DOCSLIB.ORG

Brachiopod Phylogeny in the Cambrian Guliforms, Obolellates and Rhynchonelliforms (E.G., Zhang Et Al., 2009, 2014, 2015; Holmer Et Al., 2018A)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Brachiopod Phylogeny in the Cambrian Guliforms, Obolellates and Rhynchonelliforms (E.G., Zhang Et Al., 2009, 2014, 2015; Holmer Et Al., 2018A) Permophiles Issue #66 Supplement 1 pods which may further address these questions. Glenn A. Brock The world’s oceans are changing. IPCC (2013) predictions Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW suggest that by the end of the current century our seas will be 2109, Australia ZDUPHUDQGWKHLUS+VLJQL¿FDQWO\ORZHU$OWKRXJKWKLVZLOOEH a challenge to all organisms, how will it impact brachiopods? Leonid E. Popov Given that they have a higher proportion of mineralised tissue 'HSDUWPHQWRI*HRORJ\1DWLRQDO0XVHXPRI:DOHV&DUGL൵ than virtually any other invertebrate group what will be the CF10 3NP, UK WKUHDWWRWKHPHLWKHULQWHUPVRIJURZLQJWKHLUVKHOOVLQWKH¿UVW Brachiopods are richly represented in the rock record and instance or repairing and maintaining that shell once it is made? as early as the Cambrian, where they show an impressive diver- In this talk I will review a series of experiments and historical sity of form and in shell morphology (e.g., Harper et al., 2017). studies undertaken with Emma Cross and Lloyd Peck (Cross et 3UHVHQWO\ WKH JURXS LV ¿UPO\ URRWHG ZLWKLQ WKH ORSKRWURFKR- al., 2015, 2016, 2018) that seek to explore the answers to these zoan branch of the bilaterian tree based on molecular data. Our questions. UHVHDUFKKDVLGHQWL¿HGVRPHPHPEHUVRIWKHHQLJPDWLF(DUO\ References Cambrian organophosphatic tommotiids as belonging to the &URVV(/3HFN/6 +DUSHU(02FHDQDFLGL¿FD- brachiopod stem (e.g., Holmer et al., 2002). Subsequent discov- tion does not impact shell growth or repair of the Antarctic HULHVRIWKH¿UVWHYHUDUWLFXODWHGVFOHULWRPHVRIEccentrotheca, brachiopod Liothyrella uva (Broderip, 1833). Journal of Paterimitra, and the inferred bivalved scleritome of Micrina f rom Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 462, 29–35. the lower Cambrian of South Australia reveals these three tom- Cross, E.L., Peck, L.S., Lamare, M.D. & Harper, E.M. 2016. PRWLLGWD[DDVOLNHO\ORSKRSKRUDWHVHVVLOH¿OWHUIHHGHUVZKLFK 1RRFHDQDFLGL¿FDWLRQH൵HFWVRQVKHOOJURZWKDQGUHSDLULQ in the Paterimitra includes a preserved pedicle tube (Skovsted the New Zealand brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, et al., 2008, 2009; Holmer et al., 2008, 2011). It is likely that the 1846). ICES Journal of Marine Sciences, 73, 920-926. Brachiopoda may have evolved, by sclerite reduction and modi- Cross, E. L., Harper, E. M. & Peck, L. S. 2018. A 120-year ¿FDWLRQIURPDVHVVLOHVFOHULWRPHWXEHGZHOOLQJEccentrotheca. record of resilience to environmental change in brachio- Micrina and Paterimitra also preserve traces of their earliest pods. Global Change Biology. ISSN 1354-1013 DOI 10.1111/ ontogeny, including bivalved larval shells with evidence of the gcb.14085 earliest larval attachment. The conjoined bivalved shell of adult Harper, E.M. & Peck, L.S. 2016. Latitudinal and depth gra- living brachiopods most likely represents a plesiomorphic char- dients in marine predation pressure. Global Ecology and acter retained from planktic tommotiid larvae; the crown group Biogeography 25, 670-678. body plan probably evolved independently in living linguliform IPCC. 2013. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In and rhynchonelliforms (Holmer et al., 2011; see also Zhang et T. F. Stocker, D. Qin, G-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. al., 2018a,b). Studies of new records of exceptionally preserved Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex & P. M. Midgley (Eds.), soft-bodied fossil assemblages (Konservat-Lagerstätten) are :RUNLQJJURXS,FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKH¿IWKDVVHVVPHQWUHSRUWRI also critical. For example, we have now been able to reassess the intergovernmental panel on climate change (pp. 1–1522). highly problematic Chengjiang