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GSSP 89.8 ±0.3 86.3 ±0.5 83.6 ±0.2 numerical 72.1 ±0.2 age (Ma) ~ 145.0 ~ 139.8 ~ 132.9 ~ 129.4 ~ 125.0 ~ 1 0.01 27.82 100.5 23.03 20.44 15.97 13.82 7.246 5.333 3.600 0.781 0.126 1 0.0082 0.0042 93.9 66.0 61.6 59.2 56.0 47.8 41.2 37.8 33.9 2.58 1.80 1.63 13.0 17 TIONAL

Phanerozoic Eonothem / Eon Mesozoic Erathem / Era .org System / Period Series /Epoch Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper Middle Middle Lower Upper Lower Upper CHRONOSTRA T Hett Moscovian Capit uchiapingian ournaisian T S T W V t ithonian oarcian age / ordian isean angian anian International CommissiononS Age

GSSP 251.902 ±0.024 254.14 ±0.07 272.95 ±0.11 298.9 ±0.15 295.0 ±0.18 290.1 ±0.26 283.5 ±0.6 268.8 ±0.5 265.1 ±0.4 259.1 ±0.5 201.3 ±0.2 199.3 ±0.3 190.8 ±1.0 182.7 ±0.7 174.1 ±1.0 170.3 ±1.4 168.3 ±1.3 166.1 ±1.2 163.5 ±1.0 157.3 ±1.0 152.1 ±0.9 358.9 ±0.4 346.7 ±0.4 330.9 ±0.2 323.2 ±0.4 315.2 ±0.2 307.0 ±0.1 303.7 ±0.1 numerical age (Ma) ~ 208.5 ~ 145.0 ~ 242 ~ 237 ~ 227 251.2 247.2

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GSSP 541.0 ±1.0 485.4 ±1.9 477.7 ±1.4 470.0 ±1.4 467.3 ±1.1 458.4 ±0.9 453.0 ±0.7 445.2 ±1.4 443.8 ±1.5 440.8 ±1.2 438.5 ±1.1 433.4 ±0.8 430.5 ±0.7 427.4 ±0.5 425.6 ±0.9 423.0 ±2.3 419.2 ±3.2 410.8 ±2.8 407.6 ±2.6 393.3 ±1.2 387.7 ±0.8 382.7 ±1.6 372.2 ±1.6 numerical 358.9 ±0.4 age (Ma) ~ 504.5 ~ 500.5 ~ 489.5 ~ 529 ~ 521 ~ 514 ~ 509 ~ 497 ~ 494 on ratified GSSPs URL: http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2018-07.pdf The ICSInternational ChronostratigraphicChart.Episodes 36:199-204. To cite:Cohen,.M.,Finney, S..,Gibbard,P.L. &Fan, .-.(2013;updated) (c) InternationalCommission onS Chart draf Geological MapoftheW Colouring followstheCommissionfor the relevant ICSsubcommissions. Cret and are except M (Middle) and L/E (Lower/Early). Numerical ages for all systems Ratified Subseries/SubepochsareabbreviatedasU/L (Upper/Late), ages, anapproximatenumericalage(~)isprovided. numerical constrained without or GSSPs ratified without Phanerozoic the Phanerozoic andtheEdiacaran;onlyGSSPs do. Forboundariesin Numerical agesaresubjecttorevisionanddonotdefineunit http://www.stratigraphy.org. The URL tothischartisfoundbelow. S the of those including S Unit Gradstein etal.(2012),thoseforthe Quaternary, upperPaleogene, t tratotype Section and Poin t andard Eonothem s of all ranks are in the process of being defined by Global Boundary Boundary Global by defined being of process the in are ranks all of s aceous, aceous, /Eon

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s inthe GSSA 541.0±1.0 ~ 4600 numerical age (Ma) ~ 720 ~ 635 by 4000 3600 3200 2800 2500 2300 2050 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000