DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of the Next Generation Air Quality Models for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of the Next Generation Air Quality Models for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Applications Development of the Next Generation Air Quality Models for Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Applications Final Report: Volume 2 - CALPUFF Users Guide (CALMET and Preprocessors) March 2006 Prepared For: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Herndon, VA Contract No. 1435-01-01-CT-31071 Prepared By: Earth Tech, Inc. 196 Baker Avenue Concord, Massachusetts 01742 (978) 371-4000 Contents A. OVERVIEW A-1 A.1 Background A-1 A.2 Overview of the Modeling System A-4 A.3 Major Model Algorithms and Options A-14 A.4 Summary of Data and Computer Requirements A-23 B. GEOPHYSICAL DATA PROCESSORS B-1 B.1 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor B-3 B.2 Land Use Data Preprocessors (CTGCOMP and CTGPROC) B-17 B.3 MAKEGEO B-31 B.4 NIMA DATUM REFERENCE INFORMATION B-42 C. METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSORS C-1 C.1 READ62 UPPER AIR PREPROCESSOR C-1 C.2 PXTRACT PRECIPITATION DATA EXTRACT PROGRAM C-12 C.3 PMERGE PRECIPITATION DATA PREPROCESSOR C-19 C.4 SMERGE SURFACE DATA METEOROLOGICAL PREPROCESSOR C-29 C.5 BUOY OVER-WATER DATA METEOROLOGICAL PREPROCESSOR C-39 D. PROGNOSTIC METEOROLOGICAL DATA PROCESSORS D-1 D.1 CALMM5 D-1 D.2 CALETA D-25 D.3 CALRUC D-40 D.4 CALRAMS D-48 D.5 3D.DAT OUTPUT FILE D-53 E. CALMET MODEL FILES E-1 E.1 User Control File (CALMET.INP) E-5 E.2 Geophysical Data File (GEO.DAT) E-49 E.3 Upper Air Data Files (UP1.DAT, UP2.DAT,...) E-61 E.4 Surface Meteorological Data File (SURF.DAT) E-66 E.5 Overwater Data Files (SEA1.DAT, SEA2.DAT, ...) E-70 E.6 Precipitation Data File (PRECIP.DAT) E-74 E.7 Preprocessed Diagnostic Model Data File (DIAG.DAT) E-78 E.8 Prognostic Model Data File (PROG.DAT) E-82 E.9 3D Model Data Files (3D.DAT) E-84 E.10 Terrain Weighting Factor Data File (WT.DAT) E-102 E.11 CALMET Output Files E-109 Volume II & III References A. OVERVIEW A.1 Background The purpose of this study is to develop an updated regulatory model for evaluating air quality impacts from emission sources located on federal waters of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The United States Department of the Interior Minerals Management Service (MMS) is in charge of a national program to develop the mineral resources, including oil and gas and alternative energy sources (such as wind power), on the OCS waters of the United States. The areas of development are located at distances ranging from 3 miles to more than 100 miles from shore. In the early 1980s the MMS developed the Offshore & Coastal Dispersion (OCD) model (Hanna et al., 1985) to evaluate impacts from the so-called “nonreactive” pollutants (NO2, SO2, CO, PM) emitted from point, line, or area sources located over water. Since then the science of dispersion modeling has made significant advances, as have the computational and data resources that support this modeling. Therefore the focus of this study was to modify and/or enhance an existing model so that it can be appropriately applied to overwater transport and dispersion simulations using the most current knowledge, and is versatile enough to be used in short-range as well as long-range regulatory applications. The new model for OCS applications is an update to the CALPUFF (Scire et al., 2000a, 2000b) modeling system. The original design specifications for CALPUFF included: (1) the capability to treat time-varying sources, (2) suitability for modeling domains from tens of meters to hundreds of kilometers from a source, (3) predictions for averaging times ranging from one-hour to one year, (4) applicability to inert pollutants and those subject to linear removal and chemical conversion mechanisms, and, (5) applicability for rough or complex terrain situations. The modeling system developed to meet these objectives consisted of three components: • CALMET, a meteorological modeling package with both diagnostic and prognostic wind field generators • CALPUFF, a Gaussian puff dispersion model with chemical removal, wet and dry deposition, complex terrain algorithms, building downwash, plume fumigation, and other effects • CALPOST and other postprocessing programs for the output fields of meteorological data, concentrations and deposition fluxes. CALMET, CALPUFF, and CALPOST have been substantially revised and enhanced over time, and the modeling system has achieved regulatory status. The U.S. EPA has designated the CALPUFF modeling system as a Guideline ("Appendix A") model for regulatory applications involving long range transport, and on a case-by-case basis for near-field applications where non-steady-state effects (situations where factors such as spatial variability in the meteorological fields, calm winds, fumigation, recirculation or stagnation, and terrain