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MARK R THEOBALD.Pdf TESIS DOCTORAL / Ph.D THESIS An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Mark R. Theobald Madrid 2012 E.T.S.I. Agrónomos Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Departamento de Química y Análisis Agrícola Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos An Intercomparison of Modelling Approaches for Simulating the Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Emitted by Agricultural Sources Autor: Mark R. Theobald Licenciado en Ciencias Físicas (MPhys hons) Directores: Dr. Antonio Vallejo Garcia Doctor en Ciencias Químicas Dr. Mark A. Sutton Doctor en Ciencias Físicas Madrid 2012 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the European Commission through the NitroEurope Integrated Project (Contract No. 017841 of the EU Sixth Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development). The European Science Foundation also provided additional funding through COST Action 729 for the attendance of conferences and workshops and for the collaboration with the University of Lisbon (COST-STSM-729-5799). Firstly I would like to thank my two supervisors Dr. Mark A. Sutton and Prof. Antonio Vallejo for their support and guidance throughout this work. I am grateful to Mark not only for his willingness to discuss and direct this work no matter where he was in the world or whatever time of day it was, but also for the support and encouragement I received when I was at CEH Edinburgh. I am also grateful to Antonio for guiding me through the labyrinths of University bureaucracy. I would also like to thank the other research groups with whom I have collaborated throughout this work. Thanks to all my colleagues at CEH Edinburgh with a special mention to Bill Bealey for his help developing the SCAIL model and to Sim Tang for providing the ALPHA samplers and technical support. I am grateful to the Centre for Environmental Biology at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon for making me feel very welcome during my collaborative visits. Special thanks to Drs. Cristina Branquinho, Cristina Cruz and Pedro Pinho and also to Teresa Dias there. Thanks also to the researchers that have provided datasets used in this work, most notably Dr. John Walker at the US EPA for the concentration and meteorological data from the North Carolina case study, and to Per Løfstrøm and Dr. Helle Vibeke Andersen at Aarhus University and Poul Pedersen at the Danish Agriculture and Food Council for the emission, concentration and meteorological data for the Falster case study. I am also grateful to Drs. Addo van Pul and Hans van Jaarsveld at RIVM and PBL, respectively, for providing the source code and modelling guidance for the OPS-st model and to Dr. David Carruthers and colleagues at CERC for providing a customised version of the ADMS 4 model. The field experiment at the farm in Aguilafuente, Segovia, would not have been possible without the collaboration of the staff at PigCHAMP Pro Europa S.L. Many thanks to Gema Montalvo and Carlos Piñeiro for their support and coordination and to all the workers at the farm, especially Juan Carlos, for making me feel welcome during my visits. Many thanks to the technical staff in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Analysis for their help, especially to Pilar Ortiz for the preparation and analysis of numerous ammonium samples. I am also grateful to my colleagues in the department: Angela, Diego, Emi, Patricia and Sonia for making me feel very welcome, providing coffee in the moments when the brain was flagging and reminding me to eat when I was concentrating too hard. I am indebted to Alberto Sanz Cobeña who has not only been a supportive colleague, but has also been a great friend, making the move to another country easier to bear. As well as sharing many a caña in the bars of Madrid, Alberto introduced me to the Sierra de Madrid, which has been the perfect place to clear the mind and put things into perspective. II Acknowledgements I would also like to thank all my friends both in Spain and in the UK, too numerous to mention, but without whose support my move to Madrid would have been a lot more difficult. Thanks to my mum and dad, Elaine and Richard, who have always supported me and been there when I needed them, and thanks also to my brother David, his wife Kathleen and their daughter Liona for being all the family one could need. I am also grateful to my Spanish family, Laura’s mum and dad María Jesús and Luis Miguel, her brothers, Nacho and Marcos and her grandma Julia. Thanks for making me feel like part of the family, even before I was. And finally, my eternal gratitude to my wife Laura who, apart from being the raison d'être of this thesis, has supported me whole-heartedly throughout my move to Madrid and my transition to Spanish life. Thanks Laura for wanting to share this adventure with me, thanks for putting up me with when I’m missing being in the UK and above all