Volume 4 Socio-economics and Culture General Editors I.V. Ramanuja Rao and Cherla B. Sastry Volu me Editors Brian Belcher, Madhav Karki and Trevor Williams International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) Environmental Bamboo Foundation (EBF) Government of the Netherlands International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (EPGRI) international Development Research Centre (IDRC) 1996 International Development Research Centre All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The presentation of material in this publication and in maps which appear herein does not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of INBAR or IDRC: con- cerningthe legal status of any country, or the delineation of frontiers or haunches. ISBN 81-86247- 15-7 Textdesign, layout and typesetting: Edit International, Bangalore, India. Cover design: Shalini Malhotra Printed and Bound in India by Thomson Press (India) Ltd. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan 17Jor Bagh New Delhi I10 003 India Contents Foreword V Preface vii The Role of Bamboo in Development Brian Belcher 1 The Role of Bamboo in Village-based Enterprises Mich Blowfield, Eric Boa and U.M. Chandrasekara 10 Towards a New Approach to Understanding the Bamboo Economy P.M. Mathew 22 Bamboo Shoot Industry and Development Songkram Thammincha 33 Knowing Bamboo, Knowing People Eric Boa 40 Employment Generation from Bamboos in India N.S. Adkoli 45 Bamboo for Socio-economic Development and Sustainable Resource Management: the Case of Indonesia B.D. Nasendi 56 Bamboo: a People-oriented Approach Kanwarjit Nagi and Yashodara Kundaji 70 The Role of Bamboo on the Social, Cultural and Economic Life of the Filipinos Anneth R. Ramirez 78 The Role of Schizostachyum bracbycladum in the Dayak Kenyah Community in East Kalimantan, Indonesia Siti Susiarti and Herwasono Soedjito 91 Bamboo in Balinese Rituals I. Wayan Sumantera 97 Recommendations 101 List of Participants 103 iii Foreword The Vth INBAR International Bamboo Workshop was jointly held with the IV International Bamboo Congress from 19 to 22 June 1995 in Ubud, Bali. The Workshop was organized under the auspices of the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) and the Congress under the banner of the International Bamboo Association (IBA). Over 600 people from different walks of life - scientists, engineers, architects, designers, crafts people, environmentalists, rural development experts, government officials and plain bamboo enthusiasts-congregated at Ubud to partake in the five-day event of the year. Several representa- tives of the Indonesian government, international organizations, diplomatic’ community, and local and foreign media attended the Bali Congress. A large number of scientists participated in the intensive and keen scientific dis- cussions at the 15 scientific sessions. That the event was such a huge success was largely due to the pains- taking efforts put in by a number of people from the organizations involved, particularly by Dr Elizabeth Widjaja, MS Linda Garland and their team at the Environmental Bamboo Foundation, which was the local host. It also made a great difference that the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and the Government of the Netherlands actively supported some of the scientific sessions. It would only be appropriate here to thank all of them. The Bali Congress was held at a time when bamboo and other forest resources were being increasingly subjected to overexploitation and unsustainable use. This aspect was integral to the theme of the event - Bamboo, People and the Environment. Several papers and posters were presented at the Congress on subjects ranging from bamboo propagation techniques to anatomical studies on pachymorph bamboos, from the role of bamboo in rural development to use of bamboo in religious rituals, from bamboo conservation strategies to use of molecular markers, and from design input into bamboo crafts to bamboo building codes. In compiling the proceedings, we decided to make a departure from the previous practice of gathering all the papers in one large volume. We felt that segregating the papers presented at the sessions into different subject areas would provide a sharper focus, and presenting them as handy vol- umes would serve the readers better. Consequently, the proceedings are being published in four volumes: Propagation and Management, Bio- diversity and Genetic Conservation, Engineering and Utilization, and Socio- economics and Culture. The last volume, Socio-economics and Culture, also contains the list of participants. We have taken care to ensure that this publication imbibe the essence of the Bali Congress. Dr Elizabeth Widjaja, Dr P.M. Ganapathy, Dr Jules Janssen, Dr V. Ramanatha Rao, Mr. Brian Belcher and Prof. Trevor Williams have very kindly assisted with the technical editing of the papers, and we thank them for their time. We hope that you, as reader, would derive as much satisfaction as we did in bringing Bamboo, People and the Emiron- ment to you. I.V. Ramanuja