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STUDIES on HARD X-RAY EMISSION from SOLAR FLARES and on Cyclotrop ~- RADIATION from a COLD Magnelt)Pllima

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STUDIES on HARD X-RAY EMISSION from SOLAR FLARES and on Cyclotrop ~- RADIATION from a COLD Magnelt)Pllima STUDIES ON HARD X-RAY EMISSION FROM SOLAR FLARES AND ON CYCLOTROp ~- RADIATION FROM A COLD MAGNElt)PLliMA PETER HOYNG 30VST: Solar flare of 7 August 1972, taken 0.5 A offband Ha at UT 1520:20. field of viev 3' x 4' (courtesy Big Bear Solar Observatory) STELLINGEN Het elektromagnetische veld in een willekeurig medium is op na- tuurlijke -wijze splitsbaar in stralingsvelden (index s) en Coulomb- velden (index c) -. ->->-->-->- 1 S •"*• **•_ p = D [p ^ o] ; J=J + J ; J =--— -r— D [div J - o] ; c s sec 4TT dt c s -> -+.-•-»•-* -+• E - E + E ; B = 3 [B Ho]. se s c Beide deelvelden met hun bronnen voldoen aan de volledige Maxwell vergelijkingen: div. D = o; div B ~ o div D = 4TTO s 3 c ' c -* 13-* rot E = -—•=— B rot E = o s c at s c * 4T -* 1 J •* rot H = J + — T— D s c s c ót s Het verdient aanbeveling bij de behandeling van elektromagnetische problemen deze splitsing vóóraf uit te voeren en (zonodig) beide vergelijkingssystemen gescheiden op te lossen. II Het leidt ir. principe tot onjuiste resultaten wanneer men bij de berekening van het uitgestraalde vermogen per eenheid van ruimte- hoek een scalaire uitdrukking als uitgangspunt neemt -- zoals bij- .-r -f 3-f- •+• voorbeeld . E"J d r, de arbeid verricht door het door J opgewekte elektrische veld. dit proefschrift, hoofdstuk VI. UI Het onlangs door Molodensky gegeven bewijs van de stabiliteit van het randwaardeprobleem van een krachtvrij magnetisch veld is onjuist; veeleer wordt nogmaals aangetoond dat zeer kritische beoordeling onontbeerlijk is om een tijdschrift op peil te houden. Molodensky, M.M. : 1974, Cjilar Ihua. 39_, 393. IV Op grond van het thans beschikbare waarnemingsmateriaal moet he.t waarschijnlijk worden geacht dat de afmeting van de bron van zachte en, a fortiori, harde Röntgenstraling in normale 4 zonnevlammein hoogstens van de orde van 10 km is, in alle richtingen. De meest frappante gevolgtrekking uit waarnemingen van harde Röntgenstraling van de zon is niet zozeer dat de tijdens zonnevlammen versnelde elektronen een machtsspektrum zouden hebben, als wel dat hun aantal zeer groot is. dit proefschrift, hoofdstuk II. VI Optimale informatie over een tweedimensionaal beeld, xraarvan spleetaftastingen in een aantal verschillende richtingen bekend zijn, kan worden verkregen door middel van het principe van maximalisatie van informatie-entropie. Deze methode leidt tot een eenvoudige operationele konstruktie voor het ensemble- gemiddelde van alle door de randvoorwaarden toegelaten beelden. VII Regelmatig blijkt opnieuw dat problemen van gegevens-verwerkende aard tijdens de loop van een ruimteonderzoekprojekt ten onrechte zeer grote organisatorische knelpunten vormen. VIII Het onlangs door O'Neill voorgestelde ontwerp van leefgemeen- schappen voor kolonisatie van de ruimte lijkt meer op een goed uitgewerkte mechanika opgave dan op een serieuze bijdrage tot de oplossing van het vraagstuk van de dreigende evenwichtsverstoring van de aardse biosfeer. O'Nei.lI, K.G.: 1974, Nature, 250, 636. O'Neill, K.G.: 1974, Phy3ics Today, septenbernusaner. TIME, 26 mei 1975. IX De manier waarop de Rijksdienst voor het Wegverkeer heeft omge- sprongen met Ie door middel van het kentekenbewijs deel III ver- kregen gegevens onderstreept nogmaals de grote achterstand die er in Nederland bestaat bij de invoering van wettelijke regelingen aangaande de registratie van persoonsgegevens. Een analyse van het slingersysteem in de bij vele uurwerken ge- bruikelijke uitvoering leert dat de relatieve frekwentiestabili- -4 teit van de orde 10 is. Dit is in overeenstemming met de waarneming. P. Hoyng 23 juni IS STUDIES ON HARD X-RAY EMISSION FROM SOLAR FLARES AND ON CYCLOTRON RADIATION FROM A COLD MAGNETOPLASMA PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKSUNTVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. SJ. GROENMAN, VOLGENSBESI.UIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP MAANDAG 23 JUNI 1975 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR DOOR PETER HOYNG GEBOREN OP 20 JULI1941 TE 'S-GRAVENHAGE DRUKKERIJ ELINKW1JK BV - UTRECHT PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. C. DE JAGER Aan mijn vader, ter nagedachtenis aan mijn moeder aan Vivienne Veel dank ben ik verschuldigd aan alien die aan de voltooiing van dit proefschrift hebben bijgedragen. In het bijzonder koint mijn dank toe aan mijn promoter, professor \C. de Jager, sn aan Dr. G.A. Stevens, Dr. J.C. Brown en Dr. H.F. van Beek, die ijeder op hun eigen specifieke wijze hun stempel op dit werk hebben gedrukt, Ik ben erkentelijk voor alle hulp die ik ontving van de heer Ch. Lapoutce bij talloze problemen van data-verwerkende aard, en van mej. C.F.M. Jansen bij het opsporen van vele artikelen. Ik prijs mij gelukkig met de vakkvindige metlewerking van mevr. H.E. Velders-Geurtse bij de uitvoering van het typewerk, en van de heer J.M. Braun bij de verzorging van de vele figuren. Het was niet te voorkomen dat mijn vrouw Vivienne en onze beide kinderen het slachtoffer werfien van het vele werk dat moest gebeu- ren. Vermoedelijk zullen zij Bevrijdingsdag voortaan vieren op 23 juni in plaats van op 5 mei. CONTENTS CHAFTEK I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY. IT CHAPTER II HIGH TIME RESOLUTION ANALYSIS OF SOLAR FLARES OBSERVED ON THE ESRO TD-1A SATELLITE. 