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Institutions Et Régulation D'une Ressource Naturelle Dans Une Institutions et r´egulationd'une ressource naturelle dans une soci´et´efragment´ee : Th´eorieet applications `aune gestion durable de l'eau au Liban. Roland Riachi To cite this version: Roland Riachi. Institutions et r´egulationd'une ressource naturelle dans une soci´et´efragment´ee : Th´eorieet applications `aune gestion durable de l'eau au Liban.. Gestion et management. Universit´ede Grenoble, 2013. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2013GRENE008>. <tel-00979509> HAL Id: tel-00979509 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00979509 Submitted on 16 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Sciences Économiques Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006 Présentée par Roland RIACHI Thèse dirigée par Bernard GERBIER préparée au sein du Centre de Recherche en Économie de Grenoble et de l’École Doctorale de Sciences Économiques Institutions et régulation d’une res- source naturelle dans une société fragmentée : Théorie et applications à une gestion durable de l’eau au Liban Thèse soutenue publiquement le 14 novembre 2013, devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Michel DAMIAN Professeur des Universités, EDDEN, Faculté d’Économie de Grenoble, Université Pierre Mendès-France de Grenoble, Président Monsieur Bernard GERBIER Professeur des Universités Émérite, CREG, Faculté d’Économie de Grenoble, Université Pierre Mendès-France de Grenoble, Directeur de thèse Monsieur Alban THOMAS Directeur de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, École d’Économie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Rapporteur Monsieur Pierre BLANC Professeur Associé (HDR), Bordeaux Sciences Agro et Sciences Po Bordeaux, Rapporteur Monsieur Jad CHAABAN Professeur Associé, Faculté des Sciences Agricoles et Alimentaires, Université Américaine de Beyrouth, Examinateur Monsieur Pierre BERTHAUD Maître de Conférences (HDR), CREG, Faculté d’Économie de Grenoble, Univer- sité Pierre Mendès-France de Grenoble, Examinateur À Rime, ma fille . Remerciements J’aimerais tout d’abord remercier mon directeur, Bernard Gerbier, pour avoir cru et m’avoir fait confiance dans la réalisation de mon projet doctoral et pour m’avoir généreusement et assidûment suivi tout au long de ce travail de recherche. Tout en me laissant la liberté d’initiative, ses relectures, ses conseils, son esprit critique et ses encouragements m’ont sans aucun doute permis de préciser et d’élaborer mon propos et de mener cette thèse. Mes remerciements vont également à Jad Chaaban. Sans lui, ce travail n’au- rait jamais existé. Notre première discussion sur mon souhait d’étudier la gestion de l’eau au Liban remonte à mon année de Licence en 2004 à Toulouse. Depuis, il n’a pas cessé de me guider et de jouer le rôle de codirecteur (informel) en m’ac- cueillant à bras ouvert à l’Université Américaine de Beyrouth et en s’investissant dans ma préparation pour mon après-doctorat. Je remercie Alban Thomas pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’être mon rapporteur. Lui aussi m’a soutenu depuis mes premiers pas dans ce projet de recherche et m’a aidé, par son écoute et ses conseils avisés, à affiner mes parties quanti- tatives. J’adresse toute ma gratitude à Pierre Blanc pour l’honneur qu’il m’a accordé en acceptant d’évaluer ce travail en tant que rapporteur en y apportant sa compétence et son expertise dans le sujet traité dans cette thèse. Je suis également fortement reconnaissant à Pierre Berthaud et Michel Damian pour leur participation au jury et pour leur lecture critique. Stéphane Ghiotti, Martha Mundy, Rami Zurayk, Rima Habib, Karim Eid- Sabbagh, Amelia Altz-Stam, Marie-Hélène Nassif, Nabil Abdo, Mounir Rached, Ali Chalak, Hala Chahine, Karin Seyfert, Kanj Hamadé, Chukri Ghanem, Youssef Chaitani, Vito Intini et Fernando Cantu-Bazaldua, je vous remercie pour tous les échanges constructifs et productifs qu’on a pu avoir durant ces dernières années et qui m’ont aidé à développer mon travail. Je remercie pour leurs encouragements mes parents, Nadine et Joseph, mes frères, Edward et Patrick, mes grands-mères, Odette et Salwa, et mes amis, Jean-Luc, Issam, Jihad, Elie, Ihab, Dory, Dibo, Ilyas, Zaki, Joeffrey, Houcine, Hani, Bilal, Christina, Doris, Manu, Naji, Hala, Bassam, Sunny, Roben, Ghassan et Fadi. À ma femme Anne, je te remercie pour ton amour et ta patience lors de tes relectures rendant les phrases de ce manuscrit lisibles. Merci d’avoir été une merveilleuse compagne et maman de notre fille. Je ne vois pas comment j’y serais parvenu sans toi. Rime, cette thèse t’est dédiée et j’espère un jour te voir boire l’eau du robinet à Beyrouth. Liste des publications et communications liées à ce travail Publications Riachi, R. (2012). “Agriculture et système alimentaire sous la mission hydrau- lique libanaise”, Revue