DOCSLIB.ORG

Appendix: Geological Time Scales

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Appendix: Geological Time Scales Appendix: Geological Time Scales Three recent geological time scales for the Phanerozoic Eon. The time for beginning of each interval of geological time is given in millions of years before present. Time scale divisions after Harland et al. [1], except Carboniferous, which follows Snelling [3]. Interval Time of Beginning (1) (2) (3) Cenozoic Era Quaternary Sub-era Holocene Epoch 0.01 0.01 0.01 Pleistocene Epoch 2.0 2.0 1.6 Tertiary Sub-era Neogene Period Pliocene Epoch Piacenzian Stage 3.4 Zanclian Stage 5.1 5.5 5.3 Miocene Epoch Messinian Stage 6.5 Tortonian Stage 11.3 10.5 Serravallian Stage 15.1 Langhian Stage 16.3 Burdigalian Stage 21.8 Aquitanian Stage 24.6 23.0 23.7 Paleogene Period Oligocene Epoch Chattian Stage 32.8 27.0 30.0 Rupelian Stage 38.0 34.0 36.6 Eocene Epoch Priabonian Stage 42.0 37.0 40.0 Bartonian Stage 39.0 43.6 Lutetian Stage 50.5 45.0 52.0 Ypresian Stage 54.9 53.0 57.8 Paleocene Epoch Thanetian Stage 60.2 59.0 62.3 Danian Stage 65.0 65.0 66.4 Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period Maastrichtian Stage 73 72 72 Campanian Stage 83 83 83 Santonian Stage 87.5 86 86 Coniacian Stage 88.5 88 88 430 Appendix Interval Time of Beginning (1) (2) (3) Turonian Stage 91 91 91 Cenomanian Stage 97.5 95 95 Albian Stage 113 107 107 Aptian Stage 119 112 114 Barremian Stage 125 114 116· Hauterivian Stage 131 119 120 Valanginian Stage 138 126 128 Berriasian Stage 144 130 135 Jurassic Period Tithonian Stage 150 135 139 Kimmeridgian Stage 156 140 144 Oxfordian Stage 163 150 152 Callovian Stage 169 158 159 Bathonian Stage 175 170 170 Bajocian Stage 181 178 176 Aalenian Stage 188 181 180 Toarcian Stage 194 189 188 Pliensbachian Stage 200 195 195 Sinemurian Stage 201 201 201 Hettangian Stage 213 204 205 Triassic Period Rhaetian Stage 219 210 210 Norian Stage 225 220 220 Carnian Stage 231 229 230 Ladinian Stage 238 233 235 Anisian Stage 243 239 240 Scythian Epoch (includes Spathian, 248 245 250 Smithian, Dienerian, and Griesbachian Stages) Paleozoic Era Permian Period Tatarian ( = Dzhulfian) Stage 253 250 255 Kazanian Stage 260 Ufimian Stage 258 258 Kungurian Stage 263 265 270 Artinskian Stage 268 273 Sakmarian Stage 280 280 Asselian Stage 286 290 290 Carboniferous Period Pennsylvanian Sub-period Stephanian Epoch 296 300 Appendix 431 Interval Time of Beginning (1 ) (2) (3) Westphalian Epoch 315 310 Namurian Epoch (B+C) 320 Mississippian Sub-period Namurian Epoch (A) 333 320 325 ( = Serpukhovian Epoch) Visean Epoch 352 355 Tournaisian Epoch 360 360 355 Devonian Period Famennian Stage 367 Frasnian Stage 374 375 375 Givetian Stage 380 Eifelian Stage 387 385 390 Emsian Stage 394 Siegenian Stage 401 Gedinnian Stage 408 400 405 Silurian Period Pridoli Epoch 414 Ludlow Epoch 421 420 Wenlock Epoch 428 425 Llandovery Epoch 438 418 435 Ordovician Period Ashgill Epoch 448 425 440 Caradoc Epoch 458 438 455 Llandeilo Epoch 468 455 460 Llanvirn Epoch 478 470 Arenig Epoch 488 475 490 Tremadoc Epoch 505 495 510 Cambrian Period Late Cambrian 525 Middle Cambrian 540 Lenian Stage Atdabanian Stage 550 Tommotian Stage 590 530 570 References (1) Harland, W. B.; Cox, A. V.; Llewellyn, P. G.; Pickton, C. A. G.; Smith, A. G.; and Walters, R. 1982. Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2) Odin, G. S., ed. 1982. Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy (2 Vols.). Chichester: Wiley. (3) Snelling, N. J., ed. 1985. The Chronology of the Geological Record. Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem. 10. Oxford: Blackwell. List of Participants with Fields of Research BABIN, C. CHARLESWORTH, B. Laboratoire de Paleontologie Dept. of Biology et Stratigraphie du Paleozoique University of Chicago Universite de Bretagne Occidentale 1103 E. 57th St. U.E.R. Sciences Chicago, IL 60637 Avenue Ie Gorgeu USA 29283 Brest Cedex Population genetics and evolu­ France tionary theory Paleozoic Mollusca Bivalvia: evolution, biostratigraphy CONNOR, E. F. Dept. of Environmental Sciences BAMBACH, R.K. Clark Hall Dept. of Geological Sciences University of Virginia Virginia Polytechnic Institute Charlottesville, VA 22903 and State University USA Blacksburg, VA 24061 Population and community USA ecology, biogeography, and insect­ Community paleoecology, ecospace plant interactions utilization and patterns of diversity change through time DZIK, J. Zaklad Paleobiologii PAN BANDEL, K. Aleja Zwirki i Wigury 93 Institut fUr Paliiontologie 02-089 Warsaw Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg Poland Loewenichstrasse 28 Evolutionary paleontology 8520 Erlangen Federal Republic of Germany Paleontology, paleobiology, evolution of molluscs List of Participants with Fields of Research 433 