or coastal effects) may be important. MAR 2006 –Overview A-1 In the early 1990s, the Interagency Workgroup on Air Quality Modeling (IWAQM) reviewed various modeling approaches suitable for estimating pollutant concentrations at Class I areas, including the individual and cumulative impacts of proposed and existing sources on Air Quality Related Values (AQRVs), Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments, and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). IWAQM consists of representatives from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. IWAQM released a Phase I report (EPA, 1993) which recommended using the MESOPUFF II dispersion model and MESOPAC II meteorological model on an interim basis for simulating regional air quality and visibility impacts. These recommendations were to apply until more refined (Phase 2) techniques could be identified and evaluated. As part of the development of the Phase 2 recommendations, IWAQM reviewed and intercompared diagnostic wind field models, tested the use of coarse gridded wind fields from the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model with four dimensional data assimilation (MM4) as input into the diagnostic models, and evaluated the MESOPUFF II and CALPUFF modeling systems using tracer data collected during the Cross-Appalachian Tracer Experiment (CAPTEX). The CAPTEX evaluation results (EPA, 1995) indicated that by using the CALMET/ CALPUFF models with MM4 data, performance could be improved over that obtained with the interim Phase I modeling approach. The Phase 2 IWAQM report (EPA, 1998) recommends the use of the CALMET and CALPUFF models for estimating air quality impacts relative to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) increments. Changes to the system that were designed and implemented for OCS applications include ease-of-use features as well as new and modified subroutines in both the CALMET meteorological model and the CALPUFF dispersion model: • CALMET Updates o An option is provided to use the COARE (Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment) overwater flux model, Version 2.6bw, with or without wave data. o A convective (rather than mechanical) overwater boundary layer height is computed for L<0 (positive surface heat flux). Note that the overwater mixing height is computed only when it is not provided in a SEA.DAT file. o A new convective mixing height parameterization option is provided. o Surface winds are adjusted from anemometer height to 10m (middle of CALMET layer 1). o Consistent similarity profile equations are used throughout system. • CALPUFF updates o A building downwash adjustment is introduced for elevated (platform) structures with an open area between the surface and the bulk of the structure. This platform height is provided for point sources, and applies to the ICS downwash option. o An option is provided for computing turbulence profiles using the AERMOD subroutines o A diagnostic option is provided to test a Lagrangian time-scale for lateral plume growth functions that is computed from boundary layer scales. o An option is provided to accept the AERMET version of SURFACE and PROFILE meteorological data files. MAR 2006 –Overview A-2 o An option is provided to include an adjustment for turbulence advection from regions of larger turbulence velocity into regions of smaller turbulence velocity. This adjustment is applied to computed (not measured) turbulence. o The minimum lateral turbulence velocity (σv) allowed is partitioned to distinguish values appropriate for over-land cells and over-water cells. • BUOY processor o This new processor creates revised SEA.DAT files for CALMET with wave data for the COARE overwater flux option. o Data files readily obtained from NODC and NDBC web sites are read. • Graphical user interface (GUI) updates o The CALPRO system for geophysical and meteorological preprocessors and CALPOST and PRTMET postprocessors was extensively revised and enhanced. o A GUI for the BUOY processor was developed and integrated into CALPRO. o A GUI option was added to CALPRO for extracting a subset from the surface meteorological data, precipitation data, and ozone data from the Gulf of Mexico dataset for a user’s CALMET domain. o The CALVIEW display system for meteorological fields and concentration/deposition fields using the SURFER® contouring package was extensively revised and enhanced. • Standard Gulf of Mexico Meteorology and Ozone Dataset o Meteorological, geophysical and ozone data required for CALMET/CALPUFF simulations within the MMS Gulf of Mexico region were prepared for year 2003. o USGS terrain elevation files with 90m resolution and USGS land use data files with 200m resolution were assembled for the domain. o Buoy stations in the domain were processed into 13 SEA.DAT files (1 station/file). o Upper-air stations in the domain were processed into 21 UP.DAT files (1 station/file). o 230 NWS hourly surface meteorological stations in the domain were processed into the SURF.DAT file. o 271 NWS precipitation stations in the domain were processed into the PRECIP.DAT file. o 201 ozone data stations in the domain were processed into the OZONE.DAT file.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Table of Contents