Rao Cherla B. Sastry General Editors vi Preface This volume is the last of the four-volume series Bamboo, People and the Environment, which cover the proceedings of the Vth INBAR Inter- national Bamboo Workshop and the IVth International Bamboo Congress, jointly held in Indonesia from 19 to 22 June 1995. It contains papers pre- sented on the socio-economic and cultural aspects of bamboo. In the 1980s, most publications dealing with the socio-economics of bamboo focused on the value of very diverse socio-economic systems of bamboo uses, the costs-benefits of those systems and the important role women had in them. They very rarely identified interventions which would assist socio-economic development. In the early 1990s, during the planning for the creation of INBAR, it became apparent that research on the socioeconomic background of bamboo resource utilization would have to be central to all other aspects of strategic research. This meant that the interdependence of the resource base and the people who use it have to be understood more clearly, so that increased income generation and poverty alleviation can be promoted through more sustainable resource management and consumption systems. Several papers in this volume illustrate a wide range of consump- tion systems - whether for livelihood at the micro enterprise level, for religious rituals or cultural use, or for input into more major economic systems. The newer approach to socio-economic background is begin- ning to show in research across Asia, in large part owing to the catalytic effect of INBAR. Brian Belcher Madhav Karki Trevor Williams Editois vii The Role of Bamboo in Development Brian Belcher International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), New Delhi, India Abstract Bamboo has an important role to play in development. It is a natural tool with which to encourage sustainable, integrated farming systems and an excellent resource on which to build a variety of income and employment-generating opportunities. With its multiple uses and high value in a range of products aimed at national and international markets, there is great potential for value-adding operations, and many different entry points for development intementions which are accessible to and appropriate for resource-poor people. In order to do this well, improved understanding is required about the bamboo sectors, about the people involved and about the main problems they face. Research is needed on the economic, policy, institutional and social aspects of the bamboo sectors, as well as on the technical aspects involved. In this way, interventions can be focused to ad- dress the real problems and opportunities faced by people, and from this basis a well-targeted research and development agenda can be designed. Introduction The bamboos are an incredibly versatile and useful group of plants. Bamboos have been used by people in imaginative and widely varied ways wherever they are found. They have long histories of use and play impor- tant roles in the daily lives of millions of people. Furthermore, and especially important in these days of rapid environmental degradation, they are highly renewable resources. The International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) is found- ed on the premise that bamboo, and rattan as well, provide important entry points for development, Therefore, research on bamboo can help improve the efficiency of production, processing and marketing of bamboo prod- ucts, and thus stimulate development. The beauty of bamboo from this perspective is that it is an important commodity at many different levels of economy. It is a subsistence crop and a source of income to people with very limited opportunities to earn cash income. It is a versatile raw material for a wide range of small and medium-scale enterprises, and so serves as a basis for employment and income generation. The products made from bamboo, as well as the raw materials themselves, find international demand, and so are able to gener- ate much-needed foreign exchange for cash-strapped developing countries. At each level in the economy, there are opportunities for research and dev- elopment, which can lead to sustainable development. This paper discusses the role of bamboo at these different levels, and the research appropriate for them, particularly with reference to the INBAR research programs. Sustainable Development “Development” and that ubiquitous term “sustainable development” have been defined in almost as many ways as bamboo is used. Without going into semantics, “development” in its essence means improving hu- man welfare and “sustainable development” means improving human welfare without degrading environment. The main focus of INBAR, as with that of development assistance gen- erally, is on improving the welfare of people who are resource-poor and who face the difficulties of trying to get out of the poverty trap. Ethnic and tribal minority groups, women, and rural and forest-dwelling people are frequently disproportionately represented in this category.