fossils such as the Cotyledion Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: as a sclerite-covered sessile tube-shaped probable stem Cambridge University Press. “lophophorate” (Zhang et al., 2013). We have also recognized Yuganotheca from the Chengjiang as a tubular, agglutinated stem lophophorate (Zhang et al., 2013). This observation adds Plenary lecture to our understanding of more derived brachiopods, such as lin- Brachiopod Phylogeny in the Cambrian guliforms, obolellates and rhynchonelliforms (e.g., Zhang et al., 2009, 2014, 2015; Holmer et al., 2018a). Exceptionally pre- Lars E. Holmer served pedunculated Cambrian rhynchonelliforms from both Shaanxi Key laboratory of Early Life and Environments and the Chengjiang and Utah also indicate that early members of Department of Geology, State Key Laboratory of Continental this most important group of living brachiopods had two widely Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China GL൵HUHQWW\SHVRISHGLFOHV +ROPHUHWDODE 'HVSLWH Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala WKHVHQHZ¿QGLQJVPDQ\DVSHFWVRIWKHSK\ORJHQ\DQGUDGLD- University, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden tion of the Brachiopoda in the Cambrian remain problematic and controversial issues. Presently only two of the three major bra- Zhifei Zhang chiopod clades, the Linguliformea and the Rhynchonelliformea, Shaanxi Key laboratory of Early Life and Environments and have known Cambrian representatives. The origin and phylog- Department of Geology, State Key Laboratory of Continental eny of the Craniiformea remains problematic, but it is possible Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China that Cambrian rhynchonelliform chileate-like brachiopods are involved in the processes. Zhiliang Zhang Shaanxi Key laboratory of Early Life and Environments and References Department of Geology, State Key Laboratory of Continental Harper, D., Popov, L. & Holmer, L.E. 2017. Brachiopods, origin Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China and early history. Palaeontology, 60, 609-631 56 Permophiles Issue #66 Supplement 1 Holmer, L.E., Skovsted, C.B. & Williams, A. 2002. A stem 'LYHUVL¿FDWLRQSDWWHUQVRIEUDFKLRSRGV group brachiopod from the Lower Cambrian – support for a Micrina (halkieriid) ancestry. Palaeontology, 45, 875-882. after the end Ordovician mass extinction Holmer, L. E., Skovsted, C. B., Brock, G. A., Valentine, J.L. & DQGLWVSDODHRELRJHRJUDSKLFVLJQL¿FDQFH Paterson, J. R. 2008. The Early Cambrian tommotiid Micrina, a sessile bivalved stem group brachiopod. Biological letters, Bing Huang 4, 724-728. State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Holmer, L.E., Skovsted, C.B., Larsson, C., Brock, G.A. & Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, The Chinese Academy Zhang, Z. 2011. First record of a bivalve larval shell in Early of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China &DPEULDQ WRPPRWLLGV DQG LWV SK\ORJHQHWLF VLJQL¿FDQFH Jisuo Jin Palaeontology, 54, 235-239. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Holmer, L.E., Zhang, Z., Topper, T., Popov, L. & Claybourn, T. London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada 2018a. The attachment strategies of Cambrian kutorginate brachiopods, the curious case of two pedicle openings and Jiayu Rong WKHLUSK\ORJHQHWLFVLJQL¿FDQFHJournal of Paleontology (in State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing press). Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, The Chinese Academy Holmer, L.E., Popov, L., Ghobadi Pour, M., Claybourn, T., of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China Zhang, Z., Brock, G.A. & Zhang, Z. 2018b. Evolutionary sig- QL¿FDQFHRIDPLGGOH&DPEULDQ 6HULHV LQVLWXRFFXUUHQFH The Late Ordovician biotic crisis was associated with a brief of the pedunculate rhynchonelliform brachiopod Nisusia sul- but intense glaciation episode in earth history. Post-glacial marine cata. Lethaia (in press). transgression created vast habits in epicontinental seas, in which Skovsted, C, Brock, G, Paterson, J, Holmer, L. & Budd, G 