    CALPUFF Modeling System Version 6 User Instructions April 2011 Section 1: Introduction Table of Contents Page 1. OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 CALPUFF Version 6 Modeling System............................................................... 1-1 1.2 Historical Background .......................................................................................... 1-2 1.3 Overview of the Modeling System ....................................................................... 1-7 1.4 Major Model Algorithms and Options................................................................. 1-19 1.4.1 CALMET................................................................................................ 1-19 1.4.2 CALPUFF............................................................................................... 1-23 1.5 Summary of Data and Computer Requirements .................................................. 1-28 2. GEOPHYSICAL DATA PROCESSORS.......................................................................... 2-1 2.1 TERREL Terrain Preprocessor............................................................................. 2-3 2.2 Land Use Data Preprocessors (CTGCOMP and CTGPROC) ............................. 2-27 2.2.1 Obtaining the Data.................................................................................. 2-27 2.2.2 CTGCOMP - the CTG land use data compression program .................. 2-29 2.2.3 CTGPROC - the land use preprocessor
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Assistance for Improving Emissions Control the Role Of
    This Project is Co-Financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey This Project is c This project is co-financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey Technical Assistance for Improving Emissions Control Service Contract No: TR0802.03-02/001 Identification No: EuropeAid/128897/D/SER/TR The Role of Emissions Dispersion Modelling in Cost Benefit Analysis Applied to Urban Air Quality Management: Part 1-the Approach (Version 2: 18 May 2012) This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the Consortium led by PM Group and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Contracting Authority: Central Finance and Contracting Unit, Turkey Implementing Authority / Beneficiary: Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation Project Title: Improving Emissions Control Service Contract Number: TR0802.03-02/001 Identification Number: EuropeAid/128897/D/SER/TR PM Project Number: 300424 This project is co-financed by the European Union and the Republic of Turkey The Role of Emissions Dispersion Modelling in Cost Benefit Analysis Applied to Urban Air Quality Management: Part 1 – the Approach Version 2: 18 May 2012 PM File Number: 300424-06-RP-200 PM Document Number: 300424-06-205(2) CURRENT ISSUE Issue No.: 2 Date: 18/05/2012 Reason for Issue: Final Version for Client Approval Customer Approval Sign-Off Originator Reviewer Approver (if required) Scott Hamilton, Peter Print Name Russell Frost Jim McNelis Faircloth, Chris Dore Signature Date PREVIOUS ISSUES (Type Names) Issue No. Date Originator Reviewer Approver Customer Reason for Issue 1 14/03/2012 Scott Hamilton, Peter Russell Frost Jim McNelis For client review / comment Faircloth, Chris Dore CFCU / MoEU 300424-06-RP-205 (2) TA for Improving Emissions Control 18 May 2012 CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Predicting Air Quality Near Roadway Intersections Through the Applicat
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2004 Predicting Air Quality Near Roadway Intersections Through The Applicat Brian Kim University of Central Florida Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Kim, Brian, "Predicting Air Quality Near Roadway Intersections Through The Applicat" (2004). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 200. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/200 PREDICTING AIR QUALITY NEAR ROADWAY INTERSECTIONS THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF A GAUSSIAN PUFF MODEL TO MOVING SOURCES by BRIAN Y. KIM B.S. University of California at Irvine, 1990 M.S. California Polytechnic State University at San Luis Obispo, 1996 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2004 ABSTRACT With substantial health and economic impacts attached to many highway-related projects, it has become imperative that the models used to assess air quality be as accurate as possible. The United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently promulgates the use of CAL3QHC to model concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) near roadway intersections.
