Re-Envisioning Global Development

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Re-Envisioning Global Development Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 Re-Envisioning Global Development Re-Envisioning Global Development elaborates an alternative ontology and way of thinking about global development during recent centuries – one linked, not to nations and regions, but to a set of essentially trans- national relations and connections. This angle of vision provides the basis for an original perspective on capitalist development from its origins to the present day. Most approaches to understanding contemporary development assume that industrial capitalism was achieved through a process of nationally organised economic growth, and that in recent years its organisation has become increasingly trans-local or global. However, Halperin shows that nationally organised economic growth has rarely been the case – it has only recently come to characterise a few countries and for only a few decades. Halperin argues that capitalist development has, everywhere and from the start, involved – not whole nations or societies – but only sectors or geographical areas within states. By bringing this aspect of historically ‘normal’ capitalist development into clearer focus, the book clarifies the spe- cific conditions and circumstances that enabled European economies to pur- sue a more broad-based development following World War II, and what pre- vented a similar outcome in the contemporary ‘third world’. It also clarifies the nature, spatial extent and circumstances of current globalising trends. Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 Wide-ranging and provocative, this innovative text is required reading for advanced level students and scholars in development studies, develop- ment economics and political science. Sandra Halperin is Professor of International Relations and Co-Director of the Centre for Global and Transnational Politics at Royal Holloway, Uni- versity of London. Her research interests include global development and the historical sociology of global relations. Critical Issues in Global Politics This series engages with the most significant issues in contempo- rary global politics. Each text is written by a leading scholar and provides a short, accessible and stimulating overview of the issue for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of international relations and global politics. As well as providing a survey of the field, the books also contain original and groundbreaking thinking which will drive forward debates on these key issues. 1. Global Ethics Anarchy, freedom and International Relations Mervyn Frost 2. International Statebuilding The rise of post-liberal governance David Chandler 3. Governmentality Critical encounters Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 William Walters 4. Re-Envisioning Global Development A horizontal perspective Sandra Halperin Re-Envisioning Global Development A horizontal perspective Sandra Halperin Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 Sandra Halperin The right of Sandra Halperin to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Halperin, Sandra. Re-envisioning global development : a horizontal perspective / Sandra Halperin. pages cm. – (Critical issues in global politics ; 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Economic history. 2. Economic development–History. 3. Capitalism–History. I. Title. HC51.H35 2013 338.9–dc23 2012039850 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 ISBN: 978–0–415–46765–0 (hbk) ISBN: 978–0–415–46766–7 (pbk) ISBN: 978–0–203–62903–1 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon For Bill Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 Contents List of tables and figures xi Preface xiii 1 Global development 1 Introduction: The ‘Victorian Edifice’ of conventional European historiography 1 I. Global development as western modernity: Foundation myths 4 European expansion 5 The European discoveries 7 The European revolutions 8 II. Post-World War II ‘development’ theory: variations on the themes of western modernity and national development 11 Core and periphery 12 World systems theory 15 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 Post-colonial theories and subaltern studies 19 III. Re-envisioning global development 23 The transnational elite 26 The organization of the study 29 2 The origins and development of capitalism 32 I. Origins 33 Feudal ‘crisis’ and transition 34 viii Contents II. Agrarian revolution (the ‘Brenner Thesis’)? 39 1. Large farms and ‘free labour’ 41 2. Relative versus absolute surplus value production 42 3. Increased labour productivity and industrialization 44 III. The integration of Europe into the Asian-centred trading system 46 The long sixteenth century (1450–1600) 47 Capitalism and mercantilism 50 The domain of capitalism 51 Monopoly versus markets 52 The last frontier: freeing capital from local economies 53 The end of the ‘moral economy’ 56 Conclusions 59 3 Industrialization and the expansion of capital: core and periphery redefined 61 I. The ‘Industrial Revolution’ 62 What was the Industrial Revolution? 64 The deregulation of markets 64 Industrial concentration and production for export 66 The increased exploitation of labour 68 II. Industrial production and the expansion of capital 72 Mass mobilization for war and its implications for industrial production 73 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 The social logic of industrial capitalist expansion 76 III. Core and periphery redefined 79 The ‘class succession’ thesis and the capitalist bourgeoisie 79 Dependent and independent development 83 Conclusions 90 Contents ix 4 City states and nationalism 91 I. The nation state and the city state: a comparison 92 City states 97 II. The aristocratic/urban alliance 101 III. State formation in Europe I: imperial expansion at home 103 Imperial, colonial and national states 106 IV. Imperial expansion abroad 108 V. State formation in Europe II: nationalism 112 Conclusions 115 5 The imperial ‘historic bloc’ of the nineteenth century 117 I. Eurasian expansion, crisis and war 118 Sixteenth century Eurasian expansion and global integration 119 Seventeenth and eighteenth century crises and wars in Europe and Asia 121 II. The imperial ‘historic bloc’ 123 Military power 129 Collaboration 131 Transnational classes 135 III. Core and periphery 138 Turning points 139 Conclusions 146 6 The system unravels: contraction, conflict and social revolution 147 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 I. Social conflict, 1815–1914 148 The Great Depression, 1873–1886 151 Strikes 153 Imperialist rivalries 159 II. The system unravels, 1914–1945 160 The Cold War begins, 1917–1945 162 Retrenchment and counter-revolution 165 x Contents ‘Appeasement’ 169 Conclusion 172 7 The post-World War II interregnum 173 I. The ‘advanced’ world: social revolution and nationalization of capital 174 II. The ‘Third World’: the reproduction of dualism 181 Latin America 182 The Middle East 185 III. The Cold War: containment and the ‘development’ project 188 The containment of ‘national capitalism’ 188 The containment of socialism and communism 190 The development project 192 The transnational elite: Intra-elite conflict and compromise in the Interregnum 193 Conclusion 197 8 Globalization redux 199 I. Industrialization without ‘development’ 200 II. Denationalizing capital: the end of the ‘first’ and ‘second’ worlds 204 The crisis of capitalism and the end of the ‘first’ world 205 The end of the ‘second world’ 210 III. Post-Keynesian accumulation strategies: Reintegrating the three worlds 212 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 01:46 24 May 2016 Post-Keynesian spatial policies: the re-emergence of global city regions and city states 216 Conclusions: re-envisioning ‘development’ 221 Notes 226 References 259 Index 298 Tables and figures Tables 1.1 Core economies and strong states 17 2.1 Co-existence of capitalism and non-capitalism 60 3.1 Mean coefficient of growth of selected UK industries, 1781–1913 68 3.2 Dependent and independent development 86 3.3 Britain’s nineteenth century industrial expansion: two models compared 88 4.1 A comparison of two forms of territorial state 97 5.1 The nineteenth century ‘turning points’ of contemporary third world countries: Rostow and Reynolds compared. 141 5.2 A larger list of Reynolds ‘turning points’ 141 6.1 Strikes in Britain in the 1870s 154 7.1 Share of major industrial countries in world industrial
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