2008 EHQWKLFIDXQDVHVWDEOLVKHGDQGGLYHUVL¿HGZLWKEUDFKLRSRGVEHLQJ The scleritome of Eccentrotheca from the Lower Cambrian one of the most abundant and diverse fossil groups. Based on RI6RXWK$XVWUDOLDORSKRSKRUDWHD൶QLWLHVDQGLPSOLFDWLRQV detailed data of brachiopod occurrences after the end-Ordovician for tommotiid phylogeny. Geology, 36, 171-174. mass extinction, together with newly published data, we analyzed Skovsted, C.B., Holmer, L.E., Larsson, C.M, Högström, A.E.S., WKHGLYHUVL¿FDWLRQSDWWHUQVRIEUDFKLRSRGVIURPWKH5KXGGDQLDQ Brock, G.A., Topper, T.P., Balthasar, U., Petterson Stolk, S. to the Aeronian (early Silurian) by Network Analysis (Fig. 1) and & Paterson, J.R.. 2009. The scleritome of Paterimitra: an Frequency Distribution Analysis. Rhuddanian brachiopod faunas early Cambrian stem group brachiopod from South Australia. were characterized by low diversity and localized high abundance, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 276, 1651-1656. except for a relatively high-diversity early Rhuddanian fauna in Zhang, Z.F., Li, G.X., Emig, C.C., Han, J., Holmer, L.E. & Shu, Avalonia-Baltica and South China. Invariably, these faunas were D.G. 2009. Architecture and function of the lophophore predominated by re-established holdover and once-cosmopolitan in the problematic brachiopod Heliomedusa orienta (Early taxa from the Late Ordovician, primarily orthides and stropho- Cambrian, South China). Geobios, 42: 649-661. menides. By the Aeronian, global brachiopod diversity nearly Zhang, Z., Holmer, L.E., Skovsted, C., Brock, G. & Budd, G. doubled in comparison with the Rhuddanian, owing to a major 2013. A sclerite-bearing stem group entoproct from the early GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ RI 6LOXULDQW\SH EUDFKLRSRGV LQ ERWK WKH SDOHR- Cambrian and its implications. 6FLHQWL¿F5HSRUWV 3, 1066. tropics and high-latitude Gondwana, as well as the concomitant Zhang, Z.-F., Li, G.-X., Holmer, L.E., Brock, G.A., Balthasar, U., proliferation of endemic and cosmopolitan taxa, in association Skovsted, C.B., Fu, D-J., Zhang,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Revised Correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with Global and Regional Chronostratigraphic Units 13 and D Ccarb Chemostratigraphy
    Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global and regional chronostratigraphic units 13 and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy BRADLEY D. CRAMER, CARLTON E. BRETT, MICHAEL J. MELCHIN, PEEP MA¨ NNIK, MARK A. KLEFF- NER, PATRICK I. MCLAUGHLIN, DAVID K. LOYDELL, AXEL MUNNECKE, LENNART JEPPSSON, CARLO CORRADINI, FRANK R. BRUNTON AND MATTHEW R. SALTZMAN Cramer, B.D., Brett, C.E., Melchin, M.J., Ma¨nnik, P., Kleffner, M.A., McLaughlin, P.I., Loydell, D.K., Munnecke, A., Jeppsson, L., Corradini, C., Brunton, F.R. & Saltzman, M.R. 2011: Revised correlation of Silurian Provincial Series of North America with global 13 and regional chronostratigraphic units and d Ccarb chemostratigraphy. Lethaia,Vol.44, pp. 185–202. Recent revisions to the biostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic assignment of strata from the type area of the Niagaran Provincial Series (a regional chronostratigraphic unit) have demonstrated the need to revise the chronostratigraphic correlation of the Silurian System of North America. Recently, the working group to restudy the base of the Wen- lock Series has developed an extremely high-resolution global chronostratigraphy for the Telychian and Sheinwoodian stages by integrating graptolite and conodont biostratigra- 13 phy with carbonate carbon isotope (d Ccarb) chemostratigraphy. This improved global chronostratigraphy has required such significant chronostratigraphic revisions to the North American succession that much of the Silurian System in North America is cur- rently in a state of flux and needs further refinement. This report serves as an update of the progress on recalibrating the global chronostratigraphic correlation of North Ameri- can Provincial Series and Stage boundaries in their type area.