    [Show full text]
  • MARK R THEOBALD.Pdf
    TESIS DOCTORAL / Ph.D THESIS An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Mark R. Theobald Madrid 2012 E.T.S.I. Agrónomos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Departamento de Química y Análisis Agrícola Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Autor: Mark R. Theobald Licenciado en Ciencias Físicas (MPhys hons) Directores: Dr. Antonio Vallejo Garcia Doctor en Ciencias Químicas Dr. Mark A. Sutton Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Madrid 2012 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the European Commission through the NitroEurope Integrated Project (Contract No. 017841 of the EU Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development). The European Science Foundation also provided additional funding through COST Action 729 for the attendance of conferences and workshops and for the collaboration with the University of Lisbon (COST-STSM-729-5799). Firstly I would like to thank my two supervisors Dr. Mark A. Sutton and Prof. Antonio Vallejo for their support and guidance throughout this work. I am grateful to Mark not only for his willingness to discuss and direct this work no matter where he was in the world or whatever time of day it was, but also for the support and encouragement I received when I was at CEH Edinburgh. I am also grateful to Antonio for guiding me through the labyrinths of University bureaucracy. I would also like to thank the other research groups with whom I have collaborated throughout this work. Thanks to all my colleagues at CEH Edinburgh with a special mention to Bill Bealey for his help developing the SCAIL model and to Sim Tang for providing the ALPHA samplers and technical support.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Chemical Dispersion Models Using Atmospheric Plume Measurements from Field Experiments EPA Contract No
    September 2012 FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT Evaluation of Chemical Dispersion Models using Atmospheric Plume Measurements from Field Experiments EPA Contract No: EP‐D‐07‐102 Work Assignment No: 4‐06 and 5‐08 Prepared for: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 109 T.W. Alexander Drive Mail Code: C439‐1 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Prepared by: ENVIRON International Corporation 773 San Marin Drive, Suite 2115 Novato, California, 94998 Under Subcontract to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill September 2012 06‐20443M6 UNC–EMAQ 4‐06.018.v4 September 2012 FINAL REPORT UNC–EMAQ 4‐06.016.v4 i September 2012 FINAL REPORT Contents Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PURPOSE ............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 OVERVIEW OF APPROACH .................................................................................. 2 1.3.1 Field Experiments used in the Evaluation ............................................. 2 1.3.2 Models Evaluated .................................................................................. 2 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT ........................................................................ 2 2.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of ISC3, AERMOD, and ADMS Dispersion Models with Observations from Five Field Sites
    EVALUATION OF THE ADMS, AERMOD, AND ISC3 DISPERSION MODELS WITH THE OPTEX, DUKE FOREST, KINCAID, INDIANAPOLIS, AND LOVETT FIELD DATA SETS Steven R. Hanna*, Bruce A. Egan**, John Purdum***, and Jen Wagler**** *CSI MS 5C3, George Mason Univ., Fairfax, VA 22030-4444 USA **Egan Environmental, 75 Lothrop St., Beverly, MA 01915 USA ***17 Peters Way, North Attleboro, MA 02760 USA ****URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde, 38 Chauncy St., Boston, MA 02111 USA ABSTRACT The model evaluation exercise addresses the question whether the new models, ADMS and AERMOD, produce improvements over ISC3 when compared with a range of field observations. ADMS and AERMOD have similar state-of-the-art scientific components, whereas ISC3 contains 1960s technology. The five sets of field observations used in the statistical evaluation represent a cross-section of typical scenarios encountered by modelers. The OPTEX data base concerns non-buoyant tracer releases within