ERBEN, H.K. FURSICH, F. T. Institut fUr PaUiontologie Institut fUr Palaontologie Universitat Bonn und Historische Geologie Nussallee 8 Universitat Munchen 5300 Bonn 1 Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10 Federal Republic of Germany 8000 M unchen 2 Phyletic extinctions (esp. "mass Federal Republic of Germany extinctions" ), general patterns of Paleoecology of mesozoic benthic organismic evolution in Phanero­ marine systems zoic time FUTUYMA, D.J. FISHER, D. C. Dept. of Ecology and Evolution Museum of Paleontology State University of New York University of Michigan Stony Brook, NY 11794 Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA USA Evolution of associations among Paleontology - functional plants and herbivorous insects, morphology, phylogenetic from genetic, ecological, and inference, taphonomy phylogenetic perspectives; coevolution FLESSA, K. W. Dept. of Geosciences GOULD, S.J. University of Arizona Museum of Comparative Zoology Tucson, AZ 85721 Harvard University USA Cambridge, MA 02138 Paleobiology, biogeography USA Evolutionary biology FLU GEL, E. Institut fUr Palaontologie HALLAM, A. Universitat Erlangen - Nurnberg Dept. of Geological Sciences Loewenichstrasse 28 University of Birmingham 8520 Erlangen P.O. Box 363 Federal Republic of Germany Birmingham B15 2TT Evolution offossil reefs England Evolutionary paleobiology, paleobiogeography 434 List of Participants with Fields of Research HSU, K.J. LaBARBERA, M. Geologisches Institut Dept. of Anatomy ETH-Zentrum University of Chicago 8092 Zurich 1025 East 57th Street Switzerland Chicago, IL 60637 Sedimentology, geochemistry, USA paleoenvironmental analyses Functional morphology and biomechanics of living and fossil HUSSNER, H. M. marine invertebrates Institut fUr PaHiontologie LEVINTON, J. S. Universitat Erlangen - Nurnberg Dept. of Ecology and Evolution Loewenichstrasse 28 State University of New York 8520 Erlangen Stony Brook, NY 11794 Federal Republic of Germany USA Carbonate sedimentology, Marine ecology, evolutionary evolution of reefs, mass extinctions biology JABLONSKI, D. MEETER, D. A. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences Dept. of Statistics University of Chicago Florida State University 5734 S. Ellis Avenue Tallahassee, FL 32306 Chicago, IL 60637 USA USA Ecological statistics: time series analysis, design of experiments and Paleobiology and macroevolution tests of hypotheses JARVINEN, O. MOSBRUGGER, V. Dept. of Zoology Institut fUr Palaontologie University of Helsinki Universitat Bonn P. Rautatiekatu 13 Nussallee 8 00100 Helsinki 10 5300 Bonn 1 Finland Federal Republic of Germany Community ecology of birds; Paleobotany, evolutionary biology ecological zoogeography; population biology of endangered populations List of Participants with Fields of Research 435 MULLER, G. RAUP, D.M. Institut fUr Anatomie Dept. of Geophysical Sciences Wahringerstrasse 13 University of Chicago 1090 Vienna 5734 S. Ellis Avenue Austria Chicago, IL 60637 Experimental embryology, USA vertebrate limb morphogenesis, Theoretical paleobiology and evolutionary biology evolutionary biology REIF, W.-E. NAGL, W. Institut und Museum fUr Geologie FB Biologie und Palaontologie Universitat Kaiserslautern Universitat Tiibingen Postfach 3049 Sigwartstrasse 10 6750 Kaiserslautern 7400 Tiibingen Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Genome organization and Evolutionary biology, functional evolution ofspecies, DNA evolution morphology in cell cultures, cell differentiation and malignant transformation de RICQLES, A. J. Laboratoire d' Anatomie NIKLAS, K. J. Comparee Section of Plant Biology Universite Paris VII Cornell University 2, Place Jussieu Ithaca, NY 14850 75005 Paris USA France Plant development and evolution Evolutionary biology, paleohistology PANCHEN, A.L. Dept. of Zoology RIEGER, R. M. The University Institut fUr Zoologie Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Universitat Innsbruck England Universitatsstrasse 4 6020 Innsbruck Vertebrate paleontology: origin Austria of land vertebrates and early The origin and radiation of the tetrapods; taxonomic theory bilateria as deduced from neonological information (with special reference to the new ultrastructural information) 436 List of Participants with Fields of Research RUNNEGAR, B. SOULE, M.E. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics 118 Little Oaks Rd. University of New England Encinitas, CA 92024 Armidale, NSW 2351 USA Australia Evolutionary genetics and Evolution of the mollusca, phenetics; conservation biology; crystallography of carbonate environmental ethics biominerals, protein evolution SOUSA, W.P. SEILACHER, A. Dept. of Zoology Institut und Museum fUr University of California Geologie und Paliiontologie Berkeley, CA 94720 Universitat Tiibingen USA Sigwartstrasse 10 7400 Tiibingen 1 Disturbance and successional Federal Republic of Germany dynamics in marine intertidal Paleobiology communities; ecology of host­ parasite interactions SELANDER, R. K. Dept. of Biology STEARNS, S. C. University of Rochester Zoologisches Institut River Campus Rheinsprung 9 Rochester, NY 14627 4051 Basel USA Switzerland