    [Show full text]
  • (Silurian) Anoxic Palaeo-Depressions at the Western Margin of the Murzuq Basin (Southwest Libya), Based on Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Surface Exposures
    GeoArabia, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Identification of early Llandovery (Silurian) anoxic palaeo-depressions at the western margin of the Murzuq Basin (southwest Libya), based on gamma-ray spectrometry in surface exposures Nuri Fello, Sebastian Lüning, Petr Štorch and Jonathan Redfern ABSTRACT Following the melting of the Gondwanan icecap and the resulting postglacial sea- level rise, organic-rich shales were deposited in shelfal palaeo-depressions across North Africa and Arabia during the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian. The unit is absent on palaeohighs that were flooded only later when the anoxic event had already ended. The regional distribution of the Silurian black shale is now well-known for the subsurface of the central parts of the Murzuq Basin, in Libya, where many exploration wells have been drilled and where the shale represents the main hydrocarbon source rock. On well logs, the Silurian black shale is easily recognisable due to increased uranium concentrations and, therefore, elevated gamma-ray values. The uranium in the shales “precipitated” under oxygen- reduced conditions and generally a linear relationship between uranium and organic content is developed. The distribution of the Silurian organic-rich shales in the outcrop belts surrounding the Murzuq Basin has been long unknown because Saharan surface weathering has commonly destroyed the organic matter and black colour of the shales, making it complicated to identify the previously organic-rich unit in the field. In an attempt to distinguish (previously) organic-rich from organically lean shales at outcrop, seven sections that straddle the Ordovician-Silurian boundary were measured by portable gamma-ray spectrometer along the outcrops of the western margin of the Murzuq Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classic Upper Ordovician Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Eastern Cincinnati Arch
    International Geoscience Programme Project 653 Third Annual Meeting - Athens, Ohio, USA Field Trip Guidebook THE CLASSIC UPPER ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE EASTERN CINCINNATI ARCH Carlton E. Brett – Kyle R. Hartshorn – Allison L. Young – Cameron E. Schwalbach – Alycia L. Stigall International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) Project 653 Third Annual Meeting - 2018 - Athens, Ohio, USA Field Trip Guidebook THE CLASSIC UPPER ORDOVICIAN STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE EASTERN CINCINNATI ARCH Carlton E. Brett Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 2624 Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA ([email protected]) Kyle R. Hartshorn Dry Dredgers, 6473 Jayfield Drive, Hamilton, Ohio 45011, USA ([email protected]) Allison L. Young Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, 2624 Clifton Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA ([email protected]) Cameron E. Schwalbach 1099 Clough Pike, Batavia, OH 45103, USA ([email protected]) Alycia L. Stigall Department of Geological Sciences and OHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Lab, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA ([email protected]) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We extend our thanks to the many colleagues and students who have aided us in our field work, discussions, and publications, including Chris Aucoin, Ben Dattilo, Brad Deline, Rebecca Freeman, Steve Holland, T.J. Malgieri, Pat McLaughlin, Charles Mitchell, Tim Paton, Alex Ries, Tom Schramm, and James Thomka. No less gratitude goes to the many local collectors, amateurs in name only: Jack Kallmeyer, Tom Bantel, Don Bissett, Dan Cooper, Stephen Felton, Ron Fine, Rich Fuchs, Bill Heimbrock, Jerry Rush, and dozens of other Dry Dredgers. We are also grateful to David Meyer and Arnie Miller for insightful discussions of the Cincinnatian, and to Richard A.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE V
    GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 4.0 CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST HIST. ANOM. (Ma) ANOM. CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 66.0 541 CALABRIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE* 1.8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 252 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 Lopin- 254 32 C32 72.1 635 2A C2A PIACENZIAN WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 3.6 gian 33 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN CAPITANIAN NEOPRO- 5 C3 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265 750 CRYOGENIAN 5.3 80 C33 WORDIAN TEROZOIC 3A MESSINIAN LATE lupian 269 C3A 83.6 ROADIAN 272 850 7.2 SANTONIAN 4 KUNGURIAN C4 86.3 279 TONIAN CONIACIAN 280 4A Cisura- C4A TORTONIAN 90 89.8 1000 1000 PERMIAN ARTINSKIAN 10 5 TURONIAN lian C5 93.9 290 SAKMARIAN STENIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 296 SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 ASSELIAN 299 5A 100 100 300 GZHELIAN 1200 C5A 13.8 LATE 304 KASIMOVIAN 307 1250 MESOPRO- 15 LANGHIAN ECTASIAN 5B C5B ALBIAN MIDDLE MOSCOVIAN 16.0 TEROZOIC 5C C5C 110 VANIAN 315 PENNSYL- 1400 EARLY 5D C5D MIOCENE 113 320 BASHKIRIAN 323 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 1500 CALYMMIAN 6 C6 APTIAN LATE 20 120 331 6A C6A 20.4 EARLY 1600 M0r 126 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 MIDDLE VISEAN MISSIS- M3 BARREMIAN SIPPIAN STATHERIAN C6C 23.0 6C 130 M5 CRETACEOUS 131 347 1750 HAUTERIVIAN 7 C7 CARBONIFEROUS EARLY TOURNAISIAN 1800 M10 134 25 7A C7A 359 8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN M12 360 140 M14 139 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN 9 C9 M16 28.1 M18 BERRIASIAN 2000 PROTEROZOIC 10 C10 LATE
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2018/08 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age GSSP GSSP GSSP GSSP EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon Erathem / Era System / Period GSSA age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 541.0 ±1.0 U/L Meghalayan 0.0042 Holocene M Northgrippian 0.0082 Tithonian Ediacaran L/E Greenlandian 152.1 ±0.9 ~ 635 Upper 0.0117 Famennian Neo- 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic ~ 720 Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian Callovian 1000 Quaternary Gelasian 166.1 ±1.2 2.58 Bathonian 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Middle 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Bajocian 170.3 ±1.4 Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Devonian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.63 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Proterozoic Neogene Sinemurian Langhian 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- 2050 Burdigalian Hettangian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 27.82 Gorstian
    [Show full text]
  • International Chronostratigraphic Chart
    INTERNATIONAL CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC CHART www.stratigraphy.org International Commission on Stratigraphy v 2014/02 numerical numerical numerical Eonothem numerical Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Series / Epoch Stage / Age Erathem / Era System / Period GSSP GSSP age (Ma) GSSP GSSA EonothemErathem / Eon System / Era / Period EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) EonothemErathem / Eon System/ Era / Period age (Ma) / Eon GSSP age (Ma) present ~ 145.0 358.9 ± 0.4 ~ 541.0 ±1.0 Holocene Ediacaran 0.0117 Tithonian Upper 152.1 ±0.9 Famennian ~ 635 0.126 Upper Kimmeridgian Neo- Cryogenian Middle 157.3 ±1.0 Upper proterozoic Pleistocene 0.781 372.2 ±1.6 850 Calabrian Oxfordian Tonian 1.80 163.5 ±1.0 Frasnian 1000 Callovian 166.1 ±1.2 Quaternary Gelasian 2.58 382.7 ±1.6 Stenian Bathonian 168.3 ±1.3 Piacenzian Middle Bajocian