thanks for loving me and wanting to spend the rest of your life with me; this work is dedicated to you.. III Resumen (Castellano) RESUMEN La dispersión del amoniaco (NH3) emitido por fuentes agrícolas en medias distancias, y su posterior deposición en el suelo y la vegetación, pueden llevar a la degradación de ecosistemas vulnerables y a la acidificación de los suelos. La deposición de NH3 suele ser mayor junto a la fuente emisora, por lo que los impactos negativos de dichas emisiones son generalmente mayores en esas zonas. Bajo la legislación comunitaria, varios estados miembros emplean modelos de dispersión inversa para estimar los impactos de las emisiones en las proximidades de las zonas naturales de especial conservación. Una revisión reciente de métodos para evaluar impactos de NH3 en distancias medias recomendaba la comparación de diferentes modelos para identificar diferencias importantes entre los métodos empleados por los distintos países de la UE. En base a esta recomendación, esta tesis doctoral compara y evalúa las predicciones de las concentraciones atmosféricas de NH3 de varios modelos bajo condiciones, tanto reales como hipotéticas, que plantean un potencial impacto sobre ecosistemas (incluidos aquellos bajo condiciones de clima Mediterráneo). En este sentido, se procedió además a la comparación y evaluación de varias técnicas de modelización inversa para inferir emisiones de NH3. Finalmente, se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático simple para calcular las concentraciones de NH3 y la velocidad de deposición de NH3 en ecosistemas vulnerables cercanos a una fuente emisora. La comparativa de modelos supuso la evaluación de cuatro modelos de dispersión (ADMS 4.1; AERMOD v07026; OPS-st v3.0.3 y LADD v2010) en un amplio rango de casos hipotéticos (dispersión de NH3 procedente de distintos tipos de fuentes agrícolas de emisión). La menor diferencia entre las concentraciones medias estimadas por los distintos modelos se obtuvo para escenarios simples. La IV Resumen (Castellano) convergencia entre las predicciones de los modelos fue mínima para el escenario relativo a la dispersión de NH3 procedente de un establo ventilado mecánicamente. En este caso, el modelo ADMS predijo concentraciones significativamente menores que los otros modelos. Una explicación de estas diferencias podríamos encontrarla en la interacción de diferentes “penachos” y “capas límite” durante el proceso de parametrización. Los cuatro modelos de dispersión fueron empleados para dos casos reales de dispersión de NH3: una granja de cerdos en Falster (Dinamarca) y otra en Carolina del Norte (EEUU). Las concentraciones medias anuales estimadas por los modelos fueron similares para el caso americano (emisión de granjas ventiladas de forma natural y balsa de purines). La comparación de las predicciones de los modelos con concentraciones medias anuales medidas in situ, así como la aplicación de los criterios establecidos para la aceptación estadística de los modelos, permitió concluir que los cuatro modelos se comportaron aceptablemente para este escenario. No ocurrió lo mismo en el caso danés (nave ventilada mecánicamente), en donde el modelo LADD no dio buenos resultados debido a la ausencia de procesos de “sobreelevacion de penacho” (plume-rise). Los modelos de dispersión dan a menudo pobres resultados en condiciones de baja velocidad de viento debido a que la teoría de dispersión en la que se basan no es aplicable en estas condiciones. En situaciones de frecuente descenso en la velocidad del viento, la actual guía de modelización propone usar un modelo que sea eficaz bajo dichas condiciones, máxime cuando se realice una valoración que tenga como objeto establecer una política de regularización. Esto puede no ser siempre posible debido a datos meteorológicos insuficientes, en cuyo caso la única opción sería utilizar un modelo más común, como la versión avanzada de los modelos Gausianos ADMS o AERMOD. V Resumen (Castellano) Con el objetivo de evaluar la idoneidad de estos modelos para condiciones de bajas velocidades de viento, ambos modelos fueron utilizados en un caso con condiciones Mediterráneas. Lo que supone sucesivos periodos de baja velocidad del viento. El estudio se centró en la dispersión de NH3 procedente de una granja de credos en Segovia (España central). Para ello la concentración de NH3 media mensual fue medida en 21 localizaciones en torno a la granja. Se realizaron también medidas de concentración de alta resolución en una única localización durante una campaña de una semana. En este caso, se evaluaron dos estrategias para mejorar la respuesta del modelo ante bajas velocidades del viento. La primera se basó en “no zero wind” (NZW), que sustituyó periodos de calma con el mínimo límite de velocidad del viento y “accumulated calm emissions” (ACE), que forzaban al modelo a calcular las emisiones totales en un periodo de calma y la siguiente hora de no-calma.
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