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin
    Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin To cite this version: Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions. 2021. hal-03258099v2 HAL Id: hal-03258099 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03258099v2 Preprint submitted on 20 Sep 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1 IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2 CR2P (\Centre de Pal´eontologie { Paris"; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/SU, Mus´eumNational d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France September 16, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree that includes only extinct, or a mix of extinct and extant taxa, where at least some fossil data are available, we present a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account (i) the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct and (ii) the whole phylogenetic tree to estimate extinction times, whilst previous methods do not consider the diversification process and deal with each branch independently.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentology and Biostratigraphy of Bart Reef: a New Mud-Mound Discovered in the Northern Sverdrup Basin, West-Central Ellesmere Island
    Sedimentology and Biostratigraphy of Bart Reef: A New Mud-Mound Discovered in the Northern Sverdrup Basin, West-Central Ellesmere Island Michael Wamsteeker* University of Calgary, Calgary, AB [email protected] and Benoit Beauchamp and Charles Henderson University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Summary Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian) carbonate rocks of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, record the initiation of a dramatic cooling of ocean temperature and regional climate.1 Asselian-Sakmarian tropical-like climate cooled episodically to subtropical, temperate and finally polar-like conditions by the Kungurian.2 Cooling is recognized by monitoring changes in fossils, lithology and sedimentary textures within Permian shallow marine strata. While initial cooling during the Sakmarian from tropical to subtropical conditions is undoubtably geologically rapid, the rate of change is currently unknown. Measurement of this rate is currently being investigated by monitoring habitation depth of temperature sensitive tropical fossils on the Asselian-Sakmarian carbonate shelf, while timing is determined using the conodont biostratigraphic zonation developed for the Sverdrup Basin in conjunction with absolute dates on the International Time Scale.3 Fieldwork carried out in Summer 2007 included the first description of a new tract of Asselian mud mounds on the northern margin of the Sverdrup Basin. Contained within the Nansen Formation, this tract has been informally named the Simpson reef tract. This study documents the sedimentology and conodont biostratigraphy of Bart reef; a member of this tract. Spectacular outcrop exposure of reef and off-reef strata has enabled a truely thorough characterization including the correlation of reef and off-reef facies. Conodont biostratigraphic dating of correlative off-reef facies indicate a middle to late Asselian age for Bart reef.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.11.448028; this version posted June 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2CR2P (“Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements”; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France June 11, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree of extinct and extant taxa with fossils where the only temporal infor- mation stands in the fossil ages, we devise a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct, whilst previous methods just rely on the fossil recovery rate to estimate confidence intervals. We assess and compare our new approach with a standard previous one using simulated data. Results show that our method provides more accurate confidence intervals. This new approach is applied to the study of the extinction time of three Permo-Carboniferous synapsid taxa (Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae) that are thought to have disappeared toward the end of the Cisuralian, or possibly shortly thereafter. The timing of extinctions of these three taxa and of their component lineages supports the idea that a biological crisis occurred in the late Kungurian/early Roadian.
