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Geologic TimeScale Geologic Time Scale 2012 Foundation ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9 ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9 PHANEROZOIC PHANEROZOIC & PRECAMBRIAN y h 18 t d d d δ i c O SeaSea SeaSea AgeAge o PolarityPolarity o PolarityPolarity o i AgeAgeg AgeAgeg i AgeAgeg o ar LisiekiLisieki & ri a a AgeAge / Stage EpochEpoch AgeAge / Stage levellevel EpochEpoch AgeAge / Stage l levellevel EonEon EraEra PeriodPeriod ((Ma)Ma) p ra er er ChronChron Raymo,Raymo, 2005 CChronhron o (Ma)(Ma) -100- 0 100 200m200m (Ma)(Ma) -100 0 100 200m200m (Ma)(Ma) Era Er Period P Epoch E Era Er Period Pe Era E Period P 3453 4 5 Polarity P 0 00.0118.0118 HoloceneHolocene 2 0 Quat.Quat.PleistocenePleistocene see Quaternary detail C1C1 254.22 ChanghsingianChanggghsingian 2552255 Cenozoic Paleogene TTarantianarantian 4 Plioceneocene Piacenzian/P C2 LopingianLopingian 0.13 5.33 Zanclean 5 C3 259.8WuchiapingianW Cretaceous 6 7.257.25 MessinianMessinian 226060 100 CC44 10 e TortonianTortonian CaCapitanianpitanian Mesozoic Jurassic 11.6311.63 2262655 Guada-Guada- 265.1 200 8 13.8213.82 SerravallianSSllierravallian Triassic C5 lupianlupian 268268.8.8 WoWordianrdian 1010 15 15.9715.97 LanghianLLhianghig an Permian ocen 227070 eogene hes 272.272.33 Roadian 300 ian Carboniferous n BurdigalianBurdigalian Neogene N 1212 Miocene Mi 20.4420.44 u 20 227575 r C6 KKungurianungurian Devonian IonianIonian 23.0323.03 AquitanianAqquitanian rm 400 Paleozoic B 0.50.5 Brunhes 21,000 years Quaternary 2279.379.3 Silurian 1414 2525 228080 255 Ma M Permian P i ChattianChattian C7/9C7/9 Permian Pe Ordovician Oligo- 28.128.1 500 1616 C10/11 228585 AArtinskianrtinskian Cambrian 3030 cene RupelianRupelian 33.9 C12C12 290.1290.1 Ediacaran 2292900 isuralian 1818 C13C13 600 635 35 Cisuralian C 0.780.78 PriabonianPriabonian C15/16C15/16 SSakmarianakmarian 2020 37.837.8 2292955 295.5 C17C17 700 4040 e n o z i c 41.241.2 Bartonian C18 298.298.99 AAsseliansselian e Cryogenian C1C1 2222 3303000 Neo- C C e n o z i c C19/C19/ 2424 n 303303.7.7 GGzhelianzhelian LutetianLutetian 20 a 800 proterozoic 2626 4545 i 850 330505 Late eogene 47.8 1.01.0 ocen C21 3307.007.0 KKasimovianasimovian Jara-Jara- 2828 l Eocene E millomillo 3030 a C22C22 5050 van 900 331010 l 3232 Paleogene P YpresianYpresian C23C23 MMoscovianoscovian Tonian Mid. y 3434 31315.25.2 1000 55 56.056.0 C24C24 3313155 1000 650650 MaMa CryogenianCryogenian 3636 y s 59.259.2 ThanetianThanetian C25C25 ennsy 3838 Paleo- 332020 arl BasBashkirianhkirian 60 61.661.6 C26C26 Pennsylvanian P