Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions
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Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin
Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin To cite this version: Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions. 2021. hal-03258099v2 HAL Id: hal-03258099 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03258099v2 Preprint submitted on 20 Sep 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1 IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2 CR2P (\Centre de Pal´eontologie { Paris"; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/SU, Mus´eumNational d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France September 16, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree that includes only extinct, or a mix of extinct and extant taxa, where at least some fossil data are available, we present a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account (i) the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct and (ii) the whole phylogenetic tree to estimate extinction times, whilst previous methods do not consider the diversification process and deal with each branch independently. -
SDG Indicator Metadata (Harmonized Metadata Template - Format Version 1.0)
Last updated: 4 January 2021 SDG indicator metadata (Harmonized metadata template - format version 1.0) 0. Indicator information 0.a. Goal Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 0.b. Target Target 15.5: Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of threatened species 0.c. Indicator Indicator 15.5.1: Red List Index 0.d. Series 0.e. Metadata update 4 January 2021 0.f. Related indicators Disaggregations of the Red List Index are also of particular relevance as indicators towards the following SDG targets (Brooks et al. 2015): SDG 2.4 Red List Index (species used for food and medicine); SDG 2.5 Red List Index (wild relatives and local breeds); SDG 12.2 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); SDG 12.4 Red List Index (impacts of pollution); SDG 13.1 Red List Index (impacts of climate change); SDG 14.1 Red List Index (impacts of pollution on marine species); SDG 14.2 Red List Index (marine species); SDG 14.3 Red List Index (reef-building coral species) (Carpenter et al. 2008); SDG 14.4 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation on marine species); SDG 15.1 Red List Index (terrestrial & freshwater species); SDG 15.2 Red List Index (forest-specialist species); SDG 15.4 Red List Index (mountain species); SDG 15.7 Red List Index (impacts of utilisation) (Butchart 2008); and SDG 15.8 Red List Index (impacts of invasive alien species) (Butchart 2008, McGeoch et al. -
Strategic Goal C: to Improve the Status of Biodiversity by Safeguarding Ecosystems, Species and Genetic Diversity
BIPTPM 2012 Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Target 11 - Protected areas Indicator Name Indicator Partners Last Next Description CBD Operational Indicator(s) Update Update Protected Area Management University of 2010 2013 Trends in extent of marine protected areas, coverage of Effectiveness (PAME) Queensland, IUCN, KPAs and management effectiveness (A) WCPA, University of Trends in protected area condition and/or management Oxford, UNEP- effectiveness including more equitable management WCMC Trends in the delivery of ecosystem services and equitable benefits from PAs Protected area status of inland McGill University, New 2013? Trends in coverage of protected waters WWF, UNEP-WCMC areas Arctic Protected Areas indicator CBMP, UNEP- 2010 2015? Trends in representative coverage WCMC, Protected of PAs areas agencies Trends in PA condition and across Arctic management effectiveness countries Living Planet Index WWF, ZSL 2012 2014 Trends in species populations inside (and outside) protected areas Arctic Species Trend Index CBMP, ZSL, WWF 2012 2014 Trends in PA condition and management effectiveness Important Bird Area state, Birdlife Trends in PA condition and measure and response values management effectiveness Protected area coverage of Birdlife, IUCN etc Trends in representative coverage important sites for biodiversity of Pas and sites of particular (IBAs, KBA etc) importance for biodiversity Red List Index for Species with Birdlife, IUCN etc N/A Protected / -
An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles
An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles: Imagining the Insect in Colonial Aotearoa A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English By Lillian Duval University of Canterbury August 2020 Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION: INSECTOCENTRISM..................................................................................................................................... 8 LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 ALICE AND THE GNAT IN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................ 17 FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER ONE: FRONTIER ENTOMOLOGY AND THE -
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Gao et al. BMC Plant Biology (2020) 20:430 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02646-3 REVIEW Open Access Plant extinction excels plant speciation in the Anthropocene Jian-Guo Gao1* , Hui Liu2, Ning Wang3, Jing Yang4 and Xiao-Ling Zhang5 Abstract Background: In the past several millenniums, we have domesticated several crop species that are crucial for human civilization, which is a symbol of significant human influence on plant evolution. A pressing question to address is if plant diversity will increase or decrease in this warming world since contradictory pieces of evidence exit of accelerating plant speciation and plant extinction in the Anthropocene. Results: Comparison may be made of the Anthropocene with the past geological times characterised by a warming climate, e.g., the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) 55.8 million years ago (Mya)—a period of “crocodiles in the Arctic”, during which plants saw accelerated speciation through autopolyploid speciation. Three accelerators of plant speciation were reasonably identified in the Anthropocene, including cities, polar regions and botanical gardens where new plant species might be accelerating formed through autopolyploid speciation and hybridization. Conclusions: However, this kind of positive effect of climate warming on new plant species formation would be thoroughly offset by direct and indirect intensive human exploitation and human disturbances that cause habitat loss, deforestation, land use change, climate change, and pollution, thus leading to higher extinction risk than speciation in the Anthropocene. At last, four research directions are proposed to deepen our understanding of how plant traits affect speciation and extinction, why we need to make good use of polar regions to study the mechanisms of dispersion and invasion, how to maximize the conservation of plant genetics, species, and diverse landscapes and ecosystems and a holistic perspective on plant speciation and extinction is needed to integrate spatiotemporally. -
Improvements to the Red List Index Stuart H
Improvements to the Red List Index Stuart H. M. Butchart1*, H. Resit Akc¸akaya2, Janice Chanson3, Jonathan E. M. Baillie4, Ben Collen4, Suhel Quader5,8, Will R. Turner6, Rajan Amin4, Simon N. Stuart3, Craig Hilton-Taylor7 1 BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2 Applied Biomathematics, Setauket, New York, United States of America, 3 Conservation International/Center for Applied Biodiversity Science-World Conservation Union (IUCN)/Species Survival Commission Biodiversity Assessment Unit, IUCN Species Programme, Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, D. C., United States of America, 4 Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom, 5 Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 6 Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, Washington, D. C., United States of America, 7 World Conservation Union (IUCN) Species Programme, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 8 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, United Kingdom The Red List Index uses information from the IUCN Red List to track trends in the projected overall extinction risk of sets of species. It has been widely recognised as an important component of the suite of indicators needed to measure progress towards the international target of significantly reducing the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. However, further application of the RLI (to non-avian taxa in particular) has revealed some shortcomings in the original formula and approach: It performs inappropriately when a value of zero is reached; RLI values are affected by the frequency of assessments; and newly evaluated species may introduce bias. Here we propose a revision to the formula, and recommend how it should be applied in order to overcome these shortcomings. -
Origin and Beyond
EVOLUTION ORIGIN ANDBEYOND Gould, who alerted him to the fact the Galapagos finches ORIGIN AND BEYOND were distinct but closely related species. Darwin investigated ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE (1823–1913) the breeding and artificial selection of domesticated animals, and learned about species, time, and the fossil record from despite the inspiration and wealth of data he had gathered during his years aboard the Alfred Russel Wallace was a school teacher and naturalist who gave up teaching the anatomist Richard Owen, who had worked on many of to earn his living as a professional collector of exotic plants and animals from beagle, darwin took many years to formulate his theory and ready it for publication – Darwin’s vertebrate specimens and, in 1842, had “invented” the tropics. He collected extensively in South America, and from 1854 in the so long, in fact, that he was almost beaten to publication. nevertheless, when it dinosaurs as a separate category of reptiles. islands of the Malay archipelago. From these experiences, Wallace realized By 1842, Darwin’s evolutionary ideas were sufficiently emerged, darwin’s work had a profound effect. that species exist in variant advanced for him to produce a 35-page sketch and, by forms and that changes in 1844, a 250-page synthesis, a copy of which he sent in 1847 the environment could lead During a long life, Charles After his five-year round the world voyage, Darwin arrived Darwin saw himself largely as a geologist, and published to the botanist, Joseph Dalton Hooker. This trusted friend to the loss of any ill-adapted Darwin wrote numerous back at the family home in Shrewsbury on 5 October 1836. -
Sedimentology and Biostratigraphy of Bart Reef: a New Mud-Mound Discovered in the Northern Sverdrup Basin, West-Central Ellesmere Island
Sedimentology and Biostratigraphy of Bart Reef: A New Mud-Mound Discovered in the Northern Sverdrup Basin, West-Central Ellesmere Island Michael Wamsteeker* University of Calgary, Calgary, AB [email protected] and Benoit Beauchamp and Charles Henderson University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Summary Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Kungurian) carbonate rocks of the Sverdrup Basin, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, record the initiation of a dramatic cooling of ocean temperature and regional climate.1 Asselian-Sakmarian tropical-like climate cooled episodically to subtropical, temperate and finally polar-like conditions by the Kungurian.2 Cooling is recognized by monitoring changes in fossils, lithology and sedimentary textures within Permian shallow marine strata. While initial cooling during the Sakmarian from tropical to subtropical conditions is undoubtably geologically rapid, the rate of change is currently unknown. Measurement of this rate is currently being investigated by monitoring habitation depth of temperature sensitive tropical fossils on the Asselian-Sakmarian carbonate shelf, while timing is determined using the conodont biostratigraphic zonation developed for the Sverdrup Basin in conjunction with absolute dates on the International Time Scale.3 Fieldwork carried out in Summer 2007 included the first description of a new tract of Asselian mud mounds on the northern margin of the Sverdrup Basin. Contained within the Nansen Formation, this tract has been informally named the Simpson reef tract. This study documents the sedimentology and conodont biostratigraphy of Bart reef; a member of this tract. Spectacular outcrop exposure of reef and off-reef strata has enabled a truely thorough characterization including the correlation of reef and off-reef facies. Conodont biostratigraphic dating of correlative off-reef facies indicate a middle to late Asselian age for Bart reef. -
Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)
Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha) by Richard Kissel A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Richard Kissel 2010 Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha) Richard Kissel Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2010 Abstract Based on dental, cranial, and postcranial anatomy, members of the Permo-Carboniferous clade Diadectidae are generally regarded as the earliest tetrapods capable of processing high-fiber plant material; presented here is a review of diadectid morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy, and paleozoogeography. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Diadectidae within Diadectomorpha, the sister-group to Amniota, with Limnoscelis as the sister-taxon to Tseajaia + Diadectidae. Analysis of diadectid interrelationships of all known taxa for which adequate specimens and information are known—the first of its kind conducted—positions Ambedus pusillus as the sister-taxon to all other forms, with Diadectes sanmiguelensis, Orobates pabsti, Desmatodon hesperis, Diadectes absitus, and (Diadectes sideropelicus + Diadectes tenuitectes + Diasparactus zenos) representing progressively more derived taxa in a series of nested clades. In light of these results, it is recommended herein that the species Diadectes sanmiguelensis be referred to the new genus -
(2012). IUCN Knowledge Products – the Basis
IUCN Knowledge Products The basis for a partnership to support the functions and work programme of IPBES ed Spec UCN Red ten ies I Lis ea ™ t hr of T E f c o o t s is y L s t e d m e R s N C measures measures U I extinction risk elimination risk e h T ) A K P e D y b W ( i o s d a i sites of biodiversity v sites with e r e importance requiring protected status A r s conservation action d it y te a c r te ea W o s o Pr P rld n ro Dat se o tec aba ted Planet INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,200 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 45 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org IUCN Knowledge Products The basis for a partnership to support the functions and work programme of IPBES A document prepared for the second session of a plenary meeting on the Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), on 16-21 April 2012, in Panamá City, Panamá The designation of geographical entities in this publication, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of Glaciation?
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences of 2007 Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of glaciation? S. G. Thomas Southern Methodist University, [email protected] Christopher R. Fielding University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Tracy D. Frank University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Thomas, S. G.; Fielding, Christopher R.; and Frank, Tracy D., "Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian Siltstone, New South Wales: Record of glaciation?" (2007). Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 105. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geosciencefacpub/105 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54 (2007), pp. 1057–1071; doi: 10.1080/08120090701615717 Copyright © 2007 Geological Society of Australia; published by Taylor & Francis. Used by permission. Submitted March 22, 2006; accepted June 21, 2007. Lithostratigraphy of the late Early Permian (Kungurian) Wandrawandian -
Morphology and Evolutionary Significance of the Atlas−Axis Complex in Varanopid Synapsids
Morphology and evolutionary significance of the atlas−axis complex in varanopid synapsids NICOLÁS E. CAMPIONE and ROBERT R. REISZ Campione, N.E. and Reisz, R.R. 2011. Morphology and evolutionary significance of the atlas−axis complex in varanopid synapsids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56 (4): 739–748. The atlas−axis complex has been described in few Palaeozoic taxa, with little effort being placed on examining variation of this structure within a small clade. Most varanopids, members of a clade of gracile synapsid predators, have well pre− served atlas−axes permitting detailed descriptions and examination of morphological variation. This study indicates that the size of the transverse processes on the axis and the shape of the axial neural spine vary among members of this clade. In particular, the small mycterosaurine varanopids possess small transverse processes that point posteroventrally, and the axial spine is dorsoventrally short, with a flattened dorsal margin in lateral view. The larger varanodontine varanopids have large transverse processes with a broad base, and a much taller axial spine with a rounded dorsal margin in lateral view. Based on outgroup comparisons, the morphology exhibited by the transverse processes is interpreted as derived in varanodontines, whereas the morphology of the axial spine is derived in mycterosaurines. The axial spine anatomy of Middle Permian South African varanopids is reviewed and our interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that at least two varanopid taxa are present in South Africa, a region overwhelmingly dominated by therapsid synapsids and parareptiles. Key words: Synapsida, Varanopidae, Mycterosaurinae, Varanodontinae, atlas−axis complex, axial skeleton, Middle Permian, South Africa.