an oil refinery complex, and the Duke Forest data base involves non-buoyant tracer releases from area and volume sources in an open field. The Kincaid, Indianapolis, and Lovett data bases all deal with buoyant plumes from tall stacks at power plants. However, the settings are quite different, since the Kincaid plant is surrounded by flat farmland, the Indianapolis plant is located in an urban environment, and the Lovett plant is sited in a valley surrounded by complex terrain with monitors at elevations higher than the stack. Analysis of the model performance measures suggest that ISC3 typically overpredicts, has a scatter of about a factor of three, and has about 33% of its predictions within a factor of two of observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Protection Agency
    Wednesday, November 9, 2005 Part III Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 51 Revision to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model and Other Revisions; Final Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 16:55 Nov 08, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\09NOR3.SGM 09NOR3 68218 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 9, 2005 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION telephone (919) 541–5562. SCRAM) at: www.epa.gov/scram001. AGENCY ([email protected]). You may find codes and documentation SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: for models referenced in today’s action 40 CFR Part 51 on the SCRAM Web site. We have also Outline uploaded various support documents [AH–FRL–7990–9] I. General Information (e.g., evaluation reports). II. Background RIN 2060–AK60 III. Public Hearing on the April 2000 II. Background proposal The Guideline is used by EPA, States, Revision to the Guideline on Air IV. Discussion of Public Comments and Quality Models: Adoption of a and industry to prepare and review new Issues from our April 21, 2000 Proposal source permits and State Preferred General Purpose (Flat and A. AERMOD and PRIME Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model B. Appropriate for Proposed Use Implementation Plan revisions. The and Other Revisions C. Implementation Issues/Additional Guideline is intended to ensure Guidance consistent air quality analyses for AGENCY: Environmental Protection D. AERMOD revision and reanalyses in activities regulated at 40 CFR 51.112, Agency (EPA). 2003 51.117, 51.150, 51.160, 51.166, and ACTION: Final rule.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Appendix W
    Wednesday, November 9, 2005 Part III Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 51 Revision to the Guideline on Air Quality Models: Adoption of a Preferred General Purpose (Flat and Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model and Other Revisions; Final Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 16:55 Nov 08, 2005 Jkt 205001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\09NOR3.SGM 09NOR3 68218 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 216 / Wednesday, November 9, 2005 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION telephone (919) 541–5562. SCRAM) at: www.epa.gov/scram001. AGENCY ([email protected]). You may find codes and documentation SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: for models referenced in today’s action 40 CFR Part 51 on the SCRAM Web site. We have also Outline uploaded various support documents [AH–FRL–7990–9] I. General Information (e.g., evaluation reports). II. Background RIN 2060–AK60 III. Public Hearing on the April 2000 II. Background proposal The Guideline is used by EPA, States, Revision to the Guideline on Air IV. Discussion of Public Comments and Quality Models: Adoption of a and industry to prepare and review new Issues from our April 21, 2000 Proposal source permits and State Preferred General Purpose (Flat and A. AERMOD and PRIME Complex Terrain) Dispersion Model B. Appropriate for Proposed Use Implementation Plan revisions. The and Other Revisions C. Implementation Issues/Additional Guideline is intended to ensure Guidance consistent air quality analyses for AGENCY: Environmental Protection D. AERMOD revision and reanalyses in activities regulated at 40 CFR 51.112, Agency (EPA). 2003 51.117, 51.150, 51.160, 51.166, and ACTION: Final rule.