CCalabrianalabrian 4040 Selandian E 323323.2.2 1100 Stenian 4242 cene stocene C27/28C27/28 3323255 i 4444 65 66.066.0 DanianDanian 1200 e C29C29 ate SSerpukhovianerpukhovian uaternar 4646 1200 L C30 3333300 Late330330.9.9 Late Pleistocene Pl Quaternary Q 4848 MMaastrichtianaastrichtian 50 Ma Paleogene 70 C31 n 1.51.5 5050 7272.1.1 Meso- a 1300 i Ectasian 5252 C32C32 3333355 proterozoic 5454 75 arboniferou pp i Visean 1400 334040 Carboniferous C 5656 Campanian 1400 C33 ss Middle Mid. Middle 5858 80 i 334545 3346.746.7 6060 83.683.6 ss atuyama LateLate 1500 Calymmian 1.811.81 i 6262 85 y Matuyama M 86.386.3 Mi SantonianSantonian 335050 Mississippian 6464 1600 6868 89.889.8 ConiacianConiacian arl TTournaisianournaisian 1600 lduva 90 3353555 EarlyE Early Olduvai O 7070 7272 TuronianTuronian 3358.958.9 Proterozoic Phanerozoic 93.9 1700 Statherian 2.02.0 7474 95 3363600 7676 CenomanianCenomanian 7878 336565 1800 8080 100100 100.5100.5 FaFamennianmennian 1800 8822 C2C2 337070 GelasianGelasian 8844 LateLate 3372.272.2 8866 1051105 C34C34 1900 Orosirian 8888 AlbianAlbian 337575 356 Ma Carboniferous 9090 110110 Frasnian 2000 9292 retaceous 113.0113.0 3803380 Paleo- 2050 382382.7.7 Legend:Legend: Cretaceous C 9494 94 Ma Cretaceous n 115115 proterozoic c 2100 9696 3383855 ia NormalNormal polaritypolarity c GGivetianivetian 3387.787.7 9898 i 2.52.5 n 100100 Middle 120120 AptianAptian o 3903390 o Rhyacian 2.592.59 102102 EiEifelianfelian ReversedReversed popolaritylarity v 2200 104104 EarlyEarly M"-1"rM"-1"r 393393.3.3 106106 125125 126.3126.3 3953395 z 2300 UncertainUncertain polaritypolarity o Devonian De 2300 MarineMarine M0r/M1M0r/M1 BarremianBarremian 4004400 e SubductionSubduction ZonZonee 1301130 130.8130.8 M3 EEmsianmsian IsotopeIsotope l M5/6 SStagestages 133.9 Hauterivian M7/9 2400 Siderian e n o z i 405405 a SpreadingSpreading CCenterenter 1351135 M10 EarlyEarly 4407.607.6 C e n o z i c M11 P a l e o z i c P 2500 VValanginianalanginian M12/13/ 410.410.88 PPragianraggian 139.4139.4 4104410 2500 140140 M14/15 3.03.0 Berriasian M16M16 415415 LLochkovianochkovian 145.0145.0 M17/18 2600 145145 41419.29.2 Neo- ForFor detailsdetails see: PiacenzianPiacenzian M19 420420 auss M20M20 PridoliPridoli 423.0 archean Tithonian M21 2700 "The"The GeologicGeologic Time ScaleScale 2012" by F. M. G Gauss 1501150 c 4425.625.6 152.1152.1 M22M22 425425 LudfoLdfdiLudfordianrdian i LudlowLudlow Gradstein,Gradstein, J. G. Ogg,Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. OggOgg M23M23 427.44 GGtiGorstianorstian 2800 2800 (2012,(2012, published by Elsevier),Elsevier), and the website 155155 Late