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The European Bronze Age Sword……………………………………………….21 48-JLS-0069 The Virtual Armory Interactive Qualifying Project Proposal Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation by _____________________________ ____________________________ Patrick Feeney Jennifer Baulier _____________________________ Ian Fite February 18th 2013 Professor Jeffrey L. Forgeng. Major Advisor Keywords: Higgins Armory, Arms and Armor, QR Code 1 Abstract This project explored the potential of QR technology to provide interactive experiences at museums. The team developed content for selected objects at the Higgins Armory Museum. QR codes installed next to these artifacts allow visitors to access a variety of minigames and fact pages using their mobile devices. Facts for the object are selected randomly from a pool, making the experience different each time the code is scanned, and the pool adapts based on artifacts visited, personalizing the experience. 2 Contents Contents........................................................................................................................... 3 Figures..............................................................................................................................6 Introduction ……………………………………………......................................................... 9 Double Edged Swords In Europe………………………………………………………...21 The European Bronze Age Sword……………………………………………….21 Ancient edged weapons prior to the Bronze Age………………………..21 Uses of European Bronze Age swords, general trends, and common innovations over time…………………………………………………….23 Greece in the Bronze Age………………………………………………..26 Central Europe in the Bronze Age……………………………………….29 Artifacts on display in Higgins Armory………………………………….33 Viking Age Swords………………………………………………………………34 The Sword in Viking life………………………………………………...34 Pattern welded swords and decorations on Viking swords and hilts…….37 Metal Smithing and Ulfberht Blade……………………………………...42 Artifacts on display in Higgins Armory………………………………….46 Medieval and Renaissance Swords………………………………………………47 Arms, training, fencing, and blade uses outside of battles……………….47 Evolution of blade, hilt, and guard forms………………………………..49 Background on the Crusades…………………………………………….54 Weapons of the Crusades………………………………………………..57 Artifacts on display in Higgins Armory…………………………………58 Rapiers and Smallswords.......................................................................................59 3 The Rapier and weapons that led up to it………………………………...59 The Smallsword………………………………………………………….63 Fencing…………………………………………………………………..68 Culture……………………………………………………………………70 Artifacts on display in Higgins Armory………………………………….72 Ranged Weapons………………………………………………………………………...74 The African Throwing Knife…………………………………………………….74 Japanese Archery and Arrowheads………………………………………………78 The Crossbow……………………………………………………………………83 Early Firearms and Noteworthy Guns…………………………………………...92 Artifacts on display in the Higgins Armory………………......………….97 Staff Weapons……………………………………………………………………………98 History of the Spear……………………………………………………………...98 Stone Age Spears………………………………………………………...98 Greek and Roman Spears……………………………………………….101 Medieval Spears………………………………………………………...102 Revival of the Pike……………………………………………………...104 The Halberd…………………………………………………………………….106 Development……………………………………………………………106 History and Influence…………………………………………………...108 Bills, Forks, and Scythes………………………………………………………..111 Arming the General Public……………………………………………..111 The Bill…………………………………………………………………112 4 The Military Scythe…………………………………………………….114 The Military Fork……………………………………………………….115 Knights and the Cavalry Lance…………………………………………………117 Precursors to the Medieval Knight……………………………………..117 The Rise of Knighthood………………………………………………...118 Tournament and the Joust………………………………………………120 The Lance……………………………………………………………….122 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...124 Appendix A (Interactive game documentation)………………………………………...128 European Swords game document (Time defying sword designer!)…………...128 Crossbow game document (On Your Mark)……………………………………145 Polearms game document (Name that Polearm)………………………………..153 Appendix B (Fun fact documentation)…………………………………………………158 Knightly Sword facts…………………………………………………………...158 Crossbow facts………………………………………………………………….164 Coronel facts……………………………………………………………………168 Appendix C (QR labels)………………………………………………………………...172 Appendix D (Biographies)……………………………………………………………...174 Jennifer Baulier…………………………………………………………………174 Ian Fite………………………………………………………………………….174 Patrick Feeney…………………………………………………………………..175 Figures Figure 1: Nandaka front page reformatted for mobile devices…………………………..11 5 Figure 2: Nandaka image page reformatted for mobile devices…………………………12 Figure 3: Sample fact page 1…………………………………………………………….13 Figure 4: Sample fact page 2…………………………………………………………….13 Figure 5: Crossbow quiz question page………………………………………………….14 Figure 6: Possible crossbow game result………………………………………………...15 Figure 7: Polearm game intro page………………………………………………………16 Figure 8: Possible polearm game result………………………………………………….16 Figure 9: European sword game intro page……………………………………………...17 Figure 10: Guard/grip and pommel art from the sword game…………………………...18 Figure 11: Possible result from the sword game………………………………………....18 Figure 12: Close up of a bronze sword hilt from the Higgins Armory………………..