Givetian 1200 Pliocene 3.600 170.3 ±1.4 Middle 387.7 ±0.8 Meso- Zanclean Aalenian proterozoic Ectasian 5.333 174.1 ±1.0 Eifelian 1400 Messinian Jurassic 393.3 ±1.2 7.246 Toarcian Calymmian Tortonian 182.7 ±0.7 Emsian 1600 11.62 Pliensbachian Statherian Lower 407.6 ±2.6 Serravallian 13.82 190.8 ±1.0 Lower 1800 Miocene Pragian 410.8 ±2.8 Langhian Sinemurian Proterozoic Neogene 15.97 Orosirian 199.3 ±0.3 Lochkovian Paleo- Hettangian 2050 Burdigalian 201.3 ±0.2 419.2 ±3.2 proterozoic 20.44 Mesozoic Rhaetian Pridoli Rhyacian Aquitanian 423.0 ±2.3 23.03 ~ 208.5 Ludfordian 2300 Cenozoic Chattian Ludlow 425.6 ±0.9 Siderian 28.1 Gorstian Oligocene Upper Norian 427.4 ±0.5 2500 Rupelian Wenlock Homerian
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of the Aeronian/Telychian (Llandovery) Boundary
    GEOLOGICA BALCANICA, 46 (2), Sofia, Nov. 2017, pp. 3–10. The Silurian stage boundaries in Bulgaria: the challenge of the Aeronian/Telychian (Llandovery) boundary Valeri Sachanski University of Mining and Geology, Department of Geology and Geoinformatics, Studentski Grad, Prof. Boyan Kamenov Str., 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria; Geological Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 24, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected] (Accepted in revised form: October 2017) Abstract. The upper Aeronian to lower Telychian (Llandovery Series, lower Silurian) strata in the paras- tratotype for the Saltar Formation (chert-shale succession) are documented in terms of their lithologies and graptolite biostratigraphy. The studied section Asaritsa сrops out in the western sector of the Stara Planina Mountains (Svoge Unit of the Srednogorie Zone). In section Asaritsa, the highest Aeronian graptolitic strata are separated from the lowest Telychian graptolitic strata by a graptolite-barren interval of pale-coloured shale. Based on the graptolites documented below and above this interval, as well as on its correlation to sec- tions studied in detail from the Czech Republic and Spain, the immediate underlay of the pale-coloured shale is referred to the uppermost part of the sedgwickii Zone, the complete pale-coloured shale interval, or its great- est part, to the lower guerichi Zone, and the directly overlying it succession to the upper part of the guerichi Zone. The Aeronian/Telychian boundary is assumed to lie at the base of this pale-coloured shale package, or within its lower part. The study provides documentation of Metaclimacograptus undulatus, Parapetalolithus praecedens, Rastrites carnicus, Rivagraptus bellulus, and illustrations of Stimulograptus for the first time in Bulgaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleogeographic Maps Earth History
    History of the Earth Age AGE Eon Era Period Period Epoch Stage Paleogeographic Maps Earth History (Ma) Era (Ma) Holocene Neogene Quaternary* Pleistocene Calabrian/Gelasian Piacenzian 2.6 Cenozoic Pliocene Zanclean Paleogene Messinian 5.3 L Tortonian 100 Cretaceous Serravallian Miocene M Langhian E Burdigalian Jurassic Neogene Aquitanian 200 23 L Chattian Triassic Oligocene E Rupelian Permian 34 Early Neogene 300 L Priabonian Bartonian Carboniferous Cenozoic M Eocene Lutetian 400 Phanerozoic Devonian E Ypresian Silurian Paleogene L Thanetian 56 PaleozoicOrdovician Mesozoic Paleocene M Selandian 500 E Danian Cambrian 66 Maastrichtian Ediacaran 600 Campanian Late Santonian 700 Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Late Cretaceous 100 800 Cryogenian Albian 900 Neoproterozoic Tonian Cretaceous Aptian Early 1000 Barremian Hauterivian Valanginian 1100 Stenian Berriasian 146 Tithonian Early Cretaceous 1200 Late Kimmeridgian Oxfordian 161 Callovian Mesozoic 1300 Ectasian Bathonian Middle Bajocian Aalenian 176 1400 Toarcian Jurassic Mesoproterozoic Early Pliensbachian 1500 Sinemurian Hettangian Calymmian 200 Rhaetian 1600 Proterozoic Norian Late 1700 Statherian Carnian 228 1800 Ladinian Late Triassic Triassic Middle Anisian 1900 245 Olenekian Orosirian Early Induan Changhsingian 251 2000 Lopingian Wuchiapingian 260 Capitanian Guadalupian Wordian/Roadian 2100 271 Kungurian Paleoproterozoic Rhyacian Artinskian 2200 Permian Cisuralian Sakmarian Middle Permian 2300 Asselian 299 Late Gzhelian Kasimovian 2400 Siderian Middle Moscovian Penn- sylvanian Early Bashkirian
