36 2.4. STATISTICAL MODELS ..................................................................37 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................ 41 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................. 41 3.1. CONSTRUCTION WASTE MATERIAL ............................................42 3.2. PREDICTION OF SPM CHARACTERISTICS....................................43 3.2.1. Site Selection .....................................................................................43 3.2.2. Time and Duration of Samples Collection ............................................44 3.2.3. Fine Inert Sample Collection ...............................................................44 3.2.4. Particulate Matter Sampling ................................................................45 3.2.5. Physicochemical Analysis of Inert Material ..........................................45 3.2.6. pH and Electrical Conductivity ............................................................47 3.2.7. Metals Analysis of Inert Material.........................................................47 3.2.8. Ions Analysis in Inert Material.............................................................50 3.3. Physicochemical Analysis of Suspended Particulate Matter ...................51 3.3.1. pH and electrical conductivity .............................................................51 3.3.2. Trace Metals Analysis in Particulate Matter..........................................52 3.3.3. Ions Analysis in Particulate Matter ......................................................52
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