    [Show full text]
  • Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of Glaciation?
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 2007 Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of glaciation? S. G. Thomas Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Christopher R. Fielding University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Tracy D. Frank University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Thomas, S. G.; Fielding, Christopher R.; and Frank, Tracy D., "Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of glaciation?" (2007). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 105. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/105 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54 (2007), pp. 1057–1071; doi: 10.1080/08120090701615717 Copyright © 2007 Geological Society of Australia; published by Taylor & Francis. Used by permission. Submitted March 22, 2006; accepted June 21, 2007. Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian
    [Show full text]
  • From the Lower Permian of Eastern Europe
    Paleontological Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 79–84, April 30, 2005 6 by the Palaeontological Society of Japan A new genus of the family Amblypteridae (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) from the Lower Permian of Eastern Europe ARTE´ M M. PROKOFIEV Department of Fishes and Fish-like Vertebrates, Paleontological Institute – PIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Street, 123, Moscow 117997, Russia (e-mail: [email protected]) Received February 14, 2002; Revised manuscript accepted February 22, 2005 Abstract. A new genus and species of the family Amblypteridae, Tchekardichthys sharovi,fromthe Lower Permian of Eastern Europe (Perm Region of Russia) is described. It can be distinguished from all the known members of the family in the position of the fins and number of fin rays, characters of scalation and cranial roofing bones ornamentation, etc. The newly described taxon apparently lived in estuarine or brackish-water habitats. Key words: actinopterygians, Amblypteridae, Eastern Europe, Lower Permian, new genus and species The elonichthyiform family Amblypteridae is rep- second is situated at the mouth of the Tchekarda resented by five genera and numerous species from River and immediately downstream of the latter, and the Carboniferous to Lower Permian of France, Ger- the third one is situated on the left bank of the Sylva many, Czech Republic, India (Kashmir) and South River 850 m downstream from the mouth of the America, and from the Upper Permian of the Ural Tchekarda River. The specimens described herein are region in Eastern Europe (Agassiz, 1833–1844; Berg, found in the second site. The Tchekarda layers belong 1940; Dunkle and Schaeffer, 1956; Berg et al., 1964; to the Koshelevskaya Formation of the Irenskian Re- Heyler, 1969, 1976, 1997; Beltan, 1978).