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Geologic Time Scale Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Precambrian Magnetic Magnetic Bdy
    2009 GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC BDY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST. HIST. ANOM. ANOM. (Ma) CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 65.5 1 C1 QUATER- 0.01 30 C30 542 CALABRIAN MAASTRICHTIAN NARY PLEISTOCENE 1.8 31 C31 251 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 CHANGHSINGIAN EDIACARAN 2.6 70.6 254 2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 L 630 C2A 3.6 WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 260 260 3 ZANCLEAN 33 CAMPANIAN CAPITANIAN 5 C3 5.3 266 750 NEOPRO- CRYOGENIAN 80 C33 M WORDIAN MESSINIAN LATE 268 TEROZOIC 3A C3A 83.5 ROADIAN 7.2 SANTONIAN 271 85.8 KUNGURIAN 850 4 276 C4 CONIACIAN 280 4A 89.3 ARTINSKIAN TONIAN C4A L TORTONIAN 90 284 TURONIAN PERMIAN 10 5 93.5 E 1000 1000 C5 SAKMARIAN 11.6 CENOMANIAN 297 99.6 ASSELIAN STENIAN SERRAVALLIAN 34 C34 299.0 5A 100 300 GZELIAN C5A 13.8 M KASIMOVIAN 304 1200 PENNSYL- 306 1250 15 5B LANGHIAN ALBIAN MOSCOVIAN MESOPRO- C5B VANIAN 312 ECTASIAN 5C 16.0 110 BASHKIRIAN TEROZOIC C5C 112 5D C5D MIOCENE 320 318 1400 5E C5E NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN SERPUKHOVIAN 326 6 C6 APTIAN 20 120 1500 CALYMMIAN E 20.4 6A C6A EARLY MISSIS- M0r 125 VISEAN 1600 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 340 SIPPIAN M3 BARREMIAN C6C 23.0 345 6C CRETACEOUS 130 M5 130 STATHERIAN CARBONIFEROUS TOURNAISIAN 7 C7 HAUTERIVIAN 1750 25 7A M10 C7A 136 359 8 C8 L CHATTIAN M12 VALANGINIAN 360 L 1800 140 M14 140 9 C9 M16 FAMENNIAN BERRIASIAN M18 PROTEROZOIC OROSIRIAN 10 C10 28.4 145.5 M20 2000 30 11 C11 TITHONIAN 374 PALEOPRO- 150 M22 2050 12 E RUPELIAN
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 Core, Latvia
    Geol. Mag. 140 (2), 2003, pp. 205–229. c 2003 Cambridge University Press 205 DOI: 10.1017/S0016756802007264 Printed in the United Kingdom Integrated biostratigraphy of the lower Silurian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia D. K. LOYDELL*, P. MANNIK¨ † &V.NESTOR† *School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK †Institute of Geology, Tallinn Technical University, 7 Estonia Avenue, 10143 Tallinn, Estonia (Received 20 November 2001; accepted 28 November 2002) Abstract –Integrated graptolite, conodont and chitinozoan biostratigraphical data is presented from the Rhuddanian through to lower Sheinwoodian of the Aizpute-41 core, Latvia. Correlation of the biozonation schemes based upon the three groups is achieved from the cyphus through to lowermost riccartonensis graptolite biozones, except for the upper Aeronian and lower Telychian, which lack both chitinozoans and graptolites, and upper lapworthi through to approximately base murchisoni graptolite Biozone, where there is interpreted to be an unconformity. Datum 2 of the Ireviken Event is correlated with a level at the base of or within the murchisoni Biozone. It is possible that the changes in conodont assemblages at Datum 2 on Gotland are the result of an unconformity here. Streptograptus? kaljoi sp. nov., from the lower spiralis graptolite Biozone, is described. Keywords: graptolites, Chitinozoa, Conodonta, Silurian, biostratigraphy. 1. Introduction setting is further off-shore than that of Ohesaare (Fig. 1; see Loydell, Kaljo & Mannik,¨ 1998, for details of the Recognition of the importance of integrated biostrati- Ohesaare core), and the succession within the core graphical studies in the precise cross-facies correlation is significantly more complete, most notably in the required to test models of biotic and facies change in Aeronian.