KKimmeridgianimmeridgian M24M24 4304430 430.5 HomerianHoHimerian 157.3157.3 Wenlock M25/26 433.4433.4 SheinwoodianSheinwoodian ofof the GeologicGeologic TimeScale FoundatioFoundationn C2AC2A 1601160 4354435 ilurian TTelychianelychian 2900 http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.eduhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu. OOxfordianxfordian Silurian S 438.5438.5 163.5163.5 LlandoveryLlandovery TThehe maps were provided by Chris ScoteseScotese.. 440440 440.440.88 AeronianAAieronian Meso- 3.53.5 1651165 166.1166.1 CCallovianallovian 3000 e s o z 443.443.88 RhuddaniaRhuddaniann 168.3168.3 archean c BathonianBathonian i 152 Ma Jurassic 4454445 4445.2 M e s o z i c M HirnantianHirnantian 3.6 MiddleMiddle 170.31 425 Ma Silurian 170170 BajocianBajocian 3100 450450 Katian ThisThis chartchart was pproducedroduced TTimeime 174.1 AalenianAalenian ScaLeScaLe LateLate 453.0453.0 R 175175 3200 CreCreatorator 3200 bbyy Gabi Ogg usinusingg urass 455455 SandbianSandbian Cen n c Jurassic J ToarciaToarciann 458.4458.4 TimeScaleTimeScale CreatorCreator MesozoicMesozoi 1801180 PalPaleozoiceozo 182.7 4604460 3300 ssoftware:oftware: PrecambrianPrecamb e n Darriwilian Archean http:http://www.tscreator.orgwww.tscreator.org 1851185 4654465 MiddleMiddle Paleo- EarlyEarly PPliensbachianliensbachian 467.3467.3 3400 4.04.0 190.8190.8 470.0470.0 DapingianDapgpingian archean 1901190 470470 rdovicia eogene Pliocene Plioce Ordovician O 3500 Neogene N FloianFloian 1951195 475475 SinemurianSinemurian 477.7 EarlyEarly 3600 199.3199.3 4804480 3600 200200 201.3201.3 HettangianHHttettanggi ian TremadocianTremadocian 4854485 4485.485.4 3700 2052205 RhaetianRhaetian 4489.589.5 AgeAge 10 t 4904490 Furon-Furon- 209.5209.5 3800 210210 gian 494944 JiangshanianJiangshanian Eoarchean ZancleanZanclean 4954495 4.54.5 ilber 497 PaibianPaibian G Gilbert 215215 3900 NORLEX 5005500 500500.5.5 GuzhangianGuzhangian Late NNorianorian EpochEpoch 3 504.5504.5 DDrumianrumian 4000 www.nhm2.uio.no/stratlex 220220 5055505 4000 ic 509 AgeAge 5 C3C3 2252225 510510 4100 228.4228.4 AgeAge 4 ass 551414 i 2302230 r 5155515 Epoch 2 Triassic T 4200 ambrian AgeAge 3 CCarnianarnian 520520 521 2352235 Cambrian C 237237 Hadean 5.05.0 4300 525525 AgeAge 2 a LLadinianadinian 240240 241.5241.5 552929 MiddleMiddle 5305530 Terre-Terre- 4400 Thvera Thver 245245 AAnisiannisian neuvianneuvian 247.1247.1 514 Ma Cambrian 535535 FortunianFortunian 4500 warmwarm coolcool 250.0250.0 OlenekianOlenekian 2502250 EarlyEarly 4560 5.3355.33 252.2252.2 Induan 540545 0 541541 237 Ma Triassic Copyright © 2012 Geologic TimeScale Foundation.