Méditerranée, Enjeux de l’eau en Méditerranée orientale, 119, pp.35-43. Ghiotti, S. et R. Riachi (2014). “La gestion de l’eau au Liban : une réforme confisquée ?”, Revue Études Rurales, Gestion des ressources dans le bassin méditerranéen, 192, Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). Colloques Riachi, R. (2011). “Interprétation sociopolitique du statut juridique de l’eau au Liban : capture ou captage ?”, communication au colloque de l’IRD et l’Ifpo, Appropriation des ressources naturelles et patrimoniales : compétitions et droits d’accès en Méditerranée, Beyrouth, le 28-30 novembre 2011. Riachi, R. (2012). “Agriculture and the food system under the Lebanese hydraulic mission.”, communication au Workshop de la LSE et le British Institute, Agriculture and Food Production in the Shadow of the Arab Oil Economy, Amman, le 28-29 janvier 2012. Riachi, R. (2012).“Entre barrages et aquifères : les droits d’usage des ressources hydriques du “Château d’Eau du Levant””, communication à la journée d’étude de l’Ifpo et du Centre Jacques Berque, Droit et propriété au Liban : explorations empiriques, Beyrouth, 14 juin 2012. Rapports et documents de travail Riachi, R. et J. Chaaban (2010). “The Agricultural Sector in Lebanon : Economical Features and Challenges”, rapport dans le cadre du projet du CRDI en collaboration avec Ibsar-AUB et l’Université d’Ottawa, Food and Health in Rural Lebanon : Options to Improve Dietary. Diversity, Food Security, Livelihoods and Ecosystem management. Riachi, R. et J. Chaaban (2011). “Bridging Distributive Politics to Regional Water Projects”, working paper. Riachi, R. et J. Chaaban (2012). “Water and Sanitation Services and Social Perception of Wastewater Reuse in Rural Lebanon”, document de travail dans le cadre du projet du CRDI et de l’AUB. Ghiotti, S. et R. Riachi (2013). “Eaux, foncier et territoires au Liban”, docu- ment de travail ART-Dev, Septembre 2013. RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse analyse les fondements et l’évolution de l’économie et de la gestion de l’eau au Liban dans ses cadres juridiques, institutionnels et politiques. L’étude s’appuie sur une méthodologie mixte, à la fois qualitative, à travers des études de terrains et celle de la littérature existante, et quantitative, en utilisant des outils d’analyse économétrique. Nous avons pris comme grille de lecture les liens entre les modes de production et d’usage de l’eau, la nature de la propriété foncière et sa structure dans une démarche d’économie politique. L’étude se compose de cinq chapitres. Notre premier chapitre, élaboré à partir d’une lecture critique de la littérature économique qui traite de la valeur de la ressource et de sa rareté, remet en cause la notion de crise de l’eau. Il propose une critique des paradigmes globalisés, notamment la gestion par bassin et la bonne gouvernance, qui sont à la base de la notion de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau (GIRE) d’inspiration libérale. En dépassant ces théories à l’aide d’une approche historico-matérialiste, ce chapitre construit notre grille de lecture d’un “paysage de l’eau” en mobilisant la théorie de Wittfogel des sociétés hydrauliques et la théorie des “moments” développée par David Harvey. Le deuxième chapitre suit chronologiquement et sur un temps long l’évo- lution juridico-institutionnelle de la gestion de la ressource depuis l’Empire ottoman et le mandat français sur le Liban jusqu’à la construction nationale entre l’indépendance et la guerre civile libanaise. Notre analyse reconstitue les fondements historiques de la relation du pouvoir aux régimes fonciers durant ces périodes. Nous développons en particulier les éléments qui sont à la source de la formulation de la vision de la mission hydraulique libanaise afin de présenter une interprétation de la relation de l’État à l’eau et le discours dominant de la gestion de la ressource. Le troisième chapitre expose les caractéristiques socio-spatiales du service d’eau potable et d’assainissement dans la phase de reconstruction. Il analyse la nature de la fragmentation institutionnelle des autorités publiques ainsi que la politique de l’eau engendrée par l’ajustement structurel et par les paradigmes néolibéraux, notamment, l’adoption des principes de la GIRE par le gouvernement libanais et la préparation du terrain pour des contrats de Partenariat Public- Privé. Le quatrième chapitre propose un modèle formalisé d’économie publique qui nous informe par ses résultats économétriques sur les critères d’allocation des projets de l’eau durant les deux dernières décennies. Les résultats économétriques de ce modèle vont confirmer notre hypothèse de base en montrant que seule la distance politique apparaît comme facteur décisionnel dans l’allocation des fonds aux régions, sans prise en compte de leurs caractéristiques socio-économiques et environnementales.
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