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition
    Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an icehouse to greenhouse transition Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kate E. Tierney, M.S. Graduate Program in the School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Matthew R. Saltzman, Advisor William I. Ausich Loren Babcock Stig M. Bergström Ola Ahlqvist Copyright by Kate Elizabeth Tierney 2010 Abstract The Permian is one of the most important intervals of earth history to help us understand the way our climate system works. It is an analog to modern climate because during this interval climate transitioned from an icehouse state (when glaciers existed extending to middle latitudes), to a greenhouse state (when there were no glaciers). This climatic amelioration occurred under conditions very similar to those that exist in modern times, including atmospheric CO2 levels and the presence of plants thriving in the terrestrial system. This analog to the modern system allows us to investigate the mechanisms that cause global warming. Scientist have learned that the distribution of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and lithosphere plays a large role in determining climate and changes in this distribution can be studied by chemical proxies preserved in the rock record. There are two main ways to change the distribution of carbon between these reservoirs. Organic carbon can be buried or silicate minerals in the terrestrial realm can be weathered. These two mechanisms account for the long term changes in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, particularly important to climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Permian (Artinskian to Wuchapingian) Conodont Biostratigraphy in the Tieqiao Section, Laibin Area, South China
    Permian (Artinskian to Wuchapingian) conodont biostratigraphy in the Tieqiao section, Laibin area, South China Y.D. Suna, b*, X.T. Liuc, J.X. Yana, B. Lid, B. Chene, D.P.G. Bondf, M.M. Joachimskib, P.B. Wignallg, X.L. Laia a State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China b GeoZentrum Nordbayern, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany c Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China d Key Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources, Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, Guangzhou, 510075, China e State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, R.P. China f School of Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK g School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK *Corresponding authors Email: [email protected] (Y.D. Sun) © 2017, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1 Abstract Permian strata from the Tieqiao section (Jiangnan Basin, South China) contain several distinctive conodont assemblages. Early Permian (Cisuralian) assemblages are dominated by the genera Sweetognathus, Pseudosweetognathus and Hindeodus with rare Neostreptognathodus and Gullodus. Gondolellids are absent until the end of the Kungurian stage—in contrast to many parts of the world where gondolellids and Neostreptognathodus are the dominant Kungurian conodonts. A conodont changeover is seen at Tieqiao and coincided with a rise of sea level in the late Kungurian to the early Roadian: the previously dominant sweetognathids were replaced by mesogondolellids.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Petroleum Systems of the Western and Southwestern Deserts of Iraq
    GeoArabia, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1998 Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Petroleum Systems, Iraq Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Paleozoic Stratigraphy and Petroleum Systems of the Western and Southwestern Deserts of Iraq Adnan A.M. Aqrawi Smedvig Technologies ABSTRACT A stratigraphic scheme for the Paleozoic of the Southwestern Desert of Iraq is proposed based upon the review of recently published data from several deep wells in the western part of the country and from outcrops in other regions in Iraq. The main formations are described in terms of facies distribution, probable age, regional thickness, and correlations with the well-reported Paleozoic successions of the adjacent countries (e.g. Jordan and Saudi Arabia), as well as with the Thrust Zone of North Iraq. The Paleozoic depositional and tectonic evolution of the Western and Southwestern Deserts of Iraq, particularly during Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian, shows marked similarity to those of eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. However, local lithological variations, which are due to Late Paleozoic Hercynian tectonics, characterize the Upper Paleozoic sequences. The Lower Silurian marine “hot” shale, 65 meters thick in the Akkas-1 well in the Western Desert, is believed to be the main Paleozoic source rock in the Western and Southwestern Deserts. Additional potential source rocks in this region could be the black shales of the Ordovician Khabour Formation, the Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous Ora Shale Formation, and the lower shaly beds of the Upper Permian Chia Zairi Formation. The main target reservoirs are of Ordovician, Silurian, Carboniferous and Permian ages. Similar reservoirs have recently been reported for the Western Desert of Iraq, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia.