    [Show full text]
  • Rendspi 1-Studies
    Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana 3 (I) The Silurian of Sardinia volume in honour of Enrico Serpagli Edited by Carlo Corradini Annalisa Ferretti Petr Storch Società Paleontologica Italiana 2009 I Rendiconti della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 3 (1), 2009: 43-49 The Silurian of the External Nappes (southeastern Sardinia) CARLO CORRADINI, ANNALISA FERRETTI C. Corradini - Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Cagliari, via Trentino 51, I-09127 Cagliari (Italy); [email protected] A. Ferretti - Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, largo S. Eufemia 19, I-41100 Modena (Italy);[email protected] ABSTRACT - The most complete and best known Silurian succession of southeastern Sardinia is exposed in the Gerrei tectonic Unit. The Silurian sequence starts with Rhuddanian-lowermost Gorstian black graptolitic shales (Lower Graptolitic Shales), followed by a lower Gorstian- end Pridoli nodular calcareous unit (Ockerkalk). Graptolitic shales (Upper Graptolitic Shales) document the Lower Devonian. An integrated scheme of graptolite and conodont biozonation, compiled from Sardic data, is provided. KEY WORDS - Silurian, southeastern Sardinia, biostratigraphy, Gerrei tectonic Unit, Lower Graptolitic Shales, Ockerkalk. INTRODUCTION Silurian rocks are quite widespread in southeastern Sardinia, where they crop out widely in the Gerrei tectonic Unit and more rarely in the other tectonic units of the area (Sarrabus and Meana Sardo tectonic units). In the first approximation, the sequence is constituted by black graptolitic shales in the lower part, followed by nodular limestones of late Silurian age. THE GERREI TECTONIC UNIT The Gerrei tectonic Unit spans from middle Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous and includes the most complete middle Palaeozoic sequence of Sardinia (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Silurian Trilobite Palaeobiology And
    LATE SILURIAN TRILOBITE PALAEOBIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY by ANDREW JAMES STOREY A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham February 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT Trilobites from the Ludlow and Přídolí of England and Wales are described. A total of 15 families; 36 genera and 53 species are documented herein, including a new genus and seventeen new species; fourteen of which remain under open nomenclature. Most of the trilobites in the British late Silurian are restricted to the shelf, and predominantly occur in the Elton, Bringewood, Leintwardine, and Whitcliffe groups of Wales and the Welsh Borderland. The Elton to Whitcliffe groups represent a shallowing upwards sequence overall; each is characterised by a distinct lithofacies and fauna. The trilobites and brachiopods of the Coldwell Formation of the Lake District Basin are documented, and are comparable with faunas in the Swedish Colonus Shale and the Mottled Mudstones of North Wales. Ludlow trilobite associations, containing commonly co-occurring trilobite taxa, are defined for each palaeoenvironment.
    [Show full text]