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Geologic TimeScale Geologic Scale 2012 Foundation

ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9 ISBN 978-0-44-459425-9 PHANEROZOIC & y h

18 t d d d δ i c O SeaSea SeaSea AgeAge o PolarityPolarity o PolarityPolarity o

i AgeAgeg AgeAgeg i AAgegeg o ar

LisiekiLisieki & ri a a AgeAge / EEpochpoch AgeAge / Stage levellevel EpochEpoch AgeAge / Stage l lelevelvel EonEon EraEra P Perioderiod ((Ma)Ma) p ra er er CChronhron RaRaymo,ymo, 2005 CChronhron o ((Ma)Ma) -100- 0 100 200m200m ((Ma)Ma) -100 0 100 200m200m ((Ma)Ma) Er Period P E Era Er Period Pe Era E Period P

3453 4 5 Polarity P 0 0.01180.0118 HoloceneHolocene 2 0 Quat.Quat.PleistocenePleistocene see detail C1C1 254.22 ChanghsingianChanggghsingian 2552255 TarantianTarantian 4 Plioceneocene /P C2 LopingianLopingian 0.13 5.33 5 C3 259.8WuchiapingianW 6 7.257.25 MessinianMessinian 226060 100 CC44

10 e TortonianTortonian CapitanianCapitanian 1111.63.63 2262655 Guada-Guada- 265.1 200 8 1313.82.82 SerravallianSSllierravallian C5 lupianlupian 268268.8.8 WordianWordian 1100 15 115.975.97 LanghianLLhianghig an ocen 227070 eogene

hes 272.272.33 300

ian n BBurdigalianurdigalian N 1122 Mi 2020.44.44 u 20 227575

r C6 KKungurianungurian IIonianonian 223.033.03 AquitanianAqquitanian rm 400 B 0.50.5 Brunhes 21,000 Quaternary 2279.379.3 1144 2525 228080 255 Ma M Permian P i

CChattianhattian C7/9C7/9 Permian Pe Oligo- 28.128.1 500 1166 C10/11 228585 AArtinskianrtinskian 3030 cene RupelianRupelian 33.9 C12C12 290.1290.1 2292900 isuralian 1188 C13C13 600 635

35 C 0.780.78 PriPriabonianabonian C15/16C15/16 SSakmarianakmarian 2200 37.837.8 2292955 295.5 C17C17 700

4040 e n o z i c 41.241.2 C18 298.298.99 AsselianAsselian

e C1C1 2222 3303000 Neo- C C e n o z i c C19/C19/ 2244 n 303303.7.7 GGzhelianzhelian LutetianLutetian 20 a 800 2266 4545 i 850

330505 Late

eogene 47.8 1.01.0 ocen C21 3307.007.0 KKasimovianasimovian Jara-Jara- 2288 l E

millmilloo 3300 a C22C22 5050 van 900 331010 l

3322 Paleogene P YpresianYpresian C23C23 MMoscovianoscovian Mid. y 3344 31315.25.2 1000 55 56.056.0 C24C24 3313155 1000 650650 MaMa CryogenianCryogenian 3366 y s

59.259.2 ThanetianThanetian C25C25 ennsy 3388 Paleo- 332020 arl BasBashkirianhkirian 60 61.661.6 C26C26 P CCalabrianalabrian 4400 E 323323.2.2 1100 4422 cene stocene C27/28C27/28 3323255 i 4444 65 66.066.0 DanianDanian 1200

e C29C29 ate SerpukhovianSerpukhovian uaternar 4466 1200 L C30 3333300 Late330330.9.9 Late Pl Quaternary Q 4488 MMaastrichtianaastrichtian 50 Ma Paleogene

70 C31 n 1.51.5 5500 7272.1.1 Meso- a 1300 i 5522 C32C32 3333355 proterozoic 5544 75 arboniferou pp

i Visean 1400

334040 Carboniferous C 5566 1400

C33 ss Middle Mid. Middle 5588 80 i 334545 3346.746.7

6600 83.683.6 ss atuyama LateLate 1500 1.811.81 i 6622

85 y

Matuyama M 86.386.3 Mi SantonianSantonian 335050 6644 1600

6688 89.889.8 ConiacianConiacian arl TTournaisianournaisian 1600 lduva 90 3353555 EarlyE Early Olduvai O 7700 7722 TuronianTuronian 3358.958.9 Proterozoic Phanerozoic 93.9 1700 2.02.0 7744 95 3363600 7766 CenomanianCenomanian 7788 336565 1800 8800 110000 100.5100.5 FaFamennianmennian 1800 8822 C2C2 337070 GGelasianelasian 8844 LateLate 3372.272.2 8866 1101055 C34C34 1900 8888 AlbianAlbian 337575 356 Ma Carboniferous 9900 111010 2000 9922 retaceous 113.0113.0 3803380 Paleo- 2050 382382.7.7 Legend:Legend: Cretaceous C 9944 94 Ma Cretaceous n 111515 proterozoic

c 2100 9966 3383855 ia NormalNormal polaritypolarity

c GGivetianivetian 3387.787.7 9988 i 2.52.5 n 110000 Middle

112020 AptianAptian o 3903390 o 2.592.59 110202 EiEifelianfelian ReversedReversed popolaritylarity v 2200 110404 EEarlyarly M"-1"rM"-1"r 393393.3.3 110606 112525 126.3126.3 3953395 z 2300 UncertainUncertain polaritypolarity o Devonian De