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  • Polar Front Shift and Atmospheric CO During the Glacial Maximum of the Early Paleozoic Icehouse

    Polar Front Shift and Atmospheric CO During the Glacial Maximum of the Early Paleozoic Icehouse

    Polar front shift and atmospheric CO2 during the glacial maximum of the Early Paleozoic Icehouse Thijs R. A. Vandenbrouckea,b,c,1,2, Howard A. Armstronga,1, Mark Williamsd,e,1, Florentin Parisf, Jan A. Zalasiewiczd, Koen Sabbeg, Jaak Nõlvakh, Thomas J. Challandsa,i, Jacques Verniersb, and Thomas Servaisc aPalaeoClimate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Science Labs, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; bResearch Unit Palaeontology, Department of Geology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; cGéosystèmes, Université Lille 1, Formation de Recherche en Evolution 3298 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue Paul Langevin, bâtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq Cedex, France; dDepartment of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom; eBritish Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom; fGéosciences, Université de Rennes I, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6118 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes-cedex, France; gProtistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; hInstitute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; and iTotal E&P UK Limited, Geoscience Research Centre, Crawpeel Road, Aberdeen AB12 3FG, United Kingdom Edited by Jeffrey Kiehl, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, and accepted by the Editorial Board July 1, 2010 (received for review March 16, 2010) Our new data address the paradox of Late Ordovician glaciation PAL (5). A GCM experiment parameterized with the same p × under supposedly high CO2 (8 to 22 PAL: preindustrial atmo- pCO2 value, high relative sea level, and a modern equator-to-pole spheric level).
  • Lee-Riding-2018.Pdf

    Lee-Riding-2018.Pdf

    Earth-Science Reviews 181 (2018) 98–121 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Marine oxygenation, lithistid sponges, and the early history of Paleozoic T skeletal reefs ⁎ Jeong-Hyun Leea, , Robert Ridingb a Department of Geology and Earth Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea b Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Microbial carbonates were major components of early Paleozoic reefs until coral-stromatoporoid-bryozoan reefs Cambrian appeared in the mid-Ordovician. Microbial reefs were augmented by archaeocyath sponges for ~15 Myr in the Reef gap early Cambrian, by lithistid sponges for the remaining ~25 Myr of the Cambrian, and then by lithistid, calathiid Dysoxia and pulchrilaminid sponges for the first ~25 Myr of the Ordovician. The factors responsible for mid–late Hypoxia Cambrian microbial-lithistid sponge reef dominance remain unclear. Although oxygen increase appears to have Lithistid sponge-microbial reef significantly contributed to the early Cambrian ‘Explosion’ of marine animal life, it was followed by a prolonged period dominated by ‘greenhouse’ conditions, as sea-level rose and CO2 increased. The mid–late Cambrian was unusually warm, and these elevated temperatures can be expected to have lowered oxygen solubility, and to have promoted widespread thermal stratification resulting in marine dysoxia and hypoxia. Greenhouse condi- tions would also have stimulated carbonate platform development, locally further limiting shallow-water cir- culation. Low marine oxygenation has been linked to episodic extinctions of phytoplankton, trilobites and other metazoans during the mid–late Cambrian.
  • The Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition: the Emerging Record from Small Carbonaceous Fossils (Scfs)

    The Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition: the Emerging Record from Small Carbonaceous Fossils (Scfs)

    38 The Ediacaran–Cambrian transition: the emerging record from Small Carbonaceous Fossils (SCFs) Ben J. Slater1, Thomas H.P. Harvey2, Romain Guilbaud3, Sebastian Willman1, Graham E. Budd1, Nicholas J. Butterfield4. 1Department of Earth Sciences (Palaeobiology), Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden ([email protected]) 2School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 3Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK. 4Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, UK Abstract.––The most profound change in the fossil record is centered on the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition. Sediments deposited near to this boundary record the first complex trace fossils, the first animal biomineralizers and the earliest fossils of the major animal groups that came to define the subsequent Phanerozoic fossil record. Here we discuss how the emerging record of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) is shedding new light on unmineralized aspects of the biota from this critical evolutionary transition. The new SCFs record complements currently established records from trace fossils and biomineralized shelly-remains in reconstructing the broader scale macroevolutionary patterns of this transition, but via an entirely different taphonomic window. SCFs extend the record of multiple major animal groups, improve our picture of protistan diversity from this interval, and reveal new data on elements of the biota that span the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary. Key words: small carbonaceous fossils; bilateria; Burgess Shale-type preservation; Ediacaran; Terreneuvian. The dramatic changes in the fossil record across subsequent Cambrian radiation (Butterfield, the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition seemingly 2003; Slater et al., 2018a).