14 2.1. Introduction 14 2.2. Instrument and satellite 16 2.3. Event selection 19 2.4. Spectral analysis 21 2.5. Time series analysis 51 2.6. Correlations 64 2.7. Implications for X-ray flare models 68 CHAPTER III INTERPRETATION OF HARD X-RAY AND MICROWAVE EMISSION OF THE FLARE OF MAY 18, 1972, UT 1406. 79 3.1. Discussion of the X-ray data 79 3.2. Radio data and their relation to the X-ray data 84 CHAPTER IV 3ETATR0N ACCELERATION IN THE LARGE SOLAR FLARE OF AUGUST 4, 1972. 86 4.1. Introduction 86 4.2. The August 4, 1972 event 88 4.3. The betatron model 55 4.4. Collisional and other corrections 102 4.5. The magnetic field changes 104 CHAPTER V PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN SOLAR FLARES. 109 c. .1. Introduction 109 5.2. Implications and assumptions for the hard X-ray source region 110 5.3. Generation of Langmuir waves from currents sheets 112 5.4. Acceleration of electrons 118 CHAPTER VI RADIATION FROM A SOURCE IN A COLD MAGNETOACTIVE PLASMA, REVISITED. APPLICATION TO CYCLOTRON AND MULTIPOLE RADIATION. 123 6.1. Introduction 123 6.2. Outline of the problem 126 6.3. Computation of Green's tsnsor G 131 6.4. Cyclotron radiation 140 6.5. Multipole radiation 146 6.6. Concluding remarks 147 SAMENVATTING 158 CURRICULUM VITAE 160 C:HAPTI:RI INTRODl'CTIOX AM) SIMMARY The plasrr.a i.n the ;y.:t (-r lay.-r-: c* :.h>- ." ;r. IF atror,"ly ir.r.'-.v.o-j'.-r/.-.v.-.-, and, as i rule-, pt-rn.<-i!it_-.rit iy out L, ? UOJI: ii.n^ri. This is t. rj. home out r,y the appearance oi' active rc.-q ;cr.".;, and oni5 cf the most extrf-iy.f- rr.ar.: f eK'a' : ons l is the- sclar f'rir.- pi.'.'iyj-f-.-.o:., .s-Vl:_:. i j -.-.-iS'T;'-.:-J! iy i 1 ar 7<_- -:; _dl'.- . 1'," >,-., plasraa-instability, regularly occurring in active regions. Among other 2 things, hard X-rays are emitted during flares for ""10 s - in some cases up to u 10 s - in the energy range 10-250 keV and higher. These X-rays are generated as bromsstrahiung ir. collisions of accelerated electrons with ambient protons. During the years VJ(JH-1'<~2 a spectrometer was developed .t Utrecht for detection of this transient solar X-ray emission (Van Beek, Ij73). The in- strument was flown by the ESRO TD-1A satellite and it has operated success- fully for two years after launch, in March 1372. From the measured spectra and intensity one can derive the energy distribution of the accelerated electrons and, in addition, an impression of their total number is ob- tained. This serves as a basis to study electron acceleration mechanism(s) operative during solar flares. This thesis consists of two parts. The first and larger part com- prises the chapters II to V, inclusive, and centers round the interpreta- tion of solar flare hard X-ray emission. The second part, chapter VI, is a theoretical study on cyclotron radiation from a cold magnetoplasma. In chapter II (Hoyng et at., 1975) the hard X-ray observations from the first two scans are presented and analyzed together with various derived parameters. The emphasis is on presentation in a self-contained format allowing independent usage by other workers; and in the analysis general issues are stressed such as spectral properties, time series analysis, pre- sence of periodicities and correlations. Two conspicuous results are: (1). The number of accelerated electrons is so large that they can hardly con- stitute a beam; their velocity distribution must rather be roughly isotropic. This is elaborated in chapter V. (2). A remarkable correlation was found to exist between the spectral parameters of the large August 4, 1972 flare. -11- CHAPTI Kl INTRODI'CTION AND Sl'MMARY The plasma in the outer layers of the Sun is strongly inhemogeneous_^ _ -Sf . «! and, as a rule, permanently out of equilibrium. This is e.g. borne out by - j\ .r T y* the apoearance of active regions, and one of the most extreme manifestations i% 4 ~- r is the solar flare phenomenon, which is essentially a large-scale (^ 10 km)_ plasma-instability, regularly occurring in active regions. Among other * 2 " % things, hard X-rays- are emitted during flares for "^ ID s - in some cases J* 3 - 1 '•> up to u 10 s - in the energy range 10-250 keV and higher.
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