2300 MarineMarine M0r/M1M0r/M1 BarremianBarremian 4004400 e SSubductionubduction ZonZonee 1131300 130.8130.8 M3 EEmsianmsian IsotopeIsotope l

M5/6 StagesStages 133.9 M7/9 2400 e n o z i 405405 a SSpreadingpreading CCenterenter 1131355 M10 EarlyEarly 4407.607.6 C e n o z i c M11 P a l e o z i c P 2500 ValanginianValanginian M12/13/ 410.410.88 PPragianraggian 139.4139.4 4104410 2500 114040 M14/15 3.03.0 M16M16 415415 LLochkovianochkovian 145.0145.0 M17/18 2600 114545 41419.29.2 Neo- ForFor dedetailstails see: PPiacenzianiacenzian M19 420420 auss M20M20 PridoliPridoli 423.0 M21 2700 "The"The GGeologiceologic Time SScalecale 2012" by F. M. G Gauss 1151500 c 4425.625.6 152.1152.1 M22M22 425425 LudfoLdfdiLudfordianrdian i LudlowLudlow Gradstein,Gradstein, J. G. Ogg,Ogg, M. Schmitz and G. OggOgg M23M23 427.44 GGtiGorstianorstian 2800 2800 (2012,(2012, published by Elsevier),Elsevier), and the website 115555 Late KimmeridgianKimmeridgian M24M24 4304430 430.5 HomerianHoHimerian 157.3157.3 Wenlock M25/26 433.4433.4 SheinwoodianSheinwoodian ofof the GeoloGeologicgic TimeScale FoundatioFoundationn C2AC2A 1161600 4354435 ilurian TelychianTelychian 2900 http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.eduhttp://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu.

OxfordianOxfordian Silurian S 438.5438.5 163.5163.5 LlandoveryLlandovery TThehe maps were provided by Chris ScoteseScotese.. 440440 440.440.88 AeronianAAieronian Meso- 3.53.5 1161655 166.1166.1 CallovianCallovian 3000 e s o z 443.443.88 RhuddanianRhuddanian 168.3168.3 archean

c BathonianBathonian

i 152 Ma Jurassic 4454445 4445.2 M e s o z i c M HirnantianHirnantian 3.6 MiddleMiddle 170.31 425 Ma Silurian 117070 BajocianBajocian 3100 450450 ThisThis ccharthart was pproducedroduced TTimeime 174.1 AalenianAalenian ScaScaLeLe LateLate 453.0453.0 R 117575 3200 CreCreatorator 3200 bbyy Gabi Ogg usinusingg urass 455455 SSandbianandbian Cen

n c Jurassic J ToarcianToarcian 458.4458.4 TimeScaleTimeScale CreatorCreator MesozoicMesozoi 1181800 PalPaleozoiceozo 182.7 4604460 3300 ssoftware:oftware: PrecambrianPrecamb e

n Archean http:http://www.tscreator.orgwww.tscreator.org 1181855 4654465 MiddleMiddle Paleo- EEarlyarly PliensbachianPliensbachian 467.3467.3 3400 4.04.0 190.8190.8 470.0470.0 DapingianDapgpingian archean 1191900 470470 rdovicia eogene Plioce

Ordovician O 3500 Neogene N FFloianloian 1191955 475475 SinemurianSinemurian 477.7 EarlyEarly 3600 199.3199.3 4804480 3600 220000 201.3201.3 HettangianHHttettanggi ian TrTremadocianemadocian 4854485 4485.485.4 3700 2202055 RhaetianRhaetian 4489.589.5 AAgege 10 t 4904490 Furon-Furon- 209.5209.5 3800 221010 gian 494944 JiangshanianJiangshanian ZancleanZanclean 4954495 4.54.5 ilber 497 PaibianPaibian G Gilbert 221515 3900 NORLEX 5005500 500500.5.5 GGuzhangianuzhangian Late NorianNorian EpochEpoch 3 504.5504.5 DDrumianrumian 4000 www.nhm2.uio.no/stratlex 222020 5055505 4000

ic 509 AgAgee 5 C3C3 2222255 510510 4100 228.4228.4 AAgege 4

ass 551414 i

2232300 r 5155515 Epoch 2

Triassic T 4200

ambrian AAgege 3 CarnianCarnian 520520 521 2232355 Cambrian C 237237 5.05.0 4300 525525 AAgege 2 a LLadinianadinian 224040 241.5241.5 552929 MiddleMiddle 5305530 Terre-Terre- 4400 Thvera Thver 224545 AnisianAnisian neuvianneuvian 247.1247.1 514 Ma Cambrian 535535 FortunianFortunian 4500 warmwarm coolcool 250.0250.0 OlenekianOlenekian 2502250 EEarlyarly 4560 5.3355.33 252.2252.2 540545 0 541541 237 Ma Triassic Copyright © 2012 Geologic TimeScale Foundation