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2014/02 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Erathem / Era System / Period GSSP GSSP age (Ma) GSSP GSSA EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon GSSP age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 ~ 541.0 ±1.0 Holocene Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Neo- Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 850 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian 1000 Callovian 166.1 ±1.2 Quaternary Gelasian 2.58 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Bathonian 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Middle Bajocian Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.62 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Langhian Sinemurian Proterozoic Neogene 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- Hettangian 2050 Burdigalian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 28.1 Gorstian Oligocene Upper Norian 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Rupelian Wenlock Homerian
    [Show full text]
  • Paleogeographic Maps Earth History
    History of the Earth Age AGE Eon Era Period Period Epoch Stage Paleogeographic Maps Earth History (Ma) Era (Ma) Holocene Neogene Quaternary* Pleistocene Calabrian/Gelasian Piacenzian 2.6 Cenozoic Pliocene Zanclean Paleogene Messinian 5.3 L Tortonian 100 Cretaceous Serravallian Miocene M Langhian E Burdigalian Jurassic Neogene Aquitanian 200 23 L Chattian Triassic Oligocene E Rupelian Permian 34 Early Neogene 300 L Priabonian Bartonian Carboniferous Cenozoic M Eocene Lutetian 400 Phanerozoic Devonian E Ypresian Silurian Paleogene L Thanetian 56 PaleozoicOrdovician Mesozoic Paleocene M Selandian 500 E Danian Cambrian 66 Maastrichtian Ediacaran 600 Campanian Late Santonian 700 Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Late Cretaceous 100 800 Cryogenian Albian 900 Neoproterozoic Tonian Cretaceous Aptian Early 1000 Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian 1100 Stenian Berriasian 146 Tithonian Early Cretaceous 1200 Late Kimmeridgian Oxfordian 161 Callovian Mesozoic 1300 Ectasian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian 176 1400 Toarcian Jurassic Mesoproterozoic Early Pliensbachian 1500 Sinemurian Hettangian Calymmian 200 Rhaetian 1600 Proterozoic Norian Late 1700 Statherian Carnian 228 1800 Ladinian Late Triassic Triassic Middle Anisian 1900 245 Olenekian Orosirian Early Induan Changhsingian 251 2000 Lopingian Wuchiapingian 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian/Roadian 2100 271 Kungurian Paleoproterozoic Rhyacian Artinskian 2200 Permian Cisuralian Sakmarian Middle Permian 2300 Asselian 299 Late Gzhelian Kasimovian 2400 Siderian Middle Moscovian Penn- sylvanian Early Bashkirian
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Geologic Time Scale Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian Magnetic Magnetic Bdy
    2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST. HIST. ANOM. ANOM. (Ma) CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 65.5 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 542 CALABRIAN MAASTRICHTIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE 1.8 31 C31 251 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 70.6 254 2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 L 630 C2A 3.6 WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN 33 CAMPANIAN CAPITANIAN 5 C3 5.3 266 750 NEOPRO- CRYOGENIAN 80 C33 M WORDIAN MESSINIAN LATE 268 TEROZOIC 3A C3A 83.5 ROADIAN 7.2 SANTONIAN 271 85.8 KUNGURIAN 850 4 276 C4 CONIACIAN 280 4A 89.3 ARTINSKIAN TONIAN C4A L TORTONIAN 90 284 TURONIAN PERMIAN 10 5 93.5 E 1000 1000 C5 SAKMARIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 297 99.6 ASSELIAN STENIAN SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 299.0 5A 100 300 GZELIAN C5A 13.8 M KASIMOVIAN 304 1200 PENNSYL- 306 1250 15 5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN MESOPRO- C5B VANIAN 312 ECTASIAN 5C 16.0 110 BASHKIRIAN TEROZOIC C5C 112 5D C5D MIOCENE 320 318 1400 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 326 6 C6 APTIAN 20 120 1500 CALYMMIAN E 20.4 6A C6A EARLY MISSIS- M0r 125 VISEAN 1600 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 SIPPIAN M3 BARREMIAN C6C 23.0 345 6C CRETACEOUS 130 M5 130 STATHERIAN CARBONIFEROUS TOURNAISIAN 7 C7 HAUTERIVIAN 1750 25 7A M10 C7A 136 359 8 C8 L CHATTIAN M12 VALANGINIAN 360 L 1800 140 M14 140 9 C9 M16 FAMENNIAN BERRIASIAN M18 PROTEROZOIC OROSIRIAN 10 C10 28.4 145.5 M20 2000 30 11 C11 TITHONIAN 374 PALEOPRO- 150 M22 2050 12 E RUPELIAN
    [Show full text]
  • GSSP) for Base of the Permian System
    11 by Vladimir I. Davydov1, Brian F. Glenister2, Claude Spinosa3, Scott M. Ritter4, V. V. Chernykh5, B. R. Wardlaw6, and W. S. Snyder3 Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System 1. All Russian Geological Research Institiute (VSEGEI), St. Petersburg, Russia 2. University of Iowa 3. Permian Research Institute, Boise State University, Idaho 82735 4. Brigham Young University 5. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Sverdlovsk, Russia 6. U.S. Geological Survey The base of the Permian System was originally defined of local letter-designated stages for the Permian are still being uti- (Murchison, 1841) in the Ural Mountains of Russia to lized (e.g. Archbold et al., 1993) despite the fact that the Urals inter- coincide with strata marking the initiation of evaporite national standard has served effectively as a Western Australian ref- deposition, now recognized as the Kungurian Stage. erence for over one-half century (e.g. Miller, 1932). Similarly, in Since that time, the base has been lowered repeatedly to China the base of the Permian became stabilized at the unconformity c c c cydcPdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddTfc yPdddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddIfc cddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddc
    [Show full text]