Appendix: Geological Time Scales Three recent geological time scales for the Phanerozoic Eon. The time for beginning of each interval of geological time is given in millions of years before present. Time scale divisions after Harland et al. [1], except Carboniferous, which follows Snelling [3]. Interval Time of Beginning (1) (2) (3) Cenozoic Era Quaternary Sub-era Holocene Epoch 0.01 0.01 0.01 Pleistocene Epoch 2.0 2.0 1.6 Tertiary Sub-era Neogene Period Pliocene Epoch Piacenzian Stage 3.4 Zanclian Stage 5.1 5.5 5.3 Miocene Epoch Messinian Stage 6.5 Tortonian Stage 11.3 10.5 Serravallian Stage 15.1 Langhian Stage 16.3 Burdigalian Stage 21.8 Aquitanian Stage 24.6 23.0 23.7 Paleogene Period Oligocene Epoch Chattian Stage 32.8 27.0 30.0 Rupelian Stage 38.0 34.0 36.6 Eocene Epoch Priabonian Stage 42.0 37.0 40.0 Bartonian Stage 39.0 43.6 Lutetian Stage 50.5 45.0 52.0 Ypresian Stage 54.9 53.0 57.8 Paleocene Epoch Thanetian Stage 60.2 59.0 62.3 Danian Stage 65.0 65.0 66.4 Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Period Maastrichtian Stage 73 72 72 Campanian Stage 83 83 83 Santonian Stage 87.5 86 86 Coniacian Stage 88.5 88 88 430 Appendix Interval Time of Beginning (1) (2) (3) Turonian Stage 91 91 91 Cenomanian Stage 97.5 95 95 Albian Stage 113 107 107 Aptian Stage 119 112 114 Barremian Stage 125 114 116· Hauterivian Stage 131 119 120 Valanginian Stage 138 126 128 Berriasian Stage 144 130 135 Jurassic Period Tithonian Stage 150 135 139 Kimmeridgian Stage 156 140 144 Oxfordian Stage 163 150 152 Callovian Stage 169 158 159 Bathonian Stage 175 170 170 Bajocian Stage 181 178 176 Aalenian Stage 188 181 180 Toarcian Stage 194 189 188 Pliensbachian Stage 200 195 195 Sinemurian Stage 201 201 201 Hettangian Stage 213 204 205 Triassic Period Rhaetian Stage 219 210 210 Norian Stage 225 220 220 Carnian Stage 231 229 230 Ladinian Stage 238 233 235 Anisian Stage 243 239 240 Scythian Epoch (includes Spathian, 248 245 250 Smithian, Dienerian, and Griesbachian Stages) Paleozoic Era Permian Period Tatarian ( = Dzhulfian) Stage 253 250 255 Kazanian Stage 260 Ufimian Stage 258 258 Kungurian Stage 263 265 270 Artinskian Stage 268 273 Sakmarian Stage 280 280 Asselian Stage 286 290 290 Carboniferous Period Pennsylvanian Sub-period Stephanian Epoch 296 300 Appendix 431 Interval Time of Beginning (1 ) (2) (3) Westphalian Epoch 315 310 Namurian Epoch (B+C) 320 Mississippian Sub-period Namurian Epoch (A) 333 320 325 ( = Serpukhovian Epoch) Visean Epoch 352 355 Tournaisian Epoch 360 360 355 Devonian Period Famennian Stage 367 Frasnian Stage 374 375 375 Givetian Stage 380 Eifelian Stage 387 385 390 Emsian Stage 394 Siegenian Stage 401 Gedinnian Stage 408 400 405 Silurian Period Pridoli Epoch 414 Ludlow Epoch 421 420 Wenlock Epoch 428 425 Llandovery Epoch 438 418 435 Ordovician Period Ashgill Epoch 448 425 440 Caradoc Epoch 458 438 455 Llandeilo Epoch 468 455 460 Llanvirn Epoch 478 470 Arenig Epoch 488 475 490 Tremadoc Epoch 505 495 510 Cambrian Period Late Cambrian 525 Middle Cambrian 540 Lenian Stage Atdabanian Stage 550 Tommotian Stage 590 530 570 References (1) Harland, W. B.; Cox, A. V.; Llewellyn, P. G.; Pickton, C. A. G.; Smith, A. G.; and Walters, R. 1982. Geologic Time Scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (2) Odin, G. S., ed. 1982. Numerical Dating in Stratigraphy (2 Vols.). Chichester: Wiley. (3) Snelling, N. J., ed. 1985. The Chronology of the Geological Record. Geol. Soc. Lond. Mem. 10. Oxford: Blackwell. List of Participants with Fields of Research BABIN, C. CHARLESWORTH, B. Laboratoire de Paleontologie Dept. of Biology et Stratigraphie du Paleozoique University of Chicago Universite de Bretagne Occidentale 1103 E. 57th St. U.E.R. Sciences Chicago, IL 60637 Avenue Ie Gorgeu USA 29283 Brest Cedex Population genetics and evolu­ France tionary theory Paleozoic Mollusca Bivalvia: evolution, biostratigraphy CONNOR, E. F. Dept. of Environmental Sciences BAMBACH, R.K. Clark Hall Dept. of Geological Sciences University of Virginia Virginia Polytechnic Institute Charlottesville, VA 22903 and State University USA Blacksburg, VA 24061 Population and community USA ecology, biogeography, and insect­ Community paleoecology, ecospace plant interactions utilization and patterns of diversity change through time DZIK, J. Zaklad Paleobiologii PAN BANDEL, K. Aleja Zwirki i Wigury 93 Institut fUr Paliiontologie 02-089 Warsaw Universitat Erlangen-Niirnberg Poland Loewenichstrasse 28 Evolutionary paleontology 8520 Erlangen Federal Republic of Germany Paleontology, paleobiology, evolution of molluscs List of Participants with Fields of Research 433 ERBEN, H.K. FURSICH, F. T. Institut fUr PaUiontologie Institut fUr Palaontologie Universitat Bonn und Historische Geologie Nussallee 8 Universitat Munchen 5300 Bonn 1 Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10 Federal Republic of Germany 