…26 Figure 13: A set of bronze swords on display in the Higgins Armory…………………..33 Figure 14: Viking hit categorization……………………………………………………..37 Figure 15: A Viking sword of hilt type 8 from the Higgins Armory…………………….38 Figure 16: A Viking hilt decorated using damascening………………………………….40 Figure 17: A Viking sword with gold inlay on the hilt…………………………………..41 Figure 18: An example of plating for blade decoration………………………………….42 Figure 19: A collection of Viking swords on display in the Higgins Armory…………..46 Figure 20: Medieval ceremonial sword with lion head decorations……………………..49 Figure 21: A sword with a wheel pommel……………………………………………….51 Figure 22: Two sword hilts with rings on the guards……………………………………54 Figure 23: Knightly sword display from Higgins Armory................................................58 Figure 24: Pierced plate on a cup hilt……………………………………………………61 6 Figure 25: An example of a guard with two shells………………………………………62 Figure 26: A sword from Higgins Armory with shells guards…………………………..62 Figure 27: A belt made for a dagger and rapier combination……………………………63 Figure 28: An S shaped smallsword guard with a single quillon………………………65 Figure 29: A set of smallsword hilts made of a knucklebow and a shell guard…………65 Figure 30: A collection of smallswords from Higgins Armory………...……………..…65 Figure 31: A smallsword from Higgins Armory with an S shaped guard……………….66 Figure 32: An urn shaped pommel……………………………………………………….67 Figure 33: Plans for a sword and hilt design as part of a jewelry set……………………71 Figures 34 – 38: Rapiers and smallswords on display in the Higgins Armory………….73 Figure 39: Japanese long bow……………………………………………………………80 Figure 40: An arbelestina………………………………………………………………..86 Figure 41: Shield Bearers………………………………………………………………...86 Figure 42: Crossbow bolts……………………………………………………………….88 Figure 43: Drawing an earlier crossbow…………………………………………………89 Figure 44: Drawing a crossbow with a stirrup…………………………………………...90 Figure 45: Claw belt……………………………………………………………………...90 Figure 46: Screw and handle……………………………………………………………..91 Figure 47: Samson belt…………………………………………………………………..91 Figure 48: Goat‟s hoof…………………………………………………………………...91 Figure 49: Windlass……………………………………………………………………...91 Figure 50: Crannequin…………………………………………………………………...91 Figure 51: Stone Age spear diagram……………………………………………………101 7 Figure 52: A partisan in the Higgins Armory collection……………………………….103 Figure 53: Pike image from Oakeshott “A knight and His Weapons”…………………104 Figure 54: 16th century German halberd from the Higgins Armory……………………106 Figure 55: 16th century Austrian halberd from the Higgins Armory…………………...109 Figure 56: 20th century German halberd from the Higgins Armory……………………110 Figure 57: A bill from the Higgins Armory…………………………………………….113 Figure 58: A military Scythe from the Higgins Armory………………………………..115 Figure 59: A military fork from the Higgins Armory…………………………………..116 Figure 60: Parthian cataphract. ………………………………………………………………………….117 Figure 61: Tilting at the Quintain…………………………………………………….121 Figure 62: A lance for titling at the ring, taken from the Higgins Armory collection….122 Figures 63 – 80: Artwork done for the sword designing game……………………128-141 Figure 81: Bolts for the crossbow bolt quiz answers…………………………………...146 Figures 82 – 86: Period relevant images illustrating crossbow quiz questions……146-148 Figures 87 – 92: Artwork used for the results of the crossbow game……………..149-152 Figures 93 – 107: Images illustration possible answers to the polearm quiz……...153-157 Figures 108 – 119: Images illustrating knightly sword fun facts………………….158-163 Figures 120 – 129: Images illustrating crossbow fun facts………………………..164-167 Figures 130 – 138: Images illustrating coronel fun facts………………………….168-171 Figures 139 – 141: QR labels……………………………………………………...172-173 Figure 142: Group picture………………………………………………………………174 8 Introduction Over the past term we have been generating QR based content for the Higgins Armory Museum focused around providing information relevant to artifacts on display. QR content is a relatively new area for museums to explore; hence the Higgins Armory Museum was interested in testing out the uses of this technology. Our project is on the forefront of developing
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