    [Show full text]
  • Calpuff Real Case Studies
    Modelling exercise with Calpuff. Real case studies. Activity 4. Tools for response management Action 4.2. Airborne Pollution Propagation from water incidents ARCOPOL The Atlantic Regions’ Coastal Pollution Response Version: 1.0 Last updated on: 30/12/201 1 Author: Patricia Simal Campos, Vicente Pérez-Muñuzuri, Breogán Gómez Hombre Responsible partner: MeteoGalicia. Consellería de Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Infraestructuras. Involved partners: CETMAR, MeteoGalicia- Consellería de Medio Ambiente, Territorio e Infraestructuras, INTECMAR, IST, CIIMAR, Agencia de Medio Ambiente y Agua de Andalucía, Irish Marine Institute, C.R. de Bretagne, C.R. d’Aquitaine Table of contents Page 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 7 2. The CALPUFF Modelling System .......................................................................... 7 3. Model Selection ...................................................................................................... 9 4. Emergency episodes ........................................................................................... 10 4.1. Kerosene spill in O Burgo estuary - A Coruña (September 2nd 2011) ....... 10 4.1.1. Description of the emergency ............................................................... 10 4.1.2. Meteorological conditions ..................................................................... 12 4.1.3. Surface weather station near the incident ............................................ 14 4.1.4. Air
    [Show full text]
  • Algorithms and Analytical Solutions for Rapidly Approximating Long-Term Dispersion from Line and Area Sources
    This paper might be a pre-copy-editing or a post-print author-produced .pdf of an article accepted for publication. For the definitive publisher-authenticated version, please refer directly to publishing house’s archive system. Atmospheric Environment 43 (2009) 3249–3258 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Algorithms and analytical solutions for rapidly approximating long-term dispersion from line and area sources Steven R.H. Barrett*, Rex E. Britter University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK article info abstract Article history: Predicting long-term mean pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of airports, roads and other industrial Received 15 July 2008 sources are frequently of concern in regulatory and public health contexts. Many emissions are repre- Received in revised form sented geometrically as ground-level line or area sources. Well developed modelling tools such as 11 March 2009 AERMOD and ADMS are able to model dispersion from finite (i.e. non-point) sources with considerable Accepted 13 March 2009 accuracy, drawing upon an up-to-date understanding of boundary layer behaviour. Due to mathematical difficulties associated with line and area sources, computationally expensive numerical integration Keywords: schemes have been developed. For example, some models decompose area sources into a large number Dispersion modelling Long-term average concentrations of line sources orthogonal to the mean wind direction, for which an analytical (Gaussian) solution exists. Area sources Models also employ a time-series approach, which involves computing mean pollutant concentrations Line sources for every hour over one or more years of meteorological data.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO. Guidance for Identifying Populations at Risk from Mercury Exposure. Issued by UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch
    UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME DTIE CHEMICALS BRANCH GUIDANCE FOR IDENTIFYING POPULATIONS AT RISK FROM MERCURY EXPOSURE August 2008 Issued by UNEP DTIE Chemicals Branch and WHO Department of Food Safety, Zoonoses and Foodborne Diseases Geneva, Switzerland ii Disclaimer: This publication is intended to serve as a guide. While the information provided is believed to be accurate, UNEP and WHO disclaim any responsibility for possible inaccuracies or omissions and consequences that may flow from them. UNEP, WHO, or any individual involved in the preparation of this publication shall not be liable for any injury, loss, damage or prejudice of any kind that may be caused by persons who have acted based on their understanding of the information contained in this publication. The designation employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply any expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations, UNEP, or WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or any of its authorities, or concerning any definition of frontiers or boundaries. This publication is produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC). This publication was developed in the IOMC context. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or stated policies of individual IOMC Participating Organizations. The Inter-Organisation Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen co-operation and increase international co-ordination in the field of chemical safety. The participating organisations are FAO, ILO, OECD, UNEP, UNIDO, UNITAR and WHO.
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Dr. Garrett, We Have Addressed the Comments from Reviewers 1 and 2 and Incorporated Changes Into a Revised Manuscript. Plea
    Dear Dr. Garrett, We have addressed the comments from Reviewers 1 and 2 and incorporated changes into a revised manuscript. Please find the referees’ comments, our point-by-point responses, and a marked up version of the manuscript below. The text in black are the replies uploaded to ACPD. During incorporation of the revisions, we change our minds on a few points. These changes are noted in red text, as are indications for where to find the related changes in the manuscript. Thank you for considering this manuscript for publication in ACP. Thanks, Natalie Wagenbrenner Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2015-761-RC1, 2016 ACPD © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License. Interactive comment Interactive comment on “Downscaling surface wind predictions from numerical weather prediction models in complex terrain with WindNinja” by N. S. Wagenbrenner et al. Anonymous Referee #1 Received and published: 21 February 2016 Review This is very well-written and well-constructed, scientifically sound paper that is of ben- efit to the scientific community. I don’t have any major issues with the paper as-is. However, some discussion of the following issues would strengthen the paper in my opinion: 1. For Figures 1, and 6-8 it would be really helpful to have the Big Southern Butte area Printer-friendly version zoomed in more. I have a hard time seeing what is going on in that region and then the rest of the plots are mostly empty with a few observations scattered downstream. Discussion paper What I would recommend would be to have a zoomed-in plot of the Big Southern Butte area.
    [Show full text]