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Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition

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Carbon and Strontium Isotope Stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an Icehouse to Greenhouse Transition Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Permian from Nevada and China: Implications from an icehouse to greenhouse transition Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kate E. Tierney, M.S. Graduate Program in the School of Earth Sciences The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Matthew R. Saltzman, Advisor William I. Ausich Loren Babcock Stig M. Bergström Ola Ahlqvist Copyright by Kate Elizabeth Tierney 2010 Abstract The Permian is one of the most important intervals of earth history to help us understand the way our climate system works. It is an analog to modern climate because during this interval climate transitioned from an icehouse state (when glaciers existed extending to middle latitudes), to a greenhouse state (when there were no glaciers). This climatic amelioration occurred under conditions very similar to those that exist in modern times, including atmospheric CO2 levels and the presence of plants thriving in the terrestrial system. This analog to the modern system allows us to investigate the mechanisms that cause global warming. Scientist have learned that the distribution of carbon between the oceans, atmosphere and lithosphere plays a large role in determining climate and changes in this distribution can be studied by chemical proxies preserved in the rock record. There are two main ways to change the distribution of carbon between these reservoirs. Organic carbon can be buried or silicate minerals in the terrestrial realm can be weathered. These two mechanisms account for the long term changes in carbon concentrations in the atmosphere, particularly important to climate. In order to study these changes, this study investigates chemical proxies that reflect the operation of these mechanisms. ii Marine limestones preserve the two proxies that we use to investigate changes 13 87 86 13 to carbon, δ Ccarb and Sr/ Sr. δ Ccarb primarily records changes to the amount of organic carbon that is being buried (added to the lithospheric reservoir). 87Sr/86Sr records the weathering of silicate weathering. By examining these proxies, a better understanding of what was happening to the carbon system during this pivotal interval. Three lithologic sections have been examined and samples collected for analysis, two sections in Nevada and one in Southern China. These sections are long ranging in time and thick, implying that they are a detailed record of the ocean-atmosphere system through the Permian System. Analysis from samples collected at these localities give a detailed record of changes, previously unreported in the literature. This dissertation describes these records and begins to interpret their climatic interpretations. iii Dedication To my son, Norman iv Acknowledgments My thanks go to Matt Saltzman, my long-time adviser. Also, Brad Cramer, your patience is the stuff of legend, and you can have your couch back now. The faculty of our school, thank you for you time and sincere interest in my stream of questions. And my peers and friends in the Orton Sauna, I’ll clean up my station now. v Vita June 1991 …………………………………….…Roosevelt High School, Seattle WA March, 2002………………..….B.A. Geological Sciences, The Ohio State University March, 2002………………...……..….B.A. Anthropology, The Ohio State University March, 2005……………………M.S. Geological Sciences, The Ohio State University 2009-present..................... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2009 .......................................Summer Quarter Lecturer, The Ohio State University 2008-2009 .........................Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University 2007-2008 ..............................................National Science Foundation GK-12 Fellow 2002-2007 ........................Graduate Teaching Associate at The Ohio State University 2005............................................... Appalachian Basin Industrial Association Fellow 2003-2006................. Summer Quarter Lecturer at The Ohio State University, Marion 2000-2007 ................Undergraduate Teaching Associate at The Ohio State University 2000-2001 .........Undergraduate Research Assistant at the Microscopic and Analytical Research Center, Department of Geological Sciences at The Ohio State University Major interest: Geological Sciences vi Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………...………………………………..…..……...ii Dedication……………………………………………………………….……..……..iv Acknowledgments……………………………………………………….……..……...v Vita……………………………………………………………………..…..….……...vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………..………....viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………...…....ix Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………..................1 Chapter 2: Permian 87Sr/86Sr from carbonates of the Pequop Mountains, Nevada, USA and Tieqaio section, Laibin, Guangxi Province, P. R. China: a high resolution record sheds light on climatic event timing, sea level change, and flux variation through an interval of systemic reorganization.........................11 Chapter 3: High-resolution carbon isotope composite curve for the Permian System: Implications for organic carbon burial and global climate..............................39 Chapter 4: An early Permian (Asselian-Sakmarian) carbon isotope excursion from Nevada.............................................................................................................65 Combined References..…………………………....…………………………………90 Appendix A................................................................................................................107 vii List of Tables Table 1. data from Nine Mile Canyon, Nevada, USA...............................................108 Table 2. data from Rockland Ridge, Nevada, USA...................................................124 Table 3. data from Tieqiao, Guanxi Province, China................................................137 viii List of Figures Introduction Figure 1.1 Model of CO2 through the Phanerozoic.......................................................1 Figure 2.1 Phanerozoic 87Sr/86Sr curve (Veizer, 1999)................................................12 Figure 2.2 Paleogeographic map in the early Permian showing localities..................14 Figure 2.3 Locality map showing the Pequop Mountians, Nevada.............................15 Figure 2.4 Locality map showing Tieqiao Section, Guangxi, China...........................16 13 87 86 Figure 2.5 Stratigraphy and δ Ccarb and Sr/ Sr data in Nevada..............................18 13 87 86 Figure 2.6 Stratigraphy and δ Ccarb and Sr/ Sr data in China.................................19 Figure 2.7 Permian Tectonic events and 87Sr/86Sr data...............................................21 Figure 2.8 87Sr/86Sr data changes in slope...................................................................23 Figure 2.9 87Sr/86Sr plotted against Sr ppm from Nevada...........................................25 Figure 2.10 87Sr/86Sr plotted against Sr ppm from China...........................................26 Figure 2.11 87Sr/86Sr plotted with data from Korte et al., 2006..................................28 Figure 3.1 Paleogeographic map in the early Permian showing localities..................41 Figure 3.2 Locality map showing the Pequop Mountians, Nevada.............................42 Figure 3.3 Locality map showing Tieqiao Section, Guangxi, China...........................43 Figure 3.4 Permian timescale with regional conodont zonation..................................45 13 18 Figure 3.5 Cross plot of δ Ccarb and δ O data from Nevada and China....................48 ix 13 Figure 3.6 Permian δ Ccarb data plotted in stratigraphic order against time...............50 13 Figure 3.7 δ Ccarb data from Pequop Mountains plotted against stratigraphy............53 13 Figure 3.8 δ Ccarb data from Tieqiao plotted against stratigraphy..............................55 13 13 Figure 3.9 Korte et al., 2005 δ Ccarb data plotted again time and composite δ Ccarb data (this study) plotted against time...........................................................................58 Figure 4.1 Paleogeographic map in the early Permian showing localities..................66 Figure 4.2 Locality map showing the Pequop Mountians, Nevada.............................67 Figure 4.3 Asselian-Artinskian timescale with regional conodont zonations..............69 Figure 4.4 δ13Ccarb data from Asselian-Sakmarian of Nevada with lithologic column, defined glacial intervals, regional sea-level curves and pCO2 curve............71 13 18 Figure 4.5 δ Ccarb plotted against δ O data from Nine Mile Canyon........................73 13 Figure 4.6 Model of potential causes of δ Ccarb excursions........................................75 x Chapter 1 Introduction Global climate change is one of the greatest challenges of modern science. In order to constrain models that seek to predict the path of future climate changes, it is necessary to fully document and interpret ancient analogs. The interval of geologic time that is considered to be most similar to the modern (Pleistocene) ice age is the early Permian Period (~300- 270 million years ago). Both the early Permian and recent times share similarities in low atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, low sea-level, and widespread glaciation (Crowell, 1995; Kovalevich et al., 1998; Berner, 2004; Lowenstein et 1 al., 2005). Atmospheric CO2 levels ~ 300 million years ago decreased to near modern levels before rising again later in the Permian (Figure 1, Royer et
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