8000 M unchen 2 Phyletic extinctions (esp. "mass Federal Republic of Germany extinctions" ), general patterns of Paleoecology of mesozoic benthic organismic evolution in Phanero­ marine systems zoic time FUTUYMA, D.J. FISHER, D. C. Dept. of Ecology and Evolution Museum of Paleontology State University of New York University of Michigan Stony Brook, NY 11794 Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA USA Evolution of associations among Paleontology - functional plants and herbivorous insects, morphology, phylogenetic from genetic, ecological, and inference, taphonomy phylogenetic perspectives; coevolution FLESSA, K. W. Dept. of Geosciences GOULD, S.J. University of Arizona Museum of Comparative Zoology Tucson, AZ 85721 Harvard University USA Cambridge, MA 02138 Paleobiology, biogeography USA Evolutionary biology FLU GEL, E. Institut fUr Palaontologie HALLAM, A. Universitat Erlangen - Nurnberg Dept. of Geological Sciences Loewenichstrasse 28 University of Birmingham 8520 Erlangen P.O. Box 363 Federal Republic of Germany Birmingham B15 2TT Evolution offossil reefs England Evolutionary paleobiology, paleobiogeography 434 List of Participants with Fields of Research HSU, K.J. LaBARBERA, M. Geologisches Institut Dept. of Anatomy ETH-Zentrum University of Chicago 8092 Zurich 1025 East 57th Street Switzerland Chicago, IL 60637 Sedimentology, geochemistry, USA paleoenvironmental analyses Functional morphology and biomechanics of living and fossil HUSSNER, H. M. marine invertebrates Institut fUr PaHiontologie LEVINTON, J. S. Universitat Erlangen - Nurnberg Dept. of Ecology and Evolution Loewenichstrasse 28 State University of New York 8520 Erlangen Stony Brook, NY 11794 Federal Republic of Germany USA Carbonate sedimentology, Marine ecology, evolutionary evolution of reefs, mass extinctions biology JABLONSKI, D. MEETER, D. A. Dept. of Geophysical Sciences Dept. of Statistics University of Chicago Florida State University 5734 S. Ellis Avenue Tallahassee, FL 32306 Chicago, IL 60637 USA USA Ecological statistics: time series analysis, design of experiments and Paleobiology and macroevolution tests of hypotheses JARVINEN, O. MOSBRUGGER, V. Dept. of Zoology Institut fUr Palaontologie University of Helsinki Universitat Bonn P. Rautatiekatu 13 Nussallee 8 00100 Helsinki 10 5300 Bonn 1 Finland Federal Republic of Germany Community ecology of birds; Paleobotany, evolutionary biology ecological zoogeography; population biology of endangered populations List of Participants with Fields of Research 435 MULLER, G. RAUP, D.M. Institut fUr Anatomie Dept. of Geophysical Sciences Wahringerstrasse 13 University of Chicago 1090 Vienna 5734 S. Ellis Avenue Austria Chicago, IL 60637 Experimental embryology, USA vertebrate limb morphogenesis, Theoretical paleobiology and evolutionary biology evolutionary biology REIF, W.-E. NAGL, W. Institut und Museum fUr Geologie FB Biologie und Palaontologie Universitat Kaiserslautern Universitat Tiibingen Postfach 3049 Sigwartstrasse 10 6750 Kaiserslautern 7400 Tiibingen Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Genome organization and Evolutionary biology, functional evolution ofspecies, DNA evolution morphology in cell cultures, cell differentiation and malignant transformation de RICQLES, A. J. Laboratoire d' Anatomie NIKLAS, K. J. Comparee Section of Plant Biology Universite Paris VII Cornell University 2, Place Jussieu Ithaca, NY 14850 75005 Paris USA France Plant development and evolution Evolutionary biology, paleohistology PANCHEN, A.L. Dept. of Zoology RIEGER, R. M. The University Institut fUr Zoologie Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU Universitat Innsbruck England Universitatsstrasse 4 6020 Innsbruck Vertebrate paleontology: origin Austria of land vertebrates and early The origin and radiation of the tetrapods; taxonomic theory bilateria as deduced from neonological information (with special reference to the new ultrastructural information) 436 List of Participants with Fields of Research RUNNEGAR, B. SOULE, M.E. Dept. of Geology and Geophysics 118 Little Oaks Rd. University of New England Encinitas, CA 92024 Armidale, NSW 2351 USA Australia Evolutionary genetics and Evolution of the mollusca, phenetics; conservation biology; crystallography of carbonate environmental ethics biominerals, protein evolution SOUSA, W.P. SEILACHER, A. Dept. of Zoology Institut und Museum fUr University of California Geologie und Paliiontologie Berkeley, CA 94720 Universitat Tiibingen USA Sigwartstrasse 10 7400 Tiibingen 1 Disturbance and successional Federal Republic of Germany dynamics in marine intertidal Paleobiology communities; ecology of host­ parasite interactions SELANDER, R. K. Dept. of Biology STEARNS, S. C. University of Rochester Zoologisches Institut River Campus Rheinsprung 9 Rochester, NY